Rhinocypha Rambur, 1842

Jan van Tol & André Günther, 2018, The Odonata of Sulawesi and adjacent islands. Part 8. Revision of the genus Rhinocypha Rambur, 1842 (Chlorocyphidae), Odonatologica 47 (3), pp. 299-386 : 308-313

Genus: Rhinocypha Rambur

Selected references

Rhinocypha . — RAMBUR (1842): 232–233 (original diagnosis; type species: Rhinocypha tincta Rambur [designated by KIRBY 1890: 114]) — SELYS (1853): sep. 59–64 (revision, downgraded to subgenus, new species described); SELYS (1854): 198–225 (monograph); SELYS (1869): sep. 18–21 (additions to revision); SELYS (1873a): 487–493, 507–519 (sep. 23–29, 43–55) (additions to revision, table with classification); SELYS (1873b): 614–615 (sep. 61–62) (descriptions of Rhinocypha monochroa and R. albistigma); SELYS (1879): sep. 39–51 (additions to revision); SELYS (1882): 21–22 (Philippines); KIRBY (1890): 112–114 (upgraded to genus; species included, selection of type species); SELYS (1891): 213–216 (Philippines, discussion R. semitincta); RIS (1915): 87–89 (New Guinea); RIS (1916): 310–313 (revision species Celebes, key); FRASER (1926): 484 (R. tincta type locality Java [in error]); LIEFTINCK (1935): 175–177 ( Rhinocypha species of Celebes); COW- LEY (1937): 1–18 (penis of Chlorocyphidae , group character); LIEFTINCK (1938): 49–70 (species of New Guinea described and illustrated); FRASER (1949): 10–16, figs. 1(4) ( Chlorocyphidae revised, diagnoses of genera, key to genera); LAIdLAW (1950): 257–280 (classification of Chlorocyphidae , series Rhinocypha subdivid- ed, new genera erected); FRASER (1957): 70–74 (classification of Chlorocyphidae , with key to genera); VAN TOL & GASSMANN (2007): 66–67, fig. 10 ( Rhinocypha tincta group discussed); MICHALSKI (2012): 73–79 (summary taxa New Guinea).

Diagnosis

Here we repeat the diagnosis as provided by FRASER (1949: 10 f.):

»Species varying from moderately large to rather small and slim stature. Wings of males, with few exceptions, coloured and marked with brilliant iridescent, vitreous and opaque fasciae or spot, the opaque areas often with hyaline vitreous spots or striae. Wings of females colourless or rarely with opaque tips, or, in old adults, often assuming an uniform brownish or yel- lowish tint. Shape of wings of males very variable, very narrow and elongate or broader, the hind wings often very broad and imparting an anisopterous character to the insects. Mesothoracic triangle variable, small and incon- spicuous or extending the whole length of dorsum and markedly dilated below. Body markings usually restricted and not ordinarily conspicuous, but occasionally blue, greenish yellow or even brick red on the male abdomen. MA entirely straight throughout its course and rather closely parallel with CuP to as far as wing margin: at least 2 intercalated veins between R2 and R3, the longer of which extends inwards to proximal of the pterostigma. Anal vein and CuP extending well beyond level of nodus; antenodals very numerous and always one or more secondaries between the two primaries.«

LAIdLAW (1950: 270 ff.) split the genus as defined by Fraser, and limited the genus Rhinocypha to those species with a short mesothoracic triangle, with brownish black areas in the wings of the males, and deeply tinged wings with milky-white patch at the apex of the hind wings in the female. Species with an enlarged mesothoracic triangle were assigned to Calocypha Fraser , Sundacypha Laidlaw , Heliocypha Fraser , Heterocypha Laidlaw and Aristocypha Laidlaw. At present there is some debate concerning the classification of the Chlorocyphidae , with, for example, Heliocypha and Aristocypha be- ing included as subgenera of Rhinocypha by some authorities (DIJKSTRA et al. 2014).

The generic attribution of the species on Sulawesi is undisputed. All spe- cies are closely allied to the type species of the genus Rhinocypha , viz., Rhinocypha tincta Rambur.

Remarks

No descriptions of secondary genitalia or anal appendages are included, since these structures exhibit little variation in Chlorocyphidae (COWLEY 1937; LIEFTINCK 1938; LAIdLAW 1950), while all species of the Rhinocypha tincta group share a similar penis structure (‘type II’ of Cowley). Anal appendages are simple and lack diagnostic characters.

Key to the Rhinocypha species of Sulawesi and adjacent islands

1a – Males ........................................................................................................ 2

1b – Females .................................................................................................... 10

2 – Males

2a – Head with paired blue or bluish white spot on frons ( Fig. 3 ); size of spots with substantial variation between populations ( Figs 30– 33 , 35 ); median lobe of pronotum black; blue stripe on synthorax ( Fig. 27 ) with distinct posterior projection over metepisternum, reaching posterior border of synthorax; ante-humeral stripe distinct in anterior part of mesepisternum ( Rhinocypha frontalis complex) ................................................................................................... 3

2b – Head with frons black, without pale spot; median lobe of prono- tum black, or with blue marking, usually extending on lateral cornerofanteriorlobe(e.g., Fig.20 );bluestripeonsynthorax (e.g., Figs 21 , 63 ) dorsally straight, or with short projection over met- episternum, but with variation between populations; ante- humeral stripe absent .............................................................................. 5

3a – Opaque dark patch in wing medially usually from level well basal to nodus (population of SW Sulawesi even from Ax5–6); blue markings on median lobe of pronotum relatively small; blue markings on frons variable, but usually much larger than in next species; hind wing length 23–30 mm; Sulawesi ( R. frontalis ) .............. 4

3b – Opaque dark patch of wing only distal to nodus; blue markings on median lobe of pronotum extensive; blue markings on frons small; hind wing length 19–20 mm; Sangihe Is ...................... ... ............................................................................... R. sangihensis sp. nov.

4a – Opaque dark patch distal to nodus in costal space, medially starting from level 5Ax anterior to nodus; wing length 24–25 mm ................................................................... R. frontalis frontalis

4b – Opaque dark patch distal to Ax5 in costal space, medially basis just distal to fork of Rs, but leaving quadrangle free (transparent); wing length 27–28 mm ........... R. frontalis sulselensis ssp. nov .

5a – Mandibles with distinct blue spot, covering at least 50% of man- dible; blue stripe over synthorax with a ventral projection along the metapleural suture ( Figs 41–42 ) ................................. R. monochroa

5b – Mandibles black, or with small pale (blue, or pale yellow) spot only ... 6

6a – Dorsum of abdomen pruinose ( Fig. 8 ) ............................. R. phantasma

6b – Dorsum of abdomen black, but may have well-defined blue annulae (rings) anteriorly on S4–S9 ....................................................... 7

7a – Distinct annulae anteriorly on S4–S9 of abdomen ( Figs 10, 81 ) .. ..................................................................................... R. virgulata sp. nov.

7b – Dorsum of abdomen black in all segments, no anterior annulae on S4–S9 ..................................................................................................... 8

8a – Pronotum black, without larger or smaller blue or creamish spots ( Fig. 73 ); mesopreepisternum black ................... R. togeanensis sp. nov.

8b – Pronotum with blue or creamish spots at least in latero-anterior corner of median lobe, and on lateral lobe; mesopreepisternum with blue marking ..................................................................................... 9

9a – Opaque parts of wings fully distal to nodus ( Fig.54 ); tibiae of mid and hind legs white ............................................... R. pelengensis sp. nov.

9b – Opaque parts of wings extending in middle of wing to distal side of quadrangle ( Fig. 18 ); tibiae of mid and hind legs typically pale yellow, but sometimes difficult to see in museum specimens ................................................................... R. flavipoda sp. nov.

10 – Females

10a – Frons with paired pale spot (in some individual specimens rather small and indistinct) ( Figs 29 , 65 ) .......................................... 11

10b – Frons black ............................................................................................ 15

11a – Anterior lobe of pronotum with paired median spot (e.g., Fig. 4 ) .. 12

11b – Anterior lobe of pronotum black, or with small spot in lateral corners, which continues on median lobe, usually much larger than on anterior lobe ........................................................................... 14

12a – Mainland Sulawesi ( R. frontalis ) ........................................................ 13

12b – Sangihe islands (only one teneral and incomplete specimen available) ............................................................... R. sangihensis sp. nov.

13a – Distinct transverse brown band on fore and hind wing, extreme distal part of wings somewhat opaque white; base to transverse band usually slightly enfumed ( Fig. 36 ); length of hind wing up to 26 mm .............................................................................. R. f. frontalis

13b – Transverse band on wings rather fuzzy, indistinct from approximately Px10 to just anterior to pterostigma (fore wing), or halfway pterostigma (hind wing); base enfumed dark brown ( Fig. 37 ); length of hind wing ca 30 mm .............. .................................................................. R. frontalis sulselensis sp. nov.

14a – Lateral lobe of pronotum with pale, creamy white spot; scapus (base of antenna) pale, only interrupted in middle of this antennal segment ( Fig. 65 ). Sulawesi, Buton ................. R. phantasma

14b – Pronotum black; scapus black ( Fig. 59 ). Banggai Islands only. ................................................................................ R. pelengensis sp. nov.

15a – Mandible largely bluish white, only black at base; gena with extensive yellow marking, which is connected with pale stripe along the eye, dorsally running to level of lateral ocelli ( Fig. 44 ) .............................................................................. R. monochroa

15b – Mandible with pale spot covering 50% or less; yellow markings on gena and along eye small and narrow (e.g., Fig. 82 ) .................. 16

16a – Pronotum and mesopreepisternum black. Togian Islands ... .............................................................................. R. togeanensis sp. nov.

16b – Pronotum with pale markings; mesopreepisternum creamy white (see Fig. 11 ) ................................................................................ 17

17a – Median lobe of pronotum latero-anteriorly with large irregular spot, which continues in lateral corner of anterior lobe; lateral lobe of pronotum with large, irregular spot; sides of abdominal S2–S4 against dorsum with a longitudinal or L-shaped mark- ing ( Fig. 11 ) ............................................................. R. virgulata sp. nov.

17b – Median lobe of pronotum latero-anteriorly with small pale spot; lateral lobe of pronotum with small spot; sides of abdom- inal segments against dorsum at most with a semicircular spot (there is a series of longitudinal markings close to ventral side of the tergites) ......................................................... R. flavipoda sp. nov.

Figures

Figure 3. Rhinocypha frontalis, male. Stream Sg. Tumpa kecil, North Sulawesi, Bogani-Nani-Wartabone NP. Photo: AG (10-viii-2011)

Figure 4. Rhinocypha frontalis, female. Stream Sg. Tumpa, North Sulawesi, Bogani- Nani-Wartabone NP. Photo: AG (12-viii-2011)

Figure 8. Rhinocypha phantasma, female. Stream Sg. Wera above Saluopa waterfall, Tonusu, north of Lake Poso, Central Sulawesi. Photo: AG (21-viii-1999)

Figure 11. Rhinocypha virgulata sp. nov., female. Stream Sg. Wera below Saluopa waterfall, Tonusu, north of Lake Poso, Central Sulawesi. Photo: AG (20-viii- -1999)

Figure 18. Rhinocypha flavipoda sp. nov. Male, holotype.

Figure 35. Rhinocypha frontalis sulselensis ssp. nov. Male, head, dorsal view. Locality as in Fig. 34. Artwork by JvT

Figure 54. Rhinocypha pelengensis sp. nov. Male, holotype. Sulawesi Tengah, Banggai Arch., Peleng, 31-vii–05-viii-1941 [JvT 22905]. Photo: JvT

Figures 30–33. Rhinocypha f. frontalis. Male head, dorsal view. 30 – Dumoga-Bone National Park; 31 – Sabang (Dampelas); 32 – Luwuk; 33 – Mokowu. Artwork by JvT

Figures 25–29. Rhinocypha f. frontalis. 25 – Male, head, frontal view. Sulawesi Utara, Dumoga­Bone National Park, 22­iv­1985 [JvT 05948]; 26 – Male, pronotum, lef lateral view. Same locality [JvT 05949]; 27 – Male, synthorax, lef lateral view. Same locality [JvT 05948]; 28 – Male, abdomen, lef lateral view. Same locality, 03­vi­1985 [JvT 05970]; 29 – Female, head, dorsal view. Same locality, 20­v­1985 [JvT 05965]. Artwork by JvT

Figures 19–23. Rhinocypha flavipoda sp. nov. Male, head in frontal view. Sulawesi Selatan, E. of Malili, 21­x­1993 [JvT 01458]; 20 – Male, pronotum, lef lateral view. Same locality [JvT 01458]; 21 – Male, synthorax,lef lateral view.Same locality [JvT 01458]; 22 – Male, abdomen, lef lateral view. Sulawesi Selatan, NNE of Malili, 02­ ­v­1991 [JvT 05919]; 23 – Female, head, dorsal view. Sulawesi Selatan, 45 km ENE of Malili, 19-x-1993 [JvT 01403]. Artwork by JvT

Figures 61–65. Rhinocypha phantasma. All from Sulawesi Tengah. 61 – Male, head, frontal view. W of Luwuk, 14­x­1989 [JvT 05662]; 62 – Male, pronotum, lef lateral view. 28 km NE of Luwuk, 07­x­1989 [JvT 05442]; 63 – Male, synthorax, lef lateral view. Same locality [JvT 05440]; 64 – Male, abdomen, lef lateral view. Lo- cality as in Fig. 61 [JvT 05667]; 65 – Female, head, dorsal view. Locality as in Fig. 62 [JvT 05450]. Artwork by JvT

Figures 39–44. Rhinocypha monochroa. All specimens from Sulawesi Selatan. 39 – Male, head, frontal view. Bantimurung, 19­iv­1991 [JvT 05698]; 40 – Male, pronotum, lef lateral view. Bantimurung, 19–23­iv­1991 [JvT 05708]; 41 – Male, synthorax, lef lateral view. Bantimurung, 19­iv­1991 [JvT 05698]; 42 – Male, syn- thorax, lef lateral view. Madjene, 8–10­xi­1939 [JvT 05343]; 43 – Male, abdomen, lef lateral view. Bantimurung, 19­iv­1991 [JvT 06630]; 44 – Female, head, dorsal view. Bantimurung, 19­iv­1991 [JvT 05702]. Artwork by JvT

Figures 78–82. Rhinocypha virgulata sp. nov. All from Sulawesi Selatan, Sg. Patea, river from Danau Matana to Danau Mahalona, 15-x-1993. 78 – Male, head, frontal view, [JvT 01370]; 79 – Male, pronotum, lef lateral view, [JvT 01371]; 80 – Male, synthorax, lef lateral view, [JvT 01370]; 81 – Male, abdomen, lef lateral view, [JvT 01373]; 82 – Female, head, dorsal view. [JvT 01377]. Artwork by JvT

Figures 72–76. Rhinocypha togeanensis sp. nov. All from Sulawesi Tengah, Togian Is. 72 – Male, head, frontal view. Batudaka, 13­viii­1994 [AG 336/1994]; 73 – Male, pronotum, lef lateral view. Same locality [AG 336/1994]; 74 – Male, synthorax, lef lateral view. Same locality [AG 336/1994]; 75 – Male, abdomen, lef lateral view. Same locality [AG 336/1994]; 76 – Female, head, frontal view. Batudaka, 27­ -viii-1999 [AG 13/1999]. Artwork by JvT

Figures 36–37. Rhinocypha frontalis subspecies. Wings, female. 36 — Subspecies frontalis. Sulawesi Utara, surroundings Tondano, 09-vi-1940 [JvT 22866]; 37 — subspecies sulselensis. Sulawesi Selatan, Boeloedoea, vi-1935 [JvT 22891]. Both with same magnification. Photos: JvT

Figures 55–59. Rhinocypha pelengensis sp. nov. All from Sulawesi Tengah. 55 – Male, head, frontal view. Pulau Peleng, 31-vii–05-viii-1941 [JvT 22905]; 56 – Male, pronotum, lef lateral view. Same locality [JvT 22904]; 57 – Male, synthorax, lef lateral view. Same locality [JvT 22906]; 58 – Male, abdomen, lef lateral view. Same locality [JvT 22898]; 59 – Female, head, dorsal view. Peleng Island, 25­ii–03­ -iii-1986 [JvT 33003]. Artwork by JvT