Paurocephalini

Serbina, Liliya Š., Malenovský, Igor, Queiroz, Dalva L. & Burckhardt, Daniel, 2025, Jumping plant-lice of the tribe Paurocephalini (Hemiptera: Psylloidea: Liviidae) in Brazil, Zootaxa 5585 (1), pp. 1-164 : 27-34

Keys to the Brazilian genera and species of Paurocephalini

Adults

( Melanastera granulosi sp. nov. and M. sebiferae sp. nov. excluded for the lack of males)

1 Apical metatibial spurs not or only weakly sclerotised, forming a complete, posteriorly open crown. Frons small, rhomboidal. Abdominal tergites lacking median tubercle. Paramere, in lateral view, with short, digitiform apex weakly directed posteriad ( Fig. 21B, I, P ). Base of distal segment of aedeagus strongly inflated ventrad; apical dilation short, oval ( Fig. 21D, K, R ). Female terminalia slender and relatively long; apical process on female subgenital plate long and narrow ( Fig. 21G, N, U ). On Luehea spp. ( Malvaceae )........................................................................ Klyveria 2

- Apical metatibial spurs strongly sclerotised, often separated by one or several bristles anteriorly ( Fig. 6B ). Frons large, triangular. At least two abdominal tergites with a median tubercle. Paramere, in lateral view, different or, if apex digitiform, then directed anteriad ( Figs 22–35 ). Base of distal segment of aedeagus not inflated ventrally; apical dilation relatively long ( Figs 22–35 ). Female terminalia robust and relatively short; apical process on female subgenital plate short and broad ( Figs 22–35 ). Not on Luehea spp. .............................................................................. Melanastera 4

2 FL <1.5. Vertex half as long as wide, with distinct imbricate microsculpture ( Fig. 8A ). Antenna light except for apex, short ( AL <0.8; AL /HW <1.4). Forewing evenly pale yellow, with subparallel margins, narrowly rounded apically; FL/ FW ≥ 2.4 ( Fig. 14A ). Terminalia as in Figs 21A–G......................................................... K . flaviae sp. nov.

- FL> 1.5. Vertex distinctly shorter than half as wide, with indistinct microsculpture ( Fig. 8B, C ). Antenna dark brown, long ( AL > 0.8; AL /HW> 1.4; Fig. 7A ). Forewing with dark brown veins; widest in apical third, broadly rounded apically; FL/ FW <2.4 ( Fig. 14B, C )......................................................................................... 3

3 Setae on head ( Fig. 8B ), thorax and forewing veins short. Forewing with narrow pterostigma (PtL/PtW> 10.0); vein Rs almost straight, slightly curved to fore margin apically; vein Cu 1a weakly convex, Cu 1a L /cu 1 W > 2.5 ( Fig. 14B ). Paramere, in both dorsal and lateral views, with a broad apex bearing two small sclerotised teeth ( Fig. 21I, M ). Female proctiger, in dorsal view, with oval circumanal ring...................................................... K. crassiflagellata (Burckhardt)

- Setae on head ( Fig. 8C ), thorax and forewing veins long. Forewing with broad pterostigma (PtL/PtW <10.0); vein Rs sinuate, strongly curved to fore margin apically; vein Cu 1a strongly convex, Cu 1a L /cu 1 W <2.5 ( Fig. 14C ). Paramere, in both dorsal and lateral views, with a narrow apex lacking distinct sclerotised teeth ( Fig. 21P, T ). Female proctiger, in dorsal view, with vaguely cruciform circumanal ring.......................................................... K. setinervis (Burckhardt)

4 Vertex and thorax covered with long macroscopical setae ( Fig. 8D–G ). Pterostigma with subparallel margins, weakly or not widening towards apex ( Fig. 14D–G ). On Asteraceae .......................................... curtisetosa -group 5

- Vertex and thorax covered with microscopical setae ( Fig. 6A ). Pterostigma distinctly expanding towards the middle or apical third ( Figs 15–20 ). On other plant families................................................................. 8

5 Brown dots on forewing faint or completely lacking ( Fig. 14D, E ); FL/ FW > 2.6. Apical dilation of distal segment of aedeagus narrow in both lateral and dorsal views ( Figs 21X, Y , 22C, D ). Setae in apical half of female subgenital plate relatively short ( Figs 21 AA, 22 F)..................................................................................... 6

- Brown dots on forewing distinct ( Fig. 14F, G ); FL/ FW <2.6. Apical dilation of distal segment of aedeagus broad in lateral and dorsal views ( Fig. 22I, J, O, P ). Setae in apical half of female subgenital plate moderately long ( Fig. 22L, R )............. 7

6 Forewing with few, very faint brown dots ( Fig. 14D ); surface spinules relatively dense. Male proctiger slender ( Fig. 21V ). Paramere, in lateral view, lamellar ( Fig. 21W ).Apical dilation of distal segment of aedeagus narrow and, in lateral view, slightly curved ( Fig. 21X, Y ). Dorsal margin of female proctiger, in lateral view, with small swelling distal to circumanal ring ( Fig. 21 AA). Probably on Asteraceae ......................................................... M. curtisetosa sp. nov.

- Forewing membrane lacking brown dots ( Fig. 14E ); surface spinules relatively sparse. Male proctiger robust ( Fig. 22A ). Paramere, in lateral view, lanceolate ( Fig. 22B ). Apical dilation of distal segment of aedeagus wide and, in lateral view, almost straight ( Fig. 22C, D ). Dorsal margin of female proctiger, in lateral view, with large swelling distal to circumanal ring ( Fig. 22F ). On Eremanthus erythropappus ..................................................... M. eremanthi sp. nov.

7 FL ≥ 2.0. Male proctiger, in lateral view, weakly curved posteriorly ( Fig. 22G ). Paramere, in lateral view, relatively robust ( Fig. 22H ). Female terminalia relatively long, FP/HW> 1.1; proctiger straight apically; subgenital plate, in lateral view, gradually narrowing towards apex ( Fig. 22L ). Head usually light ( Fig. 8F ). On Moquiniastrum polymorphum ..................................................................................................... M. moquiniastri sp. nov.

- FL <2.0. Male proctiger, in lateral view, distinctly produced posteriorly ( Fig. 22M ). Paramere, in lateral view, relatively slender ( Fig. 22N ). Female terminalia relatively short, FP/HW <1.1; proctiger upturned apically; subgenital plate, in lateral view, in apical third abruptly narrowing towards apex ( Fig. 22R ). Head usually dark ( Fig. 8G ). On Moquiniastrum polymorphum and Vernonanthura phosphorica ................................................................ M. notia sp. nov.

8 Forewing yellow to dark brown, lacking pattern of small brown dots ( Figs 14H–J , 15A–F )................ olgae -group 9

- Forewing with pattern of small brown dots ( Figs 15G–J , 16–19 , 20A–F ), sometimes confluent (e.g. Figs 16F , 17D )...... 15

9 Forewing coriaceous, entirely dark brown, FL/ FW <2.0 ( Figs 7C , 14H ); costal break absent; cell m 1 long ( ML / M 1+2 L <1.0); surface spinules indistinct.Apical dilation of distal segment of aedeagus long and narrow; ventral process, in lateral view, claw-like apically ( Fig. 22U ), in dorsal view, broad basally and narrowly truncate apically ( Fig. 22V ). On Guatteria punctata ........................................................................................... M. olgae sp. nov.

- Forewing membranous, pale yellow to brown or partly dark brown with clear patches, FL/ FW > 2.0 ( Figs 14I, J , 15A–F ); cell m 1 short ( ML / M 1+2 L > 1.0); costal break developed; surface spinules distinct. Apical dilation of distal segment of aedeagus short and broad; ventral process different ( Figs 23C, G, H, M, N, S, T , 24C–E, J, K ).................................... 10

10 Forewing pattern sexually dimorphic: male with three large clear areas at base, along nodal line and at anterior margin subapically ( Figs 14I , 15A ); female uniformly pale or dark brown with small clear patches at wing base and at apex of cu 2 cell ( Figs 14J , 15B ). Vertex smooth, lacking distinct microsculpture ( Fig. 8I, J ). Paramere, in lateral view, slender, weakly curved anteriad ( Fig. 23B, F )................................................................................. 11

- Forewing in both sexes entirely yellow or pale brown ( Fig. 15C–F ). Vertex with distinct microsculpture ( Fig. 9A–D ). Paramere, in lateral view, robust, relatively straight ( Figs 23L, R , 24B, I )................................................. 12

11 Coloration light: body orange, forewing pale brown ( Fig. 14I, J ). Forewing of male with narrow light band along nodal line and small light patch at anterior margin subapically ( Fig. 14I ). Teminalia as in Fig. 23 A–D . Matto Grosso.................................................................................................... M. mazzardoae sp. nov.

- Coloration dark: body and forewing dark brown ( Fig. 15A, B ). Forewing of male with broad clear band along nodal line and large clear patch at anterior wing margin subapically ( Fig. 15A ). Teminalia as in Fig. 23E–J . Amazonas and Roraima. On Guatteria sp. ........................................................................ M. variegata sp. nov.

12 FL <1.2. Ventral process of distal segment of aedeagus, in lateral view, about as long as apical dilation ( Fig. 23M ). Female terminalia relatively elongate (FP/HW> 0.87). Perhaps on Xylopia sp. ............................. M. parva sp. nov.

- FL> 1.2. Ventral process of distal segment of aedeagus, in lateral view, shorter than apical dilation ( Figs 23S , 24C, J ). Female terminalia relatively short (FP/HW ≤ 0.87)................................................................ 13

13 Forewing broad (FL/ FW <2.4), membrane yellow to pale brown, lacking clear bands along veins ( Fig. 15D ). Metatibia with ca. 5 bristles separating apical spurs in two groups. Paramere, in lateral view, strongly narrowing apically ( Fig. 23R ). On Guatteria sellowiana .......................................................................... M. guatteriae sp. nov.

- Forewing narrow (FL/ FW > 2.4), membrane bright yellow, with clear bands along veins ( Fig. 15E, F ). Metatibia lacking bristles between apical spurs. Paramere, in lateral view, weakly narrowing apically ( Fig. 24B, I )............................ 14

14 Median suture of vertex fully developed ( Fig. 9C ). Forewing with short pterostigma (PtL/FL <0.35) and broad cell cu 1 (Cu 1a L / cu 1 W <4.0) ( Fig. 15E ). Paramere, in lateral view, relatively slender with weakly curved fore margin ( Fig. 24B ). Apical dilation of distal segment of aedeagus, in both lateral and dorsal views, cylindrical with subparallel margins ( Fig. 24C–E ); ventral process, in dorsal view, three-lobed. Circumanal ring of female proctiger small (FP/CRL> 2.5) ( Fig. 24G ). On Macairea radula ............................................................................. M. macaireae sp. nov.

- Median suture of vertex mostly reduced, developed only at apex ( Fig. 9D ). Forewing with long pterostigma (PtL/FL> 0.35) and narrow cell cu 1 (Cu 1a L /cu 1 W > 4.0) ( Fig. 15F ). Paramere, in lateral view, relatively massive with strongly curved fore margin ( Fig. 24I ). Apical dilation of distal segment of aedeagus, in lateral view, falcate ( Fig. 24J ); both ventral process and apical dilation, in dorsal view, rhomboid with curved margins ( Fig. 24K ). Circumanal ring of female proctiger large (FP/CRL <2.5) ( Fig. 24M ).............................................................................. M. tijuca sp. nov.

15 Distal segment of aedeagus lacking ventral process ( Fig. 24P, W ).................................. falcata -group 16

- Distal segment of aedeagus bearing ventral process ( Figs 25–35 , 36C ), which can be small and button-like ( Figs 28J, O , 30I : M. dimorpha , M. cabucu , M. ingariko ) or fused with apical dilation ( Fig. 26U : M. nasuta ).......................... 17

16 Paramere, in lateral view, lanceolate, lacking stout setae on inner face ( Fig. 24O ); apex, in dorsal view, subacute ( Fig. 24R ). Apical portion of distal aedeagal segment, in lateral view, slender, falcate ( Fig. 24P ). Dorsal margin of female proctiger, in lateral view, weakly concave distal to circumanal ring; apex not upturned ( Fig. 24S ). On Virola sebifera ...................................................................................................... M. falcata sp. nov.

- Paramere, in lateral view, digitiform, bearing a group of six stout setae on inner face near posterior margin in basal half ( Fig. 24U, V ); apex, in dorsal view, truncate ( Fig. 24Y ). Apical portion of distal aedeagal segment, in lateral view, straight, cylindrical ( Fig. 24W ). Dorsal margin of female proctiger, in lateral view, sinuate distal to circumanal ring, apex upturned ( Fig. 24Z )................................................................................ M. spinosa sp. nov.

17 Forewing with pterostigma shorter than 4.0 times as wide; vein R 1 strongly convex medially relative to costal wing margin ( Figs 15J , 16A–E ). Ventral process of distal aedeagal segment, in lateral view, claw-like and directed dorsad ( Figs 25C, J, P, V , 26C, I ). On Annonaceae .................................................................... amazonica -group 18

- Forewing with pterostigma longer than 4.0 times as wide; vein R 1 weakly convex or straight medially ( Figs 16F–J , 17–20 ). Ventral process of distal aedeagal segment not claw-shaped ( Figs 26O, U , 27C, I , 35C, I, O, U , 36C ). On Annonaceae and other plant families....................................................................................... 23

18 Surface spinules in cell r 2 of forewing above bifurcation of M forming distinct hexagons of a double row of spinules; spinules always absent from within the cells. Distal segment of aedeagus with ventral process situated distal of the middle of the segment ( Fig. 25C, D ). On Annona foetida and Guatteria megalophylla ................................ M. amazonica sp. nov.

- Surface spinules in cell r 2 of forewing above bifurcation of M forming at most indistinct hexagons; always with a few spinules in the cells. Position of ventral process of distal segment of aedeagus variable.................................... 19

19 Ventral process of distal segment of aedeagus situated distal of the middle or in the middle of the segment ( Fig. 25J, P )... 20

- Ventral process of distal segment of aedeagus situated proximal of the middle of the segment ( Figs 25V , 26C, I )......... 21

20 Brown dots on forewing relatively dense, usually three and more confluent ( Fig. 16A ); body relatively dark. Paramere, in lateral view, robust ( Fig. 25H ). Sclerotised end tube of aedeagus short ( Fig. 25J, L ). On Annona cacans ....... M. cacantis sp. nov.

- Brown dots on forewing relatively sparse, usually only two confluent ( Fig. 16B ); body relatively light. Paramere, in lateral view, elongate ( Fig. 25O ). Sclerotised end tube of aedeagus very long ( Fig. 25P, Q ). On Xylopia aromatica , X. nitida and Guatteria sp ........................................................................... M. xylopiae sp. nov.

21 Paramere, in lateral view, hardly indented antero-subapically ( Fig. 25U ). FP/HW> 0.9. On Guatteria sp. and Xylopia aromatica ............................................................................ M. francisi sp. nov.

- Paramere, in lateral view, distinctly indented antero-subapically ( Fig. 26B, H ). FP/HW <0.9........................ 22

22 Basal part of distal segment of aedeagus strongly curved dorsally; apical dilation, in lateral view, slightly concave ventrally and relatively broad apically ( Fig. 26C ). Dorsal margin of female proctiger, in lateral view, weakly concave in apical half ( Fig. 26F ); FP/ SP <1.9. Probably on Guatteria sp. .................................................... M. roraima sp. nov.

- Basal part of distal segment of aedeagus weakly curved dorsally; apical dilation, in lateral view, almost straight ventrally and with subparallel margins apically ( Fig. 26I ). Dorsal margin of female proctiger, in lateral view, strongly concave in apical half ( Fig. 26L ); FP/ SP > 1.9. Guatteria schomburgkiana , perhaps also Xylopia aromatica ............... M. tubuligera sp. nov.

23 Forewing proximal to nodal line conspicuously lighter than distally ( Fig. 16F–J )................. umbripennis -group 24

- Forewing relatively uniformly coloured ( Figs 17–20 )........................................................ 27

24 Forewing pattern strongly sexually dimorphic ( Fig. 16F, G ). Vertex almost smooth, lacking distinct microsculpture ( Fig. 10C ). Paramere, in lateral view, wide ( Fig. 26N ). Ventral process of distal segment of aedeagus large and broad, well separated from apical dilation ( Fig. 26O, P ). FP/ SP <1.6............................................... M. umbripennis sp. nov.

- Forewing pattern not sexually dimorphic ( Fig. 16H–J ). Vertex with distinct microsculpture ( Fig. 10D–F ). Paramere, in lateral view, slender ( Figs 26T , 27B, H ). Ventral process of distal segment of aedeagus small and narrow, well separated from apical dilation ( Fig. 27C, D, I, J ) or large, broad and fused with apical dilation ( Fig. 26U, V ). FP/ SP > 1.6. On Annonaceae ..... 25

25 AL /HW <1.0; FL/HW <2.2. Paramere, in lateral view, strongly narrowed in apical quarter, forming digitiform process which is directed anteriad ( Fig. 26T, W ). Ventral process of distal segment of aedeagus large, fused with apical dilation ( Fig. 26U ); in dorsal view, large, triangular with small button-like lobes directed apicad ( Fig. 26V ). FP/HW <0.7. On Annona sp. and perhaps Guatteria sp. .......................................................................... M. nasuta sp. nov.

- AL /HW> 1.0; FL/HW> 2.2. Paramere, in lateral view, gradually narrowing in apical quarter towards apex, which is directed upwards ( Fig. 27B, H ). Ventral process of distal segment of aedeagus short, well separated from apical dilation ( Fig. 27C, I ). FP/HW> 0.7........................................................................................ 26

26 Paramere relatively short (MP/PL> 1.3) and narrow ( Fig. 27B ). Ventral process of distal segment of aedeagus, in lateral view, distinctly shorter than apical dilation ( Fig. 27C ). FP/HW <0.9. On Guatteria australis , perhaps also on Annona dolabripetala ................................................................................... M. australis sp. nov.

- Paramere relatively long (MP/PL <1.3) and broad ( Fig. 27H ). Ventral process of distal segment of aedeagus, in lateral view, only slightly shorter than apical dilation ( Fig. 27I ). FP/HW> 0.9. On Annona cacans ................ M. obscura sp. nov.

27 Ventral process of distal segment of aedeagus, in dorsal view, narrower than apical dilation (e.g. Figs 27P, V , 30D ).............................................................................................. trematos -group 28

- Ventral process of distal segment of aedeagus, in dorsal view, at least slightly wider than apical dilation (e.g. Fig. 30P, V )... .................................................................................................. 38

28 Surface spinules in cell r 2 of forewing above bifurcation of vein M forming mostly single-row hexagons (at least in males) ( Fig. 6D )............................................................................................... 29

- Surface spinules in cell r 2 of forewing above bifurcation of vein M forming mostly double-row hexagons ( Fig. 6C )....... 31

29 Brown dots on forewing indistinct, absent from cell c+sc ( Fig. 17A ). Ventral process of distal aedeagal segment, in lateral view, shorter than half length of apical portion ( Fig. 27O ). Female proctiger, in lateral view, with straight or weakly concave dorsal margin ( Fig. 27R ); FP/ SP <1.5. On Trema micranthum ....................................... M. trematos sp. nov.

- Brown dots on forewing conspicuous, present also in cell c+sc ( Figs 17B, C ). Ventral process of distal aedeagal segment, in lateral view, longer than half length of apical portion ( Figs 27U , 28C ). Female proctiger, in lateral view, with flat swelling distal to circumanal ring ( Figs 27X , 28F ); FP/ SP > 1.5............................................................ 30

30 AL > 0.6. FL/ FW <2.2. Paramere apex, in dorsal view, truncate, bearing two small teeth ( Fig. 27W ). Ventral process of distal segment of aedeagus relatively broad ( Fig. 27V ). FP/CRL <2.5. On Virola bicuhyba .................. M. virolae sp. nov.

- AL <0.6. FL/ FW > 2.2. Paramere apex, in dorsal view, pointed, bearing a single small tooth ( Figs 28E ). Ventral process of distal segment of aedeagus relatively narrow ( Fig. 28D ). FP/CRL> 2.5. On Miconia inconspicua ....................................................................................................... M. inconspicuae sp. nov.

31 Ventral process of distal segment of aedeagus small, button-like ( Fig. 28J, O )..................................... 32

- Ventral process of distal segment of aedeagus large (e.g. Figs 28U , 29C, I, O, U ).................................. 33

32 Coloration and microsculpture on vertex sexually dimorphic: male with head mostly dark, vertex lacking distinct microsculpture ( Fig. 10J ); forewing dark brown with pattern consisting of confluent dots leaving almost no clear space ( Fig. 17D ); female with head light, vertex with distinct microsculpture ( Fig. 11A ); forewing with dense, rarely confluent brown dots ( Fig. 17E ). PtL/FL <0.3; Cu 1a L /FL <0.3. Paramere slender ( Fig. 28H ). FP/HW> 1.0, FP/ SP <2.0, FP/CRL> 2.7; dorsal margin of female proctiger, in lateral view, posterior to circumanal ring almost straight ( Fig. 28L ). On Guatteria sellowiana .................................................................................................. M. dimorpha sp. nov.

- Coloration and vertex microsculpture not sexually dimorphic: both male and female vertex with distinct microsculpture ( Fig. 11B ); forewing covered with sparse brown dots ( Fig. 17F ). PtL/FL> 0.3; Cu 1a L /FL ≥ 0.3. Paramere robust ( Fig. 28N ). FP/HW <1.0, FP/ SP > 2.0, FP/CRL <2.7; dorsal margin of female proctiger, in lateral view, slightly sinuate distal to circumanal ring, with an upturned apex ( Fig. 28R ). Perhaps on Miconia formosa .................................. M. cabucu sp. nov.

33 Paramere broadly lanceolate ( Figs 28T , 29B ).............................................................. 34

- Paramere acuminate ( Fig. 29H, N ) or narrowly lanceolate and then blunt apically ( Figs 29T , 30B ).................... 35

34 Head and thorax yellow. Forewing pale yellow ( Fig. 17G ); FL/ FW ≥ 2.3. Ventral process of distal segment of aedeagus relatively short ( Fig. 28U ). Apex of female proctiger, in lateral view, pointed and slightly upturned ( Fig. 28X ). On Pleroma granulosum ..................................................................................... M. itatiaia sp. nov.

- Head and thorax dark brown. Forewing amber-coloured ( Fig. 17H ); FL/ FW <2.3. Ventral process of distal segment of aedeagus relatively long ( Fig. 29C ). Apex of female proctiger, in lateral view, truncate and almost straight ( Fig. 29F ). On Miconia pusilliflora ....................................................................... M. pusilliflorae sp. nov.

35 PtL/FL <0.3, Cu 1a L /FL <0.3; veins slightly lighter than wing membrane which is irregularly light yellow ( Fig. 17I ). Paramere, in lateral view, narrow ( Fig. 29H ), with a narrow apex, in dorsal view ( Fig. 29K ). Ventral process of distal segment of aedeagus short ( Fig. 29I, J ). FP/HW> 0.9. On Miconia manauara and M. phanerostila .................... M. goldenbergi sp. nov.

- PtL/FL ≥ 0.3, Cu 1a L /FL> 0.3; veins concolourous with wing membrane which is uniformly dark yellow ( Figs 17J , 18A, B ). Paramere, in lateral view, broad ( Figs 29N, T , 30B ), with broad apex, in dorsal view ( Figs 29Q, W , 30E ). Ventral process of distal segment of aedeagus long ( Figs 29O, U , 30C ). FP/HW <0.9............................................. 36

36 Apical metatibial spurs grouped, the two groups anteriorly separated by several bristles ( Fig. 6B ). Paramere narrow apically, lacking sclerotised tooth ( Fig. 29N, Q ). Apical dilation of distal segment of aedeagus, in lateral view, narrow subapically ( Fig. 29O ). Apex of female proctiger, in lateral view, slightly upturned ( Fig. 29R ). On Miconia pusilliflora and M. sellowiana ......................................................................................... M. clavata sp. nov.

- Metatibia with a posteriorly open crown of apical spurs, lacking bristles. Paramere broad apically, with a small sclerotised tooth ( Figs 29T, W , 30B, E ). Apical dilation of distal segment of aedeagus, in lateral view, broad subapically ( Figs 29U , 30C ). Apex of female proctiger, in lateral view, not upturned ( Figs 29X , 30F ).............................................. 37

37 MT > 0.4, MT /HW> 0.8. Anterior margin of paramere, in lateral view, strongly convex ( Fig. 29T ). Dorsal margin of female proctiger, in lateral view, slightly convex distal to circumanal ring ( Fig. 29X ). On Pleroma sp. .......... M. tibialis sp. nov.

- MT <0.4, MT /HW <0.8. Anterior margin of paramere, in lateral view, weakly convex ( Fig. 30B ). Dorsal margin of female proctiger, in lateral view, almost straight distal to circumanal ring ( Fig. 30F ). On Pleroma raddianum and P. sellowianum .................................................................................... M. pleromatos sp. nov.

38 Ventral process of distal aedeagal segment less than half as long as apical dilation (e.g. Fig. 30I, O, U ).... ingariko -group 39

- Ventral process of distal aedeagal segment more than half as long as apical dilation (e.g. Fig. 32C, I, O, U )............. 45

39 Surface spinules in cell r 2 of forewing above bifurcation of M arranged in single-row hexagons...................... 40

- Surface spinules in cell r 2 of forewing above bifurcation of M arranged in double-row hexagons...................... 42

40 Ventral process of distal segment of aedeagus very short, in lateral view, contiguous with apical dilatation; sclerotised end tube inserted at midlength of apical dilation ( Fig. 30I ). Apex of female proctiger, in lateral view, upturned ( Fig. 30L ). On Miconia chrysophylla ......................................................................... M. ingariko sp. nov.

- Ventral process of distal segment of aedeagus long, in lateral view, separated from apical dilatation; sclerotised end tube inserted in apical third of apical dilation ( Fig. 30O, U ). Apex of female proctiger, in lateral view, straight ( Fig. 30R, X )... 41

41 Dark pattern on body and forewing strongly contrasted ( Fig. 18D ). PtL/PtW <6.0). MT <0.4; MT /HW <0.8; MT /MF <1.4. Paramere, in lateral view, relatively broad in basal half, strongly narrowing towards apex in apical half ( Fig. 30N ). Basal portion of distal segment of aedeagus, in lateral view, sinuate along dorsal margin ( Fig. 30O ). FP/HW <0.9; FP/ SP > 1.5; dorsal margin of female proctiger, in lateral view, slightly sinuate ( Fig. 30R ). On Xylopia brasiliensis and X. emarginata ................................................................................................. M. brasiliensis sp. nov.

- Dark pattern on body and forewing weakly contrasted ( Fig. 18E ). PtL/PtW> 6.0. MT ≥ 0.4; MT /HW> 0.8; MT /MF> 1.4. Paramere, in lateral view, narrow in basal half, weakly narrowing towards apex in apical half ( Fig. 30T ). Basal portion of distal segment of aedeagus, in lateral view, almost straight along dorsal margin ( Fig. 30U ). FP/HW> 0.9; FP/ SP <1.5; dorsal margin of female proctiger, in lateral view, straight ( Fig. 30X ). On Miconia aff. neourceolata ........... M. caramambatai sp. nov.

42 Paramere, in lateral view, narrow ( Fig. 31B, H ); apex, in dorsal view, subacute ( Fig. 31E, K ). Apex of female proctiger, in lateral view, almost straight ( Fig. 31F, L ).................................................................. 43

- Paramere, in lateral view, broad ( Fig. 31N, U ); apex, in dorsal view, blunt or truncate ( Fig. 31Q, X ). Apex of female proctiger, in lateral view, upturned ( Fig. 31R, Y ).................................................................... 44

43 Forewing yellow; dark dots dense, confluent and covering most of the surface apically ( Fig. 18F ). Paramere, in lateral view, with apex directed anteriad ( Fig. 31B ); in dorsal view with a single small tooth ( Fig. 31E ). Apical part of proximal aedeagal segment much longer than wide; apical dilation of distal segment of aedeagus, in lateral view, widening towards apex ( Fig. 31C ). Setae on apical third of female proctiger long ( Fig. 31F ); FP/ SP <1.7. On Guatteria sp. ....... M. acuminata sp. nov.

- Forewing yellow to almost colourless, dark dots spaced, rarely confluent, leaving surface mostly clear ( Fig. 18G ). Paramere, in lateral view, with apex directed upwards ( Fig. 31H ); in dorsal view, with two minute teeth ( Fig. 31K ). Apical part of proximal aedeagal segment about as long as wide; apical dilation of distal segment of aedeagus, in lateral view, with subparallel margins ( Fig. 31I ). Setae on apical third of female proctiger very short ( Fig. 31L ); FP/ SP > 1.7. On Miconia albicans and M. rubiginosa ...................................................................... M. melanocephala sp. nov.

44 Paramere, in lateral view, broadest in apical third ( Fig. 31N ). Ventral process of distal segment of aedeagus short and broad; apical dilation, in lateral view, narrow ( Fig. 31O, P ). Dorsal margin of female proctiger, in lateral view, weakly sinuate distal to circumanal ring; FP/CRL> 2.4; FP/ SP > 2.1; apex of female subgenital plate, in lateral view, broad, directed posteriad ( Fig. 31R ); in ventral view, broadly truncate ( Fig. 31S ). Perhaps on Miconia trianae .................. M. brevicauda sp. nov.

- Paramere, in lateral view, broadest in the middle ( Fig. 31U ). Ventral process of distal segment of aedeagus long and slender; apical dilation, in lateral view, broad ( Fig. 31V, W ). Dorsal margin of female proctiger, in lateral view, strongly sinuate distal to circumanal ring; FP/CRL <2.4; FP/ SP <2.1; apex of female subgenital plate, in lateral view, narrow, upturned ( Fig. 31Y ); in ventral view, narrowly truncate. On Miconia cf. cephaloides .................................. M. michali sp. nov.

45 Ventral process of distal aedeagal segment, in lateral view, straight or hardly curved and with short apico-median lobe (e.g. Fig. 32C, I, O, U ); in dorsal view, apico-median lobe mostly visible ( Fig. 32D, J, P, V )..................... duckei -group 46

- Ventral process of distal aedeagal segment, in lateral view, distinctly curved and with long apico-median lobe (e.g. Fig. 35C, I, O, U ); in dorsal view, apico-median lobe mostly hidden below the plane of lateral lobes ( Fig. 35D, J, P, V )...................................................................................................... smithi -group 54

46 Paramere, in lateral view, slender, not widened medially ( Fig. 32B, H, N, T )...................................... 47

- Paramere, in lateral view, robust, widened medially ( Figs 33B, I, O, U , 34B )..................................... 50

47 FL/ FW ≤ 2.1. MT /HW <0.65. Paramere, in lateral view, with posterior margin sinuate and apex directed anteriad ( Fig. 32B ); in dorsal view, apex bearing small tooth ( Fig. 32E ). Basal portion of distal aedeagal segment, in lateral view, distinctly sinuate dorsally; sclerotised end tube relatively long ( Fig. 32C, D ). FP/HW <0.8........................... M. duckei sp. nov.

- FL/ FW > 2.1. MT /HW> 0.65. Paramere, in lateral view, with posterior margin straight and apex directed upwards ( Fig. 32H, N, T ); in dorsal view, apex blunt, lacking tooth ( Fig. 32K, Q, W ). Basal portion of distal segment of aedeagus, in lateral view, weakly sinuate dorsally; sclerotised end tube relatively short ( Fig. 32I, J, O, P, U, V ). FP/HW> 0.8................... 48

48 FL/ FW > 2.4; PtL/PtW> 6; Cu 1a L /cu 1 W > 4; forewing pattern consisting of sparse dots, lacking antero-basally ( Fig. 19A ). Distal segment of aedeagus, in lateral view, relatively broad in basal half ( Fig. 32I ). FP/HW> 0.9; FP/ SP <1.7. On Miconia burchellii ........................................................................... M. burchellii sp. nov.

- FL/ FW ≤ 2.4; PtL/PtW <6; Cu 1a L /cu 1 W <4; forewing pattern consisting of relatively dense dots, present also antero-basally ( Fig. 19B, C ). Distal segment of aedeagus, in lateral view, relatively narrow in basal half ( Fig. 32O, U ). FP/HW <0.9; FP/ SP > 1.7................................................................................................ 49

49 Paramere, in lateral view, relatively robust in apical half ( Fig. 32N ). FP/ SP > 1.8. Perhaps on Guatteria schomburgkiana ........................................................................................ M. barretoi sp. nov.

- Paramere, in lateral view, relatively slender in apical half ( Fig. 32T ). FP/ SP <1.8. Perhaps on Xylopia sericea ................................................................................................. M. sericeae sp. nov.

50 FL/ FW > 2.3, FL/HW> 2.7; forewing pattern as in Fig. 19D . Ventral process of distal aedeagal segment, in dorsal view, suboval, weakly produced laterally; apical dilation, in lateral view, weakly curved ( Fig. 33D–F ). FP/HW <0.8. On Miconia cf. paniculata and M. tristis ................................................................... M. tristis sp. nov.

- FL/ FW <2.3, FL/HW <2.7. Ventral process of distal segment of aedeagus, in dorsal view, strongly produced laterally; apical dilation, in lateral view, straight ( Figs 33J, K, P, Q, V, W , 34D, E ). FP/HW> 0.8.................................. 51

51 Paramere, in lateral view, broad subapically, bearing posterior lobe in basal half ( Fig. 33I ). Ventral process of distal aedeagal segment, in lateral view, situated slightly proximal of the middle of segment ( Fig. 33J ). On Miconia discolor , perhaps also on M. buddlejoides ...................................................................... M. discoloris sp.nov.

- Paramere, in lateral view, narrow subapically; lacking posterior lobe in basal half ( Figs 33O, U , 34B ). Ventral process of distal aedeagal segment, in lateral view, situated distal of the middle of segment ( Figs 33P, V , 34D )........................ 52

52 Paramere narrow ( Fig. 33O ). Ventral process of distal aedeagal segment almost without apico-median lobe ( Fig. 33P, Q ). FP/ HW <0.9; dorsal margin of female proctiger, in lateral view, upturned apically ( Fig. 33S ). Perhaps on Miconia cinerascens ..................................................................................... M. truncata sp. nov.

- Paramere robust ( Figs 33U , 34B ). Ventral process of distal aedeagal segment bearing a distinct apico-median lobe ( Figs 33V, W , 34D, E ). FP/HW> 0.9 or dorsal margin of female proctiger, in lateral view, straight apically...................... 53

53 Ventral process of distal aedeagal segment, in lateral view, short relative to apical dilation ( Fig. 33V ); in dorsal view, only slightly wider than apical dilation ( Fig. 33W ). Dorsal margin of female proctiger, in lateral view, weakly concave in apical third, straight apically; setae on female subgenital plate long ( Fig. 33Y ). On Miconia cinnamomifolia , perhaps also on Miconia cf. petropolitana ........................................................................ M. atlantica sp. nov.

- Ventral process of distal aedeagal segment, in lateral view, long relative to apical dilation ( Fig. 34D ); in dorsal view, much wider than apical dilation ( Fig. 34E ). Dorsal margin of female proctiger, in lateral view, concave in apical third, upturned apically; setae on female subgenital plate short ( Fig. 34F ). On cf. Virola sp. ..................... M. stanopekari sp. nov.

54 FL/ FW > 2.5; Cu 1a L /cu 1 W > 4.0; pterostigma and vein Cu 1a relatively straight along most of their lengths ( Fig. 19I, J ). Basal part of distal aedeagal segment, in lateral view, distinctly curved ( Fig. 34I, O ); ventral process, in dorsal view, cruciform, with narrow wing-like lateral lobes ( Fig. 34J, P )................................................................ 55

- FL/ FW <2.5; Cu 1a L /cu 1 W <4.0; pterostigma and vein Cu 1a relatively convex in apical two thirds ( Fig. 20A–F ). Basal part of distal aedeagal segment, in lateral view, straight ( Figs 34U , 35C, I, O, U , 36C ); ventral process, in dorsal view, ovoid, with broadly rounded lateral lobes ( Figs 34V , 35D, J, P, V , 36D )................................................... 56

55 ML / M 1+2 L <2.1.Anterior margin of paramere, in lateral view, concave subapically ( Fig. 34H ). Ventral process of distal aedeagal segment short with large lateral lobes ( Fig. 34I, J ). FP/ SP > 1.8. On Miconia sellowiana ........... M. sellowianae sp. nov.

- ML / M 1+2 L > 2.1. Anterior margin of paramere, in lateral view, straight subapically ( Fig. 34N ). Ventral process of distal aedeagal segment long with small lateral lobes ( Fig. 34O, P ). FP/ SP <1.8. On Pleroma raddianum , perhaps also on Miconia pusilliflora and P. reitzii ......................................................................... M. simillima sp. nov.

56 FL/ FW ≥ 2.3. MT > 0.5, MT /HW> 0.8, MT /MF> 1.5. Male and female terminalia as in Fig. 34S–X . On Miconia trianae ........................................................................................ M. trianae sp. nov.

- FL/ FW <2.3. MT <0.5, MT /HW <0.8, MT /MF <1.5....................................................... 57

57 Dark dots on forewing relatively dense; apical part of cell c+sc with many dots ( Fig. 20B, C )........................ 58

- Dark dots on forewing relatively sparse, almost completely absent from cell c+sc ( Fig. 20D–F )...................... 59

58 DisM/ M 1+2 L > 0.87. AL ≥ 0.69. Paramere, in lateral view, broad subapically ( Fig. 35B ). FP/HW ≥ 0.85. On Miconia cinerascens and M. pepericarpa ................................................................ M. cinerascentis sp. nov.

- DisM/ M 1+2 L ≤ 0.87. AL <0.69. Paramere, in lateral view, narrower subapically ( Fig. 35H ). FP/HW <0.85. On Miconia crenata , M. minutiflora and M. pusilliflora ..................................................... M. minutiflorae sp. nov.

59 Brown dots on forewing relatively sparse ( Fig. 20D ). Paramere, in lateral view, strongly convex posteriorly, wide medially ( Fig. 35N ). Ventral process of distal aedeagal segment, in dorsal view, only slightly broader than apical dilation ( Fig. 35P ). On Miconia cannabina .................................................................. M. cannabinae sp. nov.

- Brown dots on forewing relatively dense ( Fig. 20E, F ). Paramere, in lateral view, weakly convex posteriorly, narrow medially ( Figs 35T , 36B ). Ventral process of distal segment of aedeagus, in dorsal view, much wider than apical dilation ( Figs 35V , 36D ).............................................................................................. 60

60 AL <0.7, AL /HW <1.15. Surface spinules on forewing forming mostly single-row hexagons ( Fig. 6D ). Paramere, in lateral view, with slightly narrower apex ( Fig. 35T ). SP <0.27; FP/ SP > 1.86. On Miconia alata , M. calvescens , M. prasina and M. splendens ........................................................................... M. prasinae sp. nov.

- AL > 0.7, AL /HW> 1.15. Surface spinules on forewing forming double-row hexagons. Paramere, in lateral view, relatively robust apically ( Fig. 36B ). SP > 0.27; FP/ SP <1.86. On Miconia calvescens ..... M. smithi (Burckhardt, Morais & Picanço) .

Fifth instar immatures

(Following species are not included in the key for the lack of material: Klyveria flaviae , K. setinervis , Melanastera barretoi , M. cabucu , M. curtisetosa , M. duckei , M. itatiaia , M. mazzardoae , M. michali , M. roraima , M. sericeae , M. spinosa , M. stanopekari , M. tijuca , M. truncata , and M. umbripennis )

1 Antenna 9-segmented. On Asteraceae ..................................................... Melanastera (part) 2

- Antenna 10-segmented. On other plant families............................................................. 4

2 AL > 0.7. Metatibiotarsus lacking pointed sectasetae, only with simple setae laterally; MTT ≥ 0.4. On Moquiniastrum polymorphum ..................................................................... M. moquiniastri sp. nov.

- AL <0.7. Metatibiotarsus with 2–3 pointed sectasetae laterally; MTT <0.4....................................... 3

3 BL> 1.3. Forewing pad lacking dorsal sectasetae, with 5–8 marginal pointed sectasetae. Abdomen anterior to caudal plate with one pointed sectaseta on either side laterally, lacking sectasetae dorsally; caudal plate on either side with 1 + 2 pointed sectasetae laterally and 3 sectasetae dorsally close to circumanal ring ( Fig. 36K ). On Eremanthus erythropappus ............................................................................................. M. eremanthi sp. nov.

- BL <1.3. Forewing pad and abdomen covered with many pointed sectasetae and lanceolate setae dorsally ( Fig. 36L ). On Moquiniastrum polymorphum and Vernonanthura phosphorica .................................... M. notia sp. nov.

4 Circumanal ring on ventral body side indented medially, distinctly produced antero-sublaterally (cf. Figs 5C , 36I , 38A ). On Luehea candicans , L. divaricata , L. microcarpa and L. paniculata ( Malvaceae )...... Klyveria crassiflagellata (Burckhardt)

- Circumanal ring transversely elliptical, anterior margin on ventral body side relatively straight ( Fig. 5D ). On Annonaceae , Cannabaceae , Melastomataceae or Myristicaceae . Melanastera (part)............................................ 5

5 Caudal plate lacking extra pore fields ( Fig. 37A ). CW/RW <3.2................................................ 6

- Caudal plate with extra pore fields ( Fig. 6E , 38 ). CW/RW> 3.2................................................ 7

6 AL <0.33, BL/ AL > 3.0. Forewing pad with less than 8 marginal pointed sectasetae. Lanceolate setae on dorsum of wing pads and abdomen narrowly truncate apically. On Miconia sellowiana ............................. M. sellowianae sp. nov.

- AL > 0.33, BL/ AL <3.0. Forewing pad with more than 8 marginal pointed sectasetae. Lanceolate setae on dorsum of wing pads and abdomen pointed apically. On Pleroma raddianum , perhaps also on Miconia pusilliflora and P. reitzii ................................................................................................... M. simillima sp. nov.

7 Pointed sectasetae or relatively large lanceolate setae present on the abdominal dorsum in addition to lateral sectasetae..... 8

- Pointed sectasetae or relatively large lanceolate setae absent from abdominal dorsum, present only laterally............. 14

8 Anterior margin of caudal plate with a row of 4 dorsal sectasetae................................................ 9

- Anterior margin of caudal plate with a row of at least 10 dorsal sectasetae....................................... 12

9 Antenna with a single sectaseta or a simple seta on segment 8 subapically. Caudal plate with strongly sinuate lateral margins. .................................................................................................. 10

- Antenna with two sectasetae on segment 8 subapically. Caudal plate with almost straight lateral margins............... 11

10 BL> 1.0. Antenna with sectasetae on segments 2, 4, 6, 7 and 8. Perhaps on Miconia trianae ........ M. brevicauda sp. nov.

- BL <1.0. Antenna lacking sectasetae, only with simple setae, segment 4 with one slender lanceolate seta. Perhaps on Xylopia sp. .................................................................................... M. parva sp. nov.

11 Forewing pad with 9–10 relatively large pointed sectasetae or lanceolate setae marginally and 9–10 similar setae scattered dorsally. MTT <0.3, MTT/BL <0.3. On Miconia burchellii .................................. M. burchellii sp. nov.

- Forewing pad with 3–4 relatively large pointed sectasetae marginally and a single sectaseta dorsally, otherwise covered only in minute lanceolate setae. MTT> 0.3, MTT/BL> 0.3. On Miconia aff. neourceolata ............. M. caramambatai sp. nov.

12 AL <0.53, AL /FL <1.0, BL/ AL > 2.32; MTT <0.3, MTT/BL <0.27........................................... 13

- AL > 0.53, AL /FL> 1.0, BL/ AL ≤ 2.32; MTT ≥ 0.3, MTT/BL> 0.27........................................... 14

13 Antennal segment 8 with two subapical sectasetae. Forewing pad with 8 marginal sectasetae (in addition to some smaller lanceolate setae). Caudal plate with 4–6 sectasetae near circumanal ring on either side dorsally. CW/RW> 5.5. On Macairea radula ............................................................................ . M. macaireae sp. nov.

- Antennal segment 8 with a single subapical sectaseta. Forewing pad with at least 10 marginal sectasetae. Caudal plate with 9–12 sectasetae near circumanal ring on either side dorsally. CW/RW <5.5. On Trema micranthum ... . M. trematos sp. nov.

14 BL/BW> 1.4, CW/CL <1.7. Forewing pad with 9–11 marginal sectasetae and ca. 30 large sectasetae or smaller lanceolate setae dorsally. On Pleroma granulosum ........................................................ M. granulosi sp. nov.

- BL/BW <1.4, CW/CL> 1.7. Forewing pad with 6–7 marginal sectasetae and ca. 20 large sectasetae or smaller lanceolate setae dorsally. On Pleroma sp. ................................................................. M. tibialis sp. nov.

15 Antennal segment 8 with two subapical sectasetae. On Miconia pusilliflora .................... M. pusilliflorae sp. nov.

- Antennal segment 8 with a single subapical sectaseta........................................................ 16

16 Caudal plate with a large pointed sectaseta medially close to extra pore field on each side of midline.................. 17

- Caudal plate lacking large sectasetae medially close to extra pore fields (a smaller narrowly lanceolate seta is often present on each side of midline)................................................................................. 20

17 Tarsal arolium long, approximately 1.5 times longer than claws. On Guatteria or Virola spp. ........................ 18

- Tarsal arolium short, only slightly longer than claws. On Miconia spp. .......................................... 19

18 AL <0.57, AL /FL <1.2. Antennal segment 7 lacking a sectaseta, bearing only a fine simple seta subapically. Forewing pad with 5 marginal and 1 dorsal pointed sectasetae; hindwing pad with 2 marginal pointed sectasetae and 1 small dorsal pointed sectaseta. CW/RW <5.5. On Guatteria sellowiana .......................................... M. dimorpha sp. nov.

- AL > 0.57, AL /FL> 1.2. Antennal segment 7 with a sectaseta subapically. Forewing pad with 6 marginal and 4–5 dorsal pointed sectasetae; hindwing pad with 3 marginal and 1–2 dorsal pointed sectasetae. CW/RW> 5.5. On Virola sebifera ................................................................................................. M. falcata sp. nov.

19 Forewing pad with 7–8 marginal sectasetae. MTT <0.3, MTT/BL <0.25. Caudal plate with 5 pointed sectasetae on either side laterally, and 4 pointed sectasetae on either side subapically. On Miconia albicans and M. rubiginosa .................................................................................................. M. melanocephala sp. nov.

- Forewing pad with 5–6 marginal sectasetae. MTT> 0.3, MTT/BL> 0.25. Caudal plate with 4 pointed sectasetae on either side laterally, and 3 pointed sectasetae on either side subapically. On Miconia trianae ..................... M. trianae sp. nov.

20 On Myristicaceae : Virola spp. .......................................................................... 21

- On other host families................................................................................ 22

21 BL> 1.5. Forewing pad with 8–10 marginal and 0–1 dorsal pointed sectasetae. Caudal plate lacking pointed sectasetae at anterior margin; lateral margins almost straight, bearing 5 pointed sectasetae laterally and 4 pointed sectasetae subapically near circumanal ring on either side dorsally. RW> 0.1, CW/RW <6.6. On Virola bicuhyba ................. M. virolae sp. nov.

- BL <1.5. Forewing pad with 9–11 marginal and 2 dorsal pointed sectasetae. Caudal plate with 2 pointed sectasetae situated laterally and sublaterally at anterior margin on either side; lateral margins strongly sinuate, bearing 6 pointed sectasetae on two tubercles laterally and 5 pointed sectasetae subapically near circumanal ring on either side dorsally. RW <0.1, CW/RW> 6.6. On Virola sebifera ..................................................................... M. sebiferae sp. nov.

22 On Annonaceae ...................................................................................... 23

- On Melastomataceae ................................................................................. 35

23 BL/BW> 1.5; AL <0.5, AL /FL <1.1, BL/ AL > 2.6; MTT/BL ≤ 0.18. Caudal plate strongly produced posteriorly; CW <0.5, CW/CL ≤ 1.7....................................................................................... 24

- BL/BW <1.5; AL > 0.5, AL /FL> 1.1, BL/ AL <2.6; MTT/BL> 0.18. Caudal plate weakly produced posteriorly; CW> 0.5, CW/CL ≥ 1.7....................................................................................... 25

24 Fore- and hindwing pads only with marginal but lacking dorsal sectasetae. Caudal plate with 4 lateral and 3 subapical sectasetae on either side. On Guatteria sp. ......................................................... M. acuminata sp. nov.

- Fore- and hindwing pads with 2–4 and 1 dorsal sectasetae, respectively, in addition to marginal sectasetae. Caudal plate with 5 lateral and usually 4 subapical sectasetae on either side. On Guatteria australis , perhaps also on Annona dolabripetala ......................................................................................... M. australis sp. nov.

25 AL ≥ 0.78, AL /FL ≥ 1.53, MTT ≥ 0.40, MTT/BL ≥ 0.27. Tarsal arolium about twice longer than claws. On Guatteria punctata ............................................................................... M. olgae sp. nov.

- AL ≤ 0.78, AL /FL ≤ 1.53, MTT <0.40, MTT/BL ≤ 0.27. Tarsal arolium at most 1.5 times longer than claws............ 26

26 Forewing pad with 5–7 marginal sectasetae; hindwing pad with 1 dorsal sectaseta close to posterior margin, in addition to 2 marginal sectasetae. On Xylopia aromatica , X. nitida and Guatteria sp. ........................... M. xylopiae sp. nov.

- Forewing pad with 4–6 (usually 5) marginal sectasetae; hindwing pad lacking dorsal sectasetae, only with 2 marginal sectasetae.......................................................................................... 27

27 Ratio of CL and distance between anterior margin of caudal plate and anterior margin of extra pore fields <3.5.......... 28

- Ratio of CL and distance between anterior margin of caudal plate and anterior margin of extra pore fields> 3.5.......... 31

28 CW/CL> 2.1, CW/RW> 5.0. On Guatteria schomburgkiana , perhaps also Xylopia aromatica ....... M. tubuligera sp. nov.

- CW/CL <2.1, CW/RW <5.0........................................................................... 29

29 BL <1.35, BW <1.0, MTT <0.32. Tarsal arolium about 1.5 times longer than claws. On Guatteria sellowiana .............................................................................................. M. guatteriae sp. nov.

- BL> 1.35, BW> 1.0, MTT> 0.32. Tarsal arolium only slightly longer than claws. On Annona spp. .................. 30

30 AL <0.72, BL/ AL > 2.2, MTT <0.35, MTT/BL <0.22. On Annona sp. and perhaps on Guatteria sp. .... M. nasuta sp. nov.

- AL > 0.72, BL/ AL ≤ 2.2, MTT> 0.35, MTT/BL ≥ 0.22. On Annona cacans ........................ M. obscura sp. nov.

31 BL ≤ 1.12, BL/BW ≤ 1.24. On Xylopia brasiliensis and X. emarginata ......................... M. brasiliensis sp. nov.

- BL ≥ 1.12, BL/BW ≥ 1.24............................................................................. 32

32 Caudal plate angular apically, with 4 (2+2) pointed sectasetae on either side laterally and 3 pointed sectasetae subapically. On Guatteria sp. ........................................................................ M. variegata sp. nov.

- Caudal plate irregularly rounded apically; with 5–6 pointed sectasetae on either side laterally and 3 pointed sectasetae subapically......................................................................................... 33

33 AL <0.65, AL /FL <1.4, MTT ≤ 0.30. On Annona foetida and Guatteria megalophylla ............. M. amazonica sp. nov.

- AL > 0.65, AL /FL> 1.4, MTT ≥ 0.30.................................................................... 34

34 CW> 0.57, CW/CL> 2.0. On Annona cacans ............................................... M. cacantis sp. nov.

- CW <0.57, CW/CL <2.0. On Guatteria sp. and Xylopia aromatica .............................. M. francisi sp. nov.

35 AL /FL <1.0, BL/ AL > 2.4, MTT/BL ≤ 0.21............................................................... 36

- AL /FL> 1.0, BL/ AL <2.4, MTT/BL ≥ 0.21............................................................... 37

36 BW <0.85, BL/BW ≥ 1.34. Forewing pad with 5 marginal and 1 dorsal sectasetae, hindwing pad with 2 marginal and 1 dorsal sectasetae, only sparsely covered with inconspicuous minute clavate and lanceolate setae. CW/CL> 1.8, CW/RW> 4.2, caudal plate angular antero-laterally, not tubercular. On Pleroma raddianum and P. sellowianum .......... M. pleromatos sp. nov.

- BW> 0.85, BL/BW ≤ 1.34. Forewing and hindwing pads with 5 and 2 marginal sectasetae, respectively, lacking dorsal sectasetae but densely covered with conspicuous small clavate and lanceolate setae. CW/CL <1.8, CW/RW <4.2; caudal plate with an antero-lateral tubercle on either side. On Miconia cf. paniculata and M. tristis .................. M. tristis sp. nov.

37 Tarsal arolium longer than 1.5 times as claws. CW/CL ≤ 1.75. On Miconia manauara and M. phanerostila ................................................................................................ M. goldenbergi sp. nov.

- Tarsal arolium shorter than 1.5 times as claws. CW/CL> 1.75................................................. 38

38 Semicircular ribbon of extra pore fields on caudal plate, on one side, narrower than a quarter of caudal plate width....... 39

- Semicircular ribbon of extra pore fields on caudal plate, on one side, wider than a quarter of caudal plate width.......... 42

39 BL <0.8, BL/BW <1.0, CW/CL> 2.2. Caudal plate with 2 subapical sectasetae on either side of circumanal ring. CW/RW <3.5. On Miconia discolor , perhaps also on M. buddlejoides .................................... M. discoloris sp. nov.

- BL> 0.8, BL/BW> 1.0, CW/CL <2.2. Caudal plate with 3 subapical sectasetae on either side of circumanal ring. CW/RW> 3.5................................................................................................ 40

40 Body dorsum including wing pads sparsely covered with microscopic clavate and lanceolate setae. On Miconia chrysophylla ................................................................................... M. ingariko sp. nov.

- Body dorsum including wing pads densely covered with small clavate macroscopic and lanceolate setae............... 41

41 BL/BW> 1.3, CW/CL <1.86, CW/RW <4.5. Hindwing pad with only 2 marginal sectasetae at apex, lacking sectaseta close to posterior margin medio-dorsally. On Miconia pusilliflora and M. sellowiana ........................ M. clavata sp. nov.

- BL/BW <1.3, CW/CL> 1.86, CW/RW> 4.5. Hindwing pad with 2 marginal sectasetae at apex and another one close to posterior margin medio-dorsally. On Miconia inconspicua .................................. M. inconspicuae sp. nov.

42 CW/CL <1.85; caudal plate with only 3 sectasetae on either side basally. On Miconia cinnamomifolia , perhaps also on M. cf. petropolitana ........................................................................ M. atlantica sp. nov.

- CW/CL> 1.85; caudal plate mostly with 4 sectasetae on either side basally...................................... 43

43 Forewing pad with 1 dorsal sectaseta in addition to marginal sectasetae. On Miconia cinerascens and M. pepericarpa ....................................................................................... M. cinerascentis sp. nov.

- Forewing pad lacking dorsal sectasetae................................................................... 44

44 AL /FL <1.2, BL/ AL > 2.25. On Miconia cannabina ....................................... M. cannabinae sp. nov.

- AL /FL> 1.2, BL/ AL <2.25............................................................................ 45

45 Small lanceolate and clavate setae on dorsum of body including forewing pads relatively conspicuous and dense. On Miconia calvescens .......................................................... M. smithi (Burckhardt, Morais & Picanço)

- Small lanceolate and clavate setae on dorsum of body including forewing pads relatively inconspicuous and sparse...... 46

46 On Miconia crenata , M. minutiflora and M. pusilliflora .................................... M. minutiflorae sp. nov.

- On Miconia alata , M. calvescens , M. prasina and M. splendens ................................. M. prasinae sp. nov.

Figures

FIGURE 5. Morphology and measurements of immatures of Melanastera spp.A, B, M. eremanthi sp. nov.; C, M. moquiniastri sp. nov.; D, M. trematos sp. nov. A, caudal plate, dorsal (left) and ventral (right) views; B, tarsal arolium with claws, ventral view; C, D, circumanal ring, ventral view. For abbreviations see Table 1. The width of circumanal ring (RW) is indicated only for the ventral side.

FIGURE 6. Morphology of Melanastera spp. A, head of M. tubuligera sp. nov.; B, apex of metatibia of M. melanocephala sp. nov.; C, surface spinules of M. falcata sp. nov.; D, surface spinules of M. melanocephala sp. nov.; E, caudal plate of M. falcata sp. nov. with extra pore fields and circumanal ring; F, abdominal apex of M. falcata sp. nov. with minute clavate setae (cl), lanceolate setae (la) and sectasetae (se). Scale bars: A = 0.5 mm; B–D, F = 0.01 mm; E = 0.05 mm.

FIGURE 7. Habitus of adult Paurocephalini. A, Klyveria crassiflagellata (Burckhardt); B, Melanastera moquiniastri sp. nov.; C, M. olgae sp. nov.; D, M. xylopiae sp. nov.; E, M. virolae sp. nov.; F, M. melanocephala sp. nov.; G, M. sellowianae sp. nov.; H, M. smithi (Burckhardt, Morais & Picanço). Scale bar: 0.5 mm.

FIGURE 8. Klyveria and Melanastera spp., head, dorsal view.A, K. flaviae sp. nov.; B, K. crassiflagellata (Burckhardt); C, K. setinervis (Burckhardt); D, M. curtisetosa sp. nov.; E, M. eremanthi sp. nov.; F, M. moquiniastri sp. nov.; G, M. notia sp. nov.; H, M. olgae sp. nov.; I, M. mazzardoae sp. nov.; J, M. variegata sp. nov.

FIGURE 9. Melanastera spp., head, dorsal view. A, M. parva sp. nov.; B, M. guatteriae sp. nov.; C, M. macaireae sp. nov.; D, M. tijuca sp. nov.; E, M. falcata sp. nov.; F, M. spinosa sp. nov.; G, M. amazonica sp. nov.; H, M. cacantis sp. nov.; I, M. xylopiae sp. nov.; J, M. francisi sp. nov.

FIGURE 10. Melanastera spp., head, dorsal view. A, M. roraima sp. nov.; B, M. tubuligera sp. nov.; C, M. umbripennis sp. nov.; D, M. nasuta sp. nov.; E, M. australis sp. nov.; F, M. obscura sp. nov.; G, M. trematos sp. nov.; H, M. virolae sp. nov.; I, M. inconspicuae sp. nov.; J, M. dimorpha sp. nov., ♂.

FIGURE 11. Melanastera spp., head, dorsal view. A, M. dimorpha sp. nov., ♀; B, M. cabucu sp. nov.; C, M. itatiaia sp. nov.; D, M. pusilliflorae sp. nov.; E, M. goldenbergi sp. nov.; F, M. clavata sp. nov.; G, M. tibialis sp. nov.; H, M. pleromatos sp. nov.; I, M. ingariko sp. nov.; J, M. brasiliensis sp. nov.

FIGURE 14. Klyveria and Melanastera spp., forewing. A, K. flaviae sp. nov.; B, K. crassiflagellata (Burckhardt); C, K. setinervis (Burckhardt); D, M. curtisetosa sp. nov.; E, M. eremanthi sp. nov.; F, M. moquiniastri sp. nov.; G, M. notia sp. nov.; H, M. olgae sp. nov.; I, M. mazzardoae sp. nov., ♂; J, M. mazzardoae sp. nov., ♀. Scale bars: 0.2 mm.

FIGURE 15. Melanastera spp., forewing. A, M. variegata sp. nov., ♂; B, M. variegata sp. nov., ♀; C, M. parva sp. nov.; D, M. guatteriae sp. nov.; E, M. macaireae sp. nov.; F, M. tijuca sp. nov.; G, M. falcata sp. nov., ♂; H, M. falcata sp. nov., ♀; I, M. spinosa sp. nov.; J, M. amazonica sp. nov. Scale bars: 0.2 mm.

FIGURE 16. Melanastera spp., forewing. A, M. cacantis sp. nov.; B, M. xylopiae sp. nov.; C, M. francisi sp. nov.; D, M. roraima sp. nov.; E, M. tubuligera sp. nov.; F, M. umbripennis sp. nov., ♂; G, M. umbripennis sp. nov., ♀; H, M. nasuta sp. nov.; I, M. australis sp. nov.; J, M. obscura sp. nov. Scale bars: 0.2 mm.

FIGURE 17. Melanastera spp., forewing. A, M. trematos sp. nov.; B, M. virolae sp. nov.; C, M. inconspicuae sp. nov.; D, M. dimorpha sp. nov., ♂; E, M. dimorpha sp. nov., ♀; F, M. cabucu sp. nov.; G, M. itatiaia sp. nov.; H, M. pusilliflorae sp. nov.; I, M. goldenbergi sp. nov.; J, M. clavata sp. nov. Scale bars: 0.2 mm.

FIGURE 18. Melanastera spp., forewing. A, M. tibialis sp. nov.; B, M. pleromatos sp. nov.; C, M. ingariko sp. nov.; D, M. brasiliensis sp. nov.; E, M. caramambatai sp. nov.; F, M. acuminata sp. nov.; G, M. melanocephala sp. nov.; H, M. brevicauda sp. nov.; I, M. michali sp. nov.; J, M. duckei sp. nov. Scale bars: 0.2 mm.

FIGURE 19. Melanastera spp., forewing. A, M. burchellii sp. nov.; B, M. barretoi sp. nov.; C, M. sericeae sp. nov.; D, M. tristis sp. nov.; E, M. discoloris sp. nov.; F, M. truncata sp. nov.; G, M. atlantica sp. nov.; H, M. stanopekari sp. nov.; I, M. sellowianae sp. nov.; J, M. simillima sp. nov. Scale bars: 0.2 mm.

FIGURE 20. Melanastera spp., forewing. A, M. trianae sp. nov.; B, M. cinerascentis sp. nov.; C, M. minutiflorae sp. nov.; D, M. cannabinae sp. nov.; E, M. prasinae sp. nov.; F, M. smithi (Burckhardt, Morais & Picanço); G, M. granulosi sp. nov.; H, M. sebiferae sp. nov. Scale bars: 0.2 mm.

FIGURE 21. Klyveria flaviae sp. nov. A, ♂ terminalia, lateral view; B, paramere, inner face, lateral view; C, paramere, dorsal view; D, distal segment of aedeagus, lateral view; E, distal segment of aedeagus, dorsal view; F, paramere, posterior view; G, ♀ terminalia, lateral view.—K. crassiflagellata (Burckhardt). H, ♂ terminalia, lateral view; I, paramere, inner face, lateral view; J, paramere, posterior view; K, distal segment of aedeagus, lateral view; L, distal segment of aedeagus, dorsal view; M, paramere, dorsal view; N, ♀ terminalia, lateral view.—K. setinervis (Burckhardt). O, ♂ terminalia, lateral view; P, paramere, inner face, lateral view; Q, paramere, posterior view; R, distal segment of aedeagus, lateral view; S, distal segment of aedeagus, dorsal view; T, paramere, dorsal view; U, ♀ terminalia, lateral view.—M. curtisetosa sp. nov. V, ♂ terminalia, lateral view; W, paramere, inner face, lateral view; X, distal segment of aedeagus, lateral view; Y, distal segment of aedeagus, dorsal view; Z, paramere, dorsal view; AA, ♀ terminalia, lateral view. Scale bars: 0.1 mm.

FIGURE 22. Melanastera eremanthi sp. nov. A, ♂ terminalia, lateral view; B, paramere, inner face, lateral view; C, distal segment of aedeagus, lateral view; D, distal segment of aedeagus, dorsal view; E, paramere, dorsal view; F, ♀ terminalia, lateral view.—M. moquiniastri sp. nov. G, ♂ terminalia, lateral view; H, paramere, inner face, lateral view; I, distal segment of aedeagus, lateral view; J, distal segment of aedeagus, dorsal view; K, paramere, dorsal view; L, ♀ terminalia, lateral view.—M. notia sp. nov. M, ♂ terminalia, lateral view; N, paramere, inner face, lateral view; O, distal segment of aedeagus, lateral view; P, distal segment of aedeagus, dorsal view; Q, paramere, dorsal view; R, ♀ terminalia, lateral view.—M. olgae sp. nov. S, ♂ terminalia, lateral view; T, paramere, inner face, lateral view; U, distal segment of aedeagus, lateral view; V, distal segment of aedeagus, dorsal view; W, paramere, dorsal view; X, ♀ terminalia, lateral view. Scale bars: 0.1 mm.

FIGURE 23. Melanastera mazzardoae sp. nov. A, ♂ terminalia, lateral view; B, paramere, inner face, lateral view; C, distal segment of aedeagus, lateral view; D, ♀ terminalia, lateral view.—M. variegata sp. nov. E, ♂ terminalia, lateral view; F, paramere, inner face, lateral view; G, distal segment of aedeagus, lateral view; H, distal segment of aedeagus, dorsal view; I, paramere, dorsal view; J, ♀ terminalia, lateral view.—M. parva sp. nov. K, ♂ terminalia, lateral view; L, paramere, inner face, lateral view; M, distal segment of aedeagus, lateral view; N, distal segment of aedeagus, dorsal view; O, paramere, dorsal view; P, ♀ terminalia, lateral view.—M. guatteriae sp. nov. Q, ♂ terminalia, lateral view; R, paramere, inner face, lateral view; S, distal segment of aedeagus, lateral view; T, distal segment of aedeagus, dorsal view; U, paramere, dorsal view; V, ♀ terminalia, lateral view. Scale bars: 0.1 mm.

FIGURE 24. Melanastera macaireae sp. nov. A, ♂ terminalia, lateral view; B, paramere, inner face, lateral view; C, distal segment of aedeagus, lateral view; D–E, distal segment of aedeagus, dorsal view; F, paramere, dorsal view; G, ♀ terminalia, lateral view.—M. tijuca sp. nov. H, ♂ terminalia, lateral view; I, paramere, inner face, lateral view; J, distal segment of aedeagus, lateral view; K, distal segment of aedeagus, dorsal view; L, paramere, dorsal view; M, ♀ terminalia, lateral view.—M. falcata sp. nov. N, ♂ terminalia, lateral view; O, paramere, inner face, lateral view; P, distal segment of aedeagus, lateral view; Q, distal segment of aedeagus, dorsal view; R, paramere, dorsal view; S, ♀ terminalia, lateral view.—M. spinosa sp. nov. T, ♂ terminalia, lateral view; U, paramere, inner face, lateral view; V, paramere, posterior view; W, distal segment of aedeagus, lateral view; X, distal segment of aedeagus, dorsal view; Y, paramere, dorsal view; Z, ♀ terminalia, lateral view. Scale bars: 0.1 mm.

FIGURE 25. Melanastera amazonica sp. nov. A, ♂ terminalia, lateral view; B, paramere, inner face, lateral view; C, distal segment of aedeagus, lateral view; D, distal segment of aedeagus, dorsal view; E, paramere, dorsal view; F, ♀ terminalia, lateral view.—M. cacantis sp. nov. G, ♂ terminalia, lateral view; H, paramere, inner face, lateral view; I, paramere, dorsal view; J, distal segment of aedeagus, lateral view; K–L, distal segment of aedeagus, dorsal view; M, ♀ terminalia, lateral view.—M. xylopiae sp. nov. N, ♂ terminalia, lateral view; O, paramere, inner face, lateral view; P, distal segment of aedeagus, lateral view; Q, distal segment of aedeagus, dorsal view; R, paramere, dorsal view; S, ♀ terminalia, lateral view.—M. francisi sp. nov. T, ♂ terminalia, lateral view; U, paramere, inner face, lateral view; V, distal segment of aedeagus, lateral view; W, distal segment of aedeagus, dorsal view; X, paramere, dorsal view; Y, ♀ terminalia, lateral view. Scale bars: 0.1 mm.

FIGURE 26. Melanastera roraima sp. nov. A, ♂ terminalia, lateral view; B, paramere, inner face, lateral view; C, distal segment of aedeagus, lateral view; D, distal segment of aedeagus, dorsal view; E, paramere, dorsal view; F, ♀ terminalia, lateral view.—M. tubuligera sp. nov. G, ♂ terminalia, lateral view; H, paramere, inner face, lateral view; I, distal segment of aedeagus, lateral view; J, distal segment of aedeagus, dorsal view; K, paramere, dorsal view; L, ♀ terminalia, lateral view.—M. umbripennis sp. nov. M, ♂ terminalia, lateral view; N, paramere, inner face, lateral view; O, distal segment of aedeagus, lateral view; P, distal segment of aedeagus, dorsal view; Q, paramere, dorsal view; R, ♀ terminalia, lateral view.—M. nasuta sp. nov. S, ♂ terminalia, lateral view; T, paramere, inner face, lateral view; U, distal segment of aedeagus, lateral view; V, distal segment of aedeagus, dorsal view; W, paramere, dorsal view; X, ♀ terminalia, lateral view. Scale bars: 0.1 mm.

FIGURE 27. Melanastera australis sp. nov. A, ♂ terminalia, lateral view; B, paramere, inner face, lateral view; C, distal segment of aedeagus, lateral view; D, distal segment of aedeagus, dorsal view; E, paramere, dorsal view; F, ♀ terminalia, lateral view.—M. obscura sp. nov. G, ♂ terminalia, lateral view; H, paramere, inner face, lateral view; I, distal segment of aedeagus, lateral view; J, distal segment of aedeagus, dorsal view; K, paramere, dorsal view; L, ♀ terminalia, lateral view.—M. trematos sp. nov. M, ♂ terminalia, lateral view; N, paramere, inner face, lateral view; O, distal segment of aedeagus, lateral view; P, distal segment of aedeagus, dorsal view; Q, paramere, dorsal view; R, ♀ terminalia, lateral view.—M. virolae sp. nov. S, ♂ terminalia, lateral view; T, paramere, inner face, lateral view; U, distal segment of aedeagus, lateral view; V, distal segment of aedeagus, dorsal view; W, paramere, dorsal view; X, ♀ terminalia, lateral view. Scale bars: 0.1 mm.

FIGURE 28. Melanastera inconspicuae sp. nov. A, ♂ terminalia, lateral view; B, paramere, inner face, lateral view; C, distal segment of aedeagus, lateral view; D, distal segment of aedeagus, dorsal view; E, paramere, dorsal view; F, ♀ terminalia, lateral view.—M. dimorpha sp. nov. G, ♂ terminalia, lateral view; H, paramere, inner face, lateral view; I, paramere, dorsal view; J, distal segment of aedeagus, lateral view; K, distal segment of aedeagus, dorsal view; L, ♀ terminalia, lateral view.—M. cabucu sp. nov. M, ♂ terminalia, lateral view; N, paramere, inner face, lateral view; O, distal segment of aedeagus, lateral view; P, distal segment of aedeagus, dorsal view; Q, paramere, dorsal view; R, ♀ terminalia, lateral view.—M. itatiaia sp. nov. S, ♂ terminalia, lateral view; T, paramere, inner face, lateral view; U, distal segment of aedeagus, lateral view; V, distal segment of aedeagus, dorsal view; W, paramere, dorsal view; X, ♀ terminalia, lateral view. Scale bars: 0.1 mm.

FIGURE 29. Melanastera pusilliflorae sp. nov. A, ♂ terminalia, lateral view; B, paramere, inner face, lateral view; C, distal segment of aedeagus, lateral view; D, distal segment of aedeagus, dorsal view; E, paramere, dorsal view; F, ♀ terminalia, lateral view.—M. goldenbergi sp. nov. G, ♂ terminalia, lateral view; H, paramere, inner face, lateral view; I, distal segment of aedeagus, lateral view; J, distal segment of aedeagus, dorsal view; K, paramere, dorsal view; L, ♀ terminalia, lateral view.—M. clavata sp. nov. M, ♂ terminalia, lateral view; N, paramere, inner face, lateral view; O, distal segment of aedeagus, lateral view; P, distal segment of aedeagus, dorsal view; Q, paramere, dorsal view; R, ♀ terminalia, lateral view.—M. tibialis sp. nov. S, ♂ terminalia, lateral view; T, paramere, inner face, lateral view; U, distal segment of aedeagus, lateral view; V, distal segment of aedeagus, dorsal view; W, paramere, dorsal view; X, ♀ terminalia, lateral view. Scale bars: 0.1 mm.

FIGURE 30. Melanastera pleromatos sp. nov. A, ♂ terminalia, lateral view; B, paramere, inner face, lateral view; C, distal segment of aedeagus, lateral view; D, distal segment of aedeagus, dorsal view; E, paramere, dorsal view; F, ♀ terminalia, lateral view.—M. ingariko sp. nov. G, ♂ terminalia, lateral view; H, paramere, inner face, lateral view; I, distal segment of aedeagus, lateral view; J, distal segment of aedeagus, dorsal view; K, paramere, dorsal view; L, ♀ terminalia, lateral view.—M. brasiliensis sp. nov. M, ♂ terminalia, lateral view; N, paramere, inner face, lateral view; O, distal segment of aedeagus, lateral view; P, distal segment of aedeagus, dorsal view; Q, paramere, dorsal view; R, ♀ terminalia, lateral view.—M. caramambatai sp. nov. S, ♂ terminalia, lateral view; T, paramere, inner face, lateral view; U, distal segment of aedeagus, lateral view; V, distal segment of aedeagus, dorsal view; W, paramere, dorsal view; X, ♀ terminalia, lateral view. Scale bars: 0.1 mm.

FIGURE 31. Melanastera acuminata sp. nov. A, ♂ terminalia, lateral view; B, paramere, inner face, lateral view; C, distal segment of aedeagus, lateral view; D, distal segment of aedeagus, dorsal view; E, paramere, dorsal view; F, ♀ terminalia, lateral view.—M. melanocephala sp. nov. G, ♂ terminalia, lateral view; H, paramere, inner face, lateral view; I, distal segment of aedeagus, lateral view; J, distal segment of aedeagus, dorsal view; K, paramere, dorsal view; L, ♀ terminalia, lateral view.—M. brevicauda sp. nov. M, ♂ terminalia, lateral view; N, paramere, inner face, lateral view; O, distal segment of aedeagus, lateral view; P, distal segment of aedeagus, dorsal view; Q, paramere, dorsal view; R, ♀ terminalia, lateral view; S, ♀ subgenital plate, ventral view.—M. michali sp. nov. T, ♂ terminalia, lateral view; U, paramere, inner face, lateral view; V, distal segment of aedeagus, lateral view; W, distal segment of aedeagus, dorsal view; X, paramere, dorsal view; Y, ♀ terminalia, lateral view. Scale bars: 0.1 mm.

FIGURE 32. Melanastera duckei sp. nov. A, ♂ terminalia, lateral view; B, paramere, inner face, lateral view; C, distal segment of aedeagus, lateral view; D, distal segment of aedeagus, dorsal view; E, paramere, dorsal view; F, ♀ terminalia, lateral view.— M. burchellii sp. nov. G, ♂ terminalia, lateral view; H, paramere, inner face, lateral view; I, distal segment of aedeagus, lateral view; J, distal segment of aedeagus, dorsal view; K, paramere, dorsal view; L, ♀ terminalia, lateral view.—M. barretoi sp. nov. M, ♂ terminalia, lateral view; N, paramere, inner face, lateral view; O, distal segment of aedeagus, lateral view; P, distal segment of aedeagus, dorsal view; Q, paramere, dorsal view; R, ♀ terminalia, lateral view.—M. sericeae sp. nov. S, ♂ terminalia, lateral view; T, paramere, inner face, lateral view; U, distal segment of aedeagus, lateral view; V, distal segment of aedeagus, dorsal view; W, paramere, dorsal view; X, ♀ terminalia, lateral view. Scale bars: 0.1 mm.

FIGURE 33. Melanastera tristis sp. nov. A, ♂ terminalia, lateral view; B, paramere, inner face, lateral view; C, paramere, dorsal view; D, distal segment of aedeagus, lateral view; E–F, distal segment of aedeagus, dorsal view; G, ♀ terminalia, lateral view.—M. discoloris sp. nov. H, ♂ terminalia, lateral view; I, paramere, inner face, lateral view; J, distal segment of aedeagus, lateral view; K, distal segment of aedeagus, dorsal view; L, paramere, dorsal view; M, ♀ terminalia, lateral view.—M. truncata sp. nov. N, ♂ terminalia, lateral view; O, paramere, inner face, lateral view; P, distal segment of aedeagus, lateral view; Q, distal segment of aedeagus, dorsal view; R, paramere, dorsal view; S, ♀ terminalia, lateral view.—M. atlantica sp. nov. T, ♂ terminalia, lateral view; U, paramere, inner face, lateral view; V, distal segment of aedeagus, lateral view; W, distal segment of aedeagus, dorsal view; X, paramere, dorsal view; Y, ♀ terminalia, lateral view. Scale bars: 0.1 mm.

FIGURE 34. Melanastera stanopekari sp. nov. A, ♂ terminalia, lateral view; B, paramere, inner face, lateral view; C, paramere, dorsal view; D, distal segment of aedeagus, lateral view; E, distal segment of aedeagus, dorsal view; F, ♀ terminalia, lateral view.—M. sellowianae sp. nov. G, ♂ terminalia, lateral view; H, paramere, inner face, lateral view; I, distal segment of aedeagus, lateral view; J, distal segment of aedeagus, dorsal view; K, paramere, dorsal view; L, ♀ terminalia, lateral view.—M. simillima sp. nov. M, ♂ terminalia, lateral view; N, paramere, inner face, lateral view; O, distal segment of aedeagus, lateral view; P, distal segment of aedeagus, dorsal view; Q, paramere, dorsal view; R, ♀ terminalia, lateral view.—M. trianae sp. nov. S, ♂ terminalia, lateral view; T, paramere, inner face, lateral view; U, distal segment of aedeagus, lateral view; V, distal segment of aedeagus, dorsal view; W, paramere, dorsal view; X, ♀ terminalia, lateral view.

FIGURE 35. Melanastera cinerascentis sp. nov. A, ♂ terminalia, lateral view; B, paramere, inner face, lateral view; C, distal segment of aedeagus, lateral view; D, distal segment of aedeagus, dorsal view; E, paramere, dorsal view; F, ♀ terminalia, lateral view.—M. minutiflorae sp. nov. G, ♂ terminalia, lateral view; H, paramere, inner face, lateral view; I, distal segment of aedeagus, lateral view; J, distal segment of aedeagus, dorsal view; K, paramere, dorsal view; L, ♀ terminalia, lateral view.—M. cannabinae sp. nov. M, ♂ terminalia, lateral view; N, paramere, inner face, lateral view; O, distal segment of aedeagus, lateral view; P, distal segment of aedeagus, dorsal view; Q, paramere, dorsal view; R, ♀ terminalia, lateral view.—M. prasinae sp. nov. S, ♂ terminalia, lateral view; T, paramere, inner face, lateral view; U, distal segment of aedeagus, lateral view; V, distal segment of aedeagus, dorsal view; W, paramere, dorsal view; X, ♀ terminalia, lateral view. Scale bars: 0.1 mm.

FIGURE 36. Melanastera smithi (Burckhardt, Morais & Picanço). A, ♂ terminalia, lateral view; B, paramere, inner face, lateral view; C, distal segment of aedeagus, lateral view; D, distal segment of aedeagus, dorsal view; E, paramere, dorsal view; F, ♀ terminalia, lateral view. G,—M. granulosi sp. nov., ♀ terminalia, lateral view.—H, M. sebiferae sp. nov., ♀ terminalia, lateral view.—Caudal plate, dorsal (left) and ventral (right) views, of fifth instar immature of Klyveria and Melanastera spp. I, K. classiflagellata (Burckhardt); J, M. moquiniastri sp. nov.; K, M. eremanthi sp. nov.; L, M. notia sp. nov. Scale bars: 0.1 mm.

FIGURE 37. Fifth instar immature.A–C, Melanastera simillima sp. nov.; D, M. eremanthi sp. nov.; E, F, M. xylopiae sp. nov. A, caudal plate, dorsal (left) and ventral (right) views; B, margin of the caudal plate with microtrichia (mt), minute clavate setae (cl) and pointed sectasetae (se); C, D, tarsal arolium with claws, ventral view; E, margin of the head with minute clavate (cl); F, margin of the forewing pad with minute clavate setae (cl) and pointed sectasetae (se). Scale bars: 0.1 mm.

FIGURE 38. Fifth instar immature. A, Klyveria crassiflagellata (Burckhardt); B, Melanastera smithi (Burckhardt, Morais & Picanço).