Zavrelia, Kieffer & Bause, 1913

Namayandeh, Armin, Hudson, Patrick L., Ghaderi, Edris & Stott, Wendylee, 2023, Zavrelia parapentatoma (Chironomidae: Diptera), a curious new species from North America, revealed by molecular methods, Zootaxa 5249 (1), pp. 111-124 : 120

Key to adult males of Zavrelia

1. Anal point densely covered with strong spinulae............................................................. 2

- Anal point bare, with microtrichia or short spinules only...................................................... 3

2. Anal point spinulae of varying size and shapes but never very long, ≤ 4 × as long as wide ( Ekrem and Stur, 2009: Fig. 8E; Giłka 2008: Fig. 4 )........................................................ Z. pentatoma Kieffer & Bause (Palearctic) *

- Anal point spinulae very long, ≥ 8 × as long as wide ( Fig. 3D–E ).................... Z. parapentatoma sp. n. (Nearctic) *

3. Setiger of superior volsella with conspicuous constriction in apical 1/3........................................... 4

- Setiger of superior volsella without conspicuous constriction in apical 1/3........................................ 6

4. Setiger of superior volsella with pointed apex ( Ekrem and Stur, 2009: Fig. 5E )...... Z. clinovolsella Guo & Wang (Oriental)

- Setiger of superior volsella with somewhat rectangular apex................................................... 5

5. Anal point with only a few microtrichia in between crests; distinct microtrichia-free areas on anal tergite around the base of anal point ( Ekrem and Stur, 2009: Fig. 10E)......................................... Z. sinica Ekrem & Stur (Palearctic)

- Anal point with numerous microtrichia in between crests; microtrichia present all around the base of anal point ( Zorina 2008: Figs. 13–14).......................................................... Z. pseudopentatoma Zorina (Palearctic)

6. Anal point with small spinules in between crests............................................................. 7

- Anal point bare, or with microtrichia in between crests at most................................................. 9

7. AR close to 0.6................................................................ Zavrelia casasi Ekrem & Stur

- AR> 0.7............................................................................................ 8

8. AR 1.23; wing length about 1.50 mm; LR 1 about1.45; laterosternite with one seta; anal point with small spinules scattered between the entire length of anal crests ( Ekrem & Stur 2009: Fig. 12E)..... Z. tusimatijea (Sasa & Suzuki, 1999) (Palearctic)

- AR 0.91–1.08; wing length 0.88–1.04 mm; LR1 about 2.09; laterosternite without seta; anal point with small spinules scattered between anal crests at anal point base only (Guo and Wang, 2007: Fig. 3 ; Lin & Wang 2017: Figs. 8–9)........................................................................................ Z. bragremia Guo & Wang (Oriental)

9. Anal point bare...................................................................................... 10

- Anal point with microtrichia in between crests............................................................. 11

10. AR 1.00–1.18; LR 1 1.36–1.46; superior volsella with pointed apex ( Zorina, 2008: Figs. 1–2 ).... Z. elenae Zorina (Palearctic)

- AR 0.45; LR1 1.96; superior volsella with rounded apex ( Kobayashi 2014: Fig. 7)......................................................................................... Z. simantoneoa (Sasa, Suzuki & Sakai, 1998) (Palearctic)

11. Wing length 1.40 mm; AR close to 0.75....................................... Z. hudsoni Ekrem & Stur (Nearctic)

- Wing length close to 1.00 mm; AR close to 0.90................................. Z. aristata Ekrem & Stur (Nearctic)

Figures

FIGURE 1. Neighbor-Joining (NJ), Maximum Likelihood (ML), and Bayesian Inference (BI) trees of the genera Zavrelia Kieffer & Bause, 1913, Stempellinella Brundin, 1947, and one outgroup Tanytarsus tamaoctavus Sasa, 1980 inferred from the COI nucleotide sequence data (658 bp). Numbers on branches represent the bootstrap value for Neighbor-Joining (NJ) and Maximum Likelihood (ML) (10000 replicates) and posterior probabilities for BI, respectively. The gray bars on the right are clusters estimate using four molecular species delimitation methods:ABGD, ASAP, mPTP, and K2P (species delimitation based on the K2P distance new species threshold value 5% for sequences used).

FIGURE 2. Histogram of genetic distance estimates from ABGD (Automatic Barcode Gap Discovery) for a partition analysis of 19 cytochrome oxidase subunit1 sequences of the Zavrelia and Stempellinella species. nbr = number of runs.

FIGURE 3. Zavrelia parapentatoma sp. nov., male (A-E), female (F-G). A. antenna; B. head; C. wing; D. hypopygium, dorsal and ventral view; E. anal point; F. antenna; G. genitalia. dorsal view. Scale bars represent 50 µm.

FIGURE 4. Zavrelia parapentatoma sp. nov., pupa (A-C), larva (D-G). A. frontal apotome; B. thoracic horn; C. abdomen; D. antenna; E. premandible; F. mandible; G. mentum. Scale bars represent 50 µm.

FIGURE 5. Zavrelia parapentatoma sp. nov. location and habitat of larva (A–B), mature larva in the case (C–D), prepupa case openings (E–F). A. Ervin-Stucki Preserve in Washtenaw County, Southeast Michigan, looking towards the Raisin River; B. Detrital material along the edge of the boardwalk; C. prepupae larvae that crawled to the edge of the dish (arrows); D. mature larva in the case; E. larger opening of the case; F. smaller opening of the case.