Apidae

Scarpulla, Eugene J., 2018, Four submarginal cells on a forewing of Melitoma taurea (Say) (Hymenoptera: Apidae), and a summary of known records of atypical and variable numbers of submarginal cells, Insecta Mundi 2018 (667), pp. 1-28 : 18-21

Family Apidae

Anthophorula (Anthophorula) completa (Cockerell)

♂; 10–24 August 2009; USA, New Mexico, Socorro Co., Sevilleta National Wildlife Refuge ; 34.3325°; –106.6328°; blue funnel trap (Buchmann style); coll. and det.: Karen W. Wright; UNMC; left: 2 SM (missing 2nd SMCV); right: 3 SM (normal [ Timberlake 1947]); Karen W. Wright , pers. comm .

Nomada flavoguttata (Kirby)

All specimens: 3 SM (normal [ Peters 1969]); det.: Maximilian Schwarz (except as noted); Schwarz collection; Maximilian Schwarz, pers. comm. (all specimens examined by Scarpulla).

♂; 4 June 1938; Germany, München, Schleissheim; coll.: Hartl; left: 2 SM; right: 2 SM (both wings missing 2nd SMCV).

♂; 21 May 1940; Germany, Bayern, Thaldorf ; coll.: Stöckhert; left: 2 SM (incomplete 3rd SMCV, 2 spurs: posterior spur extends anteriorly ~40% the distance from the 2nd medial cell; anterior spur extends posteriorly ~20% the distance from the marginal cell); right: 2 SM (2nd SMCV only a very weak spur extending anteriorly ~50% the distance from the 2nd medial cell).

♀; 22 May 1940; Germany, München , Kapuzinerhölzl ; coll.: Stöcklein; left: 2 SM; right: 2 SM (both wings missing 2nd SMCV). ♂ ; same information except: left: 1 SM (missing 2nd SMCV; 1st SMCV only a spur extending posteriorly ~70% the distance from the marginal cell); right: 2 SM (missing 2nd SMCV). ♂ ; same information except: left: 2 SM (missing 1st SMCV); right: 1 SM (missing 2nd SMCV; 1st SMCV only a spur extending posteriorly ~40% the distance from the marginal cell). ♂; same information except: left: 2 SM (1st SMCV only a spur extending posteriorly ~60% the distance from the marginal cell); right: 2 SM (1st SMCV merely a nub on the posterior margin of the marginal cell). ♂; same information except: det.: E. Stöckhert; left: 2 SM (1st SMCV only a spur extending posteriorly ~40% the distance from the marginal cell); right: 2 SM (1st SMCV only a spur extending posteriorly ~70% the distance from the marginal cell).

♀; 25 April 1949; Österreich [ Austria], Niederösterreich, St. Valentin ; coll.: Hamann; left: 1 SM; right: 1 SM (both wings missing 2nd SMCV; both wings 1st SMCV but a spur extending posteriorly ~50% from the marginal cell).

♂; 5 May 1952; [ Hungary], Ürbő pta. [Ürbőpuszta]; on Brassica L. ( Brassicaceae ); coll.: L. and M. Móczár; left: 2 SM (2nd SMCV only a spur extending posteriorly ~40% the distance from the marginal cell); right: 2 SM (2nd SMCV only a very weak spur extending posteriorly ~30% the distance from the marginal cell).

♀; 25 April 1954; Austria, Steyrermühl - Talholz; on Tussilago L. ( Asteraceae ); coll.: Karl Kusdas; left: 2 SM (missing 2nd SMCV); right: 2 SM (2nd SMCV only two weak spurs: one extending posteriorly ~20% the distance from the marginal cell; one extending anteriorly ~20% the distance from the 2nd medial cell). ♂; same information except: left: 2 SM; right: 2 SM (both wings missing 2nd SMCV).

♂; 21 April 1955; Austria, Oberösterreich, Linz, Gründberg Hohlweg ; on Tussilago farfara L., coltsfoot; coll.: Karl Kusdas; left: 2 SM; right: 2 SM (both wings missing 2nd SMCV). ♂ ; same information. ♂; same information except: left: 3 SM; right: 2 SM (missing 2nd SMCV). ♂ ; same information except: 28 April 1955; left: missing wing; right: 2 SM (missing 2nd SMCV).

♂; 5 May 1955; Austria, Oberösterreich, Linz, Mönchgraben; on Potentilla verna [now P. neumanniana ] Rchb., spring cinquefoil ( Rosaceae ); coll.: Karl Kusdas; left: 3 SM; right: 2 SM (missing 2nd SMCV). ♂; same information except: left: 2 SM; right: 2 SM (both wings missing 2nd SMCV); ♂; same information except: no plant data; left: 3 SM; right 2 SM (missing 2nd SMCV).

♂; 24 April 1956; Austria, Mühlviertel, Schwertberg; on Tussilago farfara ; coll.: K. Kusdas; left: 2 SM; right: 2 SM (both wings missing 2nd SMCV).

♂; 3 May 1956; Austria, Oberösterreich, Linz, St. Florian, Rohrbach; on Löwenzahn [ Taraxacum officinale F. H. Wigg. , common dandelion ( Asteraceae )]; coll.: Karl Kusdas; left: 2 SM (missing 2nd SMCV); right 3 SM.

♂; 24 May 1957: Hungary, Bakony , Gézah ; coll.: Sólymosné; left: 2 SM; right: 2 SM (both wings missing 2nd SMCV).

♂; 5 May 1961; Austria, Salzburg; Parsch ; auf Waldblösse [in forest clearing] ; coll.: P. P. Babiy; left: 2 SM; right: 2 SM (both wings missing 2nd SMCV).

♀; 23 April 1962; Austria, Linz, Schiltenberg ; coll.: Maximilian Schwarz; left: 3 SM; right: 2 SM (miss- ing 2nd SMCV). ♂ ; same information except: left: 2 SM; right: 2 SM (both wings missing 2nd SMCV)

♀; 12 July1975; Marokko [ Morocco], Atlas Mountains , Oukaimeden, 2700–2900 m ; coll.: J. Gusenleit- ner; left: 3 SM; right: 2 SM (2nd SMCV extends posteriorly only ~50% the distance from the marginal cell).

♂; 22–23 May 1981; Algeria, El-Kseur, F. t d’Akfadou [forest of Akfadou] ; Spedizione “ Algeria ‘81” [“ Algeria ‘81” Expedition], coll.: Bóffa, Casale, Giachino, Pagilano, Risi, Scaramozzino ; left: 2 SM; right: 2 SM (both wings missing 2nd SMCV).

Nomada obliterata Cresson

♀; 31 May 2011; USA, Georgia, Cobb Co. Chattahoochee River National Recreation Area ; 33.9119°; –84.4483°; bee bowl; coll. Melina L. Durán; det.: Sam Droege; USNM; USGS_DRO212145; left: 2 SM (normal [ Mitchell 1962]); right: 3 SM (1st SMCV added); Brian Harris and Sam Droege, pers. comm.

Nomada stoeckherti Pittioni

♀; 8 July 1964; Austria, Burgenland, Neusiedl ; by hand; coll.: J. Schmidt; det.: Maximilian Schwarz; Schwarz collection; left: 2 SM (normal [ Peters 1969]); right: 3 SM (2nd SMCV added); Maximilian Schwarz, pers. comm. ♀; same information except: left: 3 SM (2nd SMCV added); right: 2 SM. ♂; same information except: left: 3 SM; right: 3 SM (both wings 2nd SMCV added). ♀; same information except: Austria, Burgenland, Neusiedlsee ; coll.: Karl Kusdas; left: 3 SM; right: 3 SM (both wings 2nd SMCV added) (all specimens examined by Scarpulla ) .

Nomada Scopoli sp.

sex unrecorded; 24 May 2017; United Kingdom, Oxford, Wytham Woods; 51.771786°, –1.337671°; netted; coll. and det.: Steven Falk; specimen discarded; left: 1 SM; right: 1 SM (both wings without 1st SMCV and 2nd SMCV [Without knowing the species, it’s not possible to know whether 2 SM or 3 SM was the normal condition.]); Laura A. Russo, pers. comm.

Tetraloniella (Tetraloniella) salicariae (Lepeletier)

♂; 30 August 1984; Germany, Baden-Württemberg, Vogtsburg im Kaiserstuhl ; 48.079202°; 7.656548°; handheld insect net; coll. and det.: John Plant; Plant collection ; left: 2 SM (missing 2nd SMCV); right: 3 SM (normal [ Michener 2007]); John Plant , pers. comm .

Xylocopa (Koptortosoma) caerulea (Fabricius)

♀; April–December 1996; Indonesia, Java, Buitenzorg [Bogor] ; col.: D. G. Fairchild; USNM (temporar- ily at BIML); left: 2 SM; right: 2 SM (both wings missing 1st SMCV); 3 SM is the normal ( Smith 1874).

♀; [reported as X. caeruleiformis Meade-Waldo on det. label]; Singapore; coll.: Baker; USNM (temporarily at BIML); left: 2 SM; right: 2 SM (both wings missing 1st SMCV).

♂; [reported as X. caeruleiformis Meade-Waldo on det. label]; Singapore; coll.: Baker; USNM (temporarily at BIML); left: 2 SM; right: 2 SM (both wings missing 1st SMCV).

Xylocopa (Koptortosoma) coronata Smith

♀; [labeled as X. (Maiella) coronata coronata Smith ]; June–July 1953; Indonesia, N. Moluccas [North Maluku], S. Batjan [Bacan] ; coll.: A. M. R. Wegner; det.: M. A. Lieftinck; USNM (temporarily at BIML); left: 2 SM; right: 2 SM (both wings 1st SMCV merely a weak spur extending posteriorly ~20% the distance from the marginal cell, then becoming ephemeral); 3 SM is the normal ( Hurd and Moure 1963).

♂; [labeled as X. (Maiella) coronata combinata Ritsema ]; September–October 1953; Indonesia, C. Moluccas [North Maluku], Obi Island, Laiwui ; coll.: A. M. R. Wegner; det.: M. A. Lieftinck; USNM (temporarily at BIML); left: 2 SM (partial 1st SMCV extending posteriorly ~25% the distance from the marginal cell; right: 2 SM (partial 1st SMCV extending posteriorly ~40% the distance from the marginal cell).

Xylocopa (Neoxylocopa) orthogonaspis Moure

♀; paratype; [labeled as manuscript name Xylocopa gonaspis Moure (Mawdsley, pers. comm., 16 July 2017)]; March 1894 ; Montserrat, Plymouth; from C. V. Riley; det.: J. S. Moure; USNM (temporarily at BIML); left: 2 SM (partial 1st SMCV extending anteriorly ~75% the distance from the 1st medial cell and a very small nub extending posteriorly from the marginal cell); right: 3 SM (normal [ Hurd and Moure 1963]).

Xylocopa (Xylomelissa) lugubris Gerstäcker

♂; 30 November 2016; South Africa, Mpumalanga, Kruger National Park ; –25.3086°; 31.5187°; hand net; coll.: Sam Droege; det.: Jonathan Mawdsley; temporarily at BIML; USGS_DRO 480030; left: 2 SM (partial 2nd SMCV, 2 spurs: one spur extends posteriorly ~30% the distance from the marginal cell, the other spur extends anteriorly ~30 % the distance from the 1st medial cell); right: 3 SM (normal [ Hurd and Moure 1963]).

In addition to the above actual specimens, other researchers responded with the following information:

John S. Ascher (pers. comm., 30 May 2017) reported Pseudopanurgus (Pseudopanurgus) bradleyi Timberlake (Andrenidae) as an unpublished junior synonym of Protandrena bancrofti Dunning (Andrenidae) on Discover Life ( Ascher and Pickering 2017b) based on his study of the P. bradleyi male holotype at the Cornell University Insect Collection. He proposed that P. bradleyi is actually P. bancrofti with the submarginal cells reduced from 3 SM to 2 SM.

Jason Gibbs (pers. comm., 18 May 2017) stated that the 2 SM type of Lasioglossum (Dialictus) stictaspis (Sandhouse) is in the L. (D.) tegulare (Robertson) species group, and therefore is probably just a deviant form of a 3 SM species. He felt that this is also probably true of L. (D.) subcyaneum (Ashmead) . Gibbs has seen occasional mutants in several 3 SM species and felt that they are probably relatively common.

Gordon E. Hutchings (pers. comm., 28 June 2011) reported having a few specimens of Andrena Fabricius (Andrenidae) and Osmia Panzer (Megachilidae) with a different number of submarginal cells on each wing. Details were unavailable at the time of publication.

Cory S. Sheffield (pers. comm., 23 November 2013) reported capturing an atypical specimen in 2002 during the American Museum of Natural History Bee Course at the Southwestern Research Station in Portal, Arizona. The specimen had 4 SM on one forewing and 3 SM on the other. (At the time of this paper’s publication, the specimen, believed to have been a eucerine, had not been relocated in the collection where it had been deposited.)

Douglas A. Yanega (pers. comm., 2 May 2015, 8 May 2017) reported that Xeromelecta (Melectomorpha) californica (Cresson) (Apidae) seems to have 2 SM relatively commonly in one or both wings. In some cases, there was not a complete absence of a submarginal crossvein, but a short spur instead. He has seen a few Protandrena s. str. Cockerell species, where one wing has 2 SM instead of 3 SM. Yanega once saw a Pseudopanurgus s. str. Cockerell specimen with 3 SM in one wing instead of 2 SM. He further elaborated on the significance of this since the number of submarginal cells was historically treated as a diagnostic genus-level feature in panurgines, and it is possible that there are some described species which are actually synonyms of members of other genera (or subgenera, depending on the classification) and are in reality simply variants. Along this same line, numbers of Lasioglossum Curtis were originally described as Panurgus Panzer for this reason (e.g. L. [Hemihalictus] lustrans , L. [Dialictus] parvum , and L. [Dialictus] biclausum Gibbs) (Gibbs, pers. comm., 18 May 2017).