Paramblynotus carinivertex, Liu, Ronquist & Nordlander, 2007

Liu, Zhiwei, Ronquist, Fredrik & Nordlander, Göran, 2007, The Cynipoid Genus Paramblynotus: Revision, Phylogeny, And Historical Biogeography (Hymenoptera: Liopteridae), Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2007 (304), pp. 1-151 : 79-83

Paramblynotus carinivertex , new species

FEMALE: Length 3.5 mm. Head and mesosoma black, metasoma, coxa and femur of fore- and middle legs, and hindlegs dark brown; antenna and tibia and tarsomeres of fore- and middle legs brown. Wings clear. Lateral surface of pronotum with very dense golden pubescence; mesopleural triangle and T6–8 of metasoma posteriorly with conspicuous patch of golden pubescence.

Antenna 13-segmented; flagellum filiform. Vertex mainly foveate-reticulate except a median triangular area finely longitudinally carinate. Eye prominent, distinctly extended laterally beyond outer margin of gena. Ocellar plate distinctly raised, glabrate-foveate, and defined laterally by carina lined with a row of foveae on interior side. Median frontal carina percurrent to clypeus and distinctly raised into a ridge posterior to antennal sockets. Upper face foveate laterally; antennal scrobe glabrous with setigerous punctures anteriorly, defined by carina laterally. Lower face coarsely foveate-punctate; clypeus foveate-punctate posteriorly and glabrous anteriorly; gena mostly glabrous and finely punctate, with a row of foveae along anterior side of lateral occipital carina. Anterior tentorial pits distinct. Clypeo-pleurostomal sulcus and epistomal sulcus indistinct. Lateral occipital carina reaching vertex. Occiput glabrous.

Anterior flange of pronotum glabrous; submedian pronotal pits distinctly separated medially. Anterior plate of pronotum densely punctate and pubescent with a row of foveae posteriorly. Pronotum dorsomedially distinctly raised, but lower than mesoscutum; pronotal crest medially raised medially into a small, distinct process. Lateral pronotal carina distinct and reaching pronotal crest dorsomedially. Lateral surface of pronotum foveate-reticulate. Dorsal pronotal area glabrous, reaching to one-fourth of posterior margin of pronotum. Mesoscutum slightly arched dorsally, transversely costate with foveae set in rows. Scutellar sulcus divided by median longitudinal carina and four submedian equally strong carinae; mesoscutellum foveate-reticulate, with posterior margin rounded in dorsal view. Mesopleural triangle well defined ventrally by a smoothly curved carina. Median mesopleural impression percurrent, without transverse costae; upper mesopleuron glabrous; lower mesopleuron glabrous, and bordered by a distinct, straight carina ventrally. Metepisternum longitudinally costate and devoid of pubescence in upper part, conspicuously pubescent ventrally. Propodeum areolate-reticulate; lateral propodeal carina percurrent and distinctly diverging posteriorly; median propodeal area rugose; median longitudinal carina distinct only anteriorly, ending at anterior transverse carina. Rs+M of forewing arising from anterior third of basal vein. Marginal cell 3.4 times as long as wide and 1.5 times as long as submarginal cell. Bulla on Sc+R 1 absent. Marginal cell 2.7 times as long as wide and 1.2 times as long as submarginal cell.

Abdominal petiole as long as wide in lateral view; lateroposterior margin curved to form a wide angle. Relative length of T3– 8: 2.0:1.0:1.1:4.2:0.9:1.6; T3–5 glabrous; T6 glabrous anteriorly, and densely punctate and pubescent dorsoposteriorly; T7 coarsely punctate with distinct pubescence anteriorly and finely, densely punctate posteriorly; and T8 coarsely punctate/foveate with pubescence. Legs sparsely pubescent except metatibia and metatarsomeres densely so. Apical teeth of metatibia short, stout, and blunt apically. 1mt/2–5mt 5 0.90.

MALE: Unknown.

The new species is most easily distinguished from all other species of Paramblynotus by having a triangular area in the middle of the posterior part of vertex with fine, longitudinal carinae, and is further separated from all other species of the ruficollis group by having petiole as long as wide.

TYPE MATERIAL: HOLOTYPE: ♀, Malaysia: N. Borneo, Tawau , Quoin Hill, Forest Camp (1.3–5 km WSW of Coca Research Station), 1962-VII-9–20, Y. Mirashima coll. ( BPBM).

DISTRIBUTION: Malaysia: Borneo.

ETYMOLOGY: From Latin, carina, keel, ridge, and vertex, top. The name refers to the longitudinally carinate triangular area in middle of posterior part of vertex

Paramblynotus trisectus Maa, 1962 figures 56–63

Paramblynotus trisectus Maa, 1962: 126 , ♀; Thailand; BPBM (HT ♀) .

FEMALE: Length 5.0–6.0 mm. Wings slightly ferruginous with marginal and submarginal cells of forewing darker. Body color is discussed in remarks below.

Vertex heavily foveate-reticulate; gena densely punctate and foveate (fig. 56). Ocellar plate well defined by lateral carina, along which lined large foveae (fig. 56). Antennal scrobe mainly densely punctate, posteriorly somewhat longitudinally rugose. Median frontal carina absent in lower face. Pronotal crest medially raised into a small, triangular process. Lateral surface of pronotum foveatereticulate, with very sparse punctures (fig. 57). Mesoscutum transversely carinate with foveae set in between (fig. 58). Mesoscutellum sloped posteriorly (fig. 58). Lateral propodeal carina smoothly raised medially (fig. 60), arch-shaped in lateral view. 1mt/2– 5mt 5 0.77.

MALE: Length about 4.5 mm, otherwise similar to female.

Paramblynotus trisectus is distinguished from the other species of the group by its more or less red mesosoma and its highly raised, in lateral view, arch-shaped lateral propodeal carina.

GEOGRAPHICAL VARIATION: This species shows great variation in terms of body color pattern. Specimens from localities in Thailand, including the type locality, northern Vietnam, and the southernmost province of China, Yunnan, have head and mesosoma orange, propodeum black, and metasoma brown. Specimens from Nepal and the southern province of China Guangxi are

darker, but the general color pattern differs only slightly and with mesoscutellum also black. The series of specimens from Hainan, China, are almost entirely dark, except small orange areas at the pronotum. The general trend of variation of color pattern appears to become increasingly darker from the south to the north. However, we otherwise have not found significant variation with respect to main structure and surface sculptures.

MATERIAL EXAMINED: BPBM: 2 (1HT); BAU: 1; CNCI: 1; ZICA: 11; ZMLU-MS: 6.

DISTRIBUTION: Thailand; China: Yunnan, Guangxi, and Hainan; Nepal.

Paramblynotus braziliensis , new species figures 45–55

FEMALE: Length 4.5–7.0 mm. Head, pronotum, antenna, and legs brown to dark brown; mesosoma except pronotum and metasoma, sometimes also pronotum, black. Forewing with a large macula covering marginal cell, distal third of first submarginal cell and basal third of second submarginal cell, a narrow band along interior side of basalis; both fore- and Hindwings have a lighter, wide band along outer margin.

Antenna 13-segmented; flagellum filiform. Vertex mainly foveate-reticulate posteriorly and glabrate anteriorly (fig. 46). Eye distinctly extended laterally beyond outer margin of gena. Ocellar plate distinctly raised, glabratefoveate, and defined laterally by carinae; a row of indistinct foveae lined between lateral carina of ocellar plate and a parallel, interior carina. Median frontal carina not extended to lower face and distinctly raised into a prominent, laminate, and apically flattened process. Upper face foveate laterally; antennal scrobe glabrous with setigerous punctures anteriorly; antennal scrobe deeply depressed and defined by carina laterally (figs. 45, 46). Gena foveate-punctate anteriorly and glabrous posteriorly, separated by a medial irregular vertical carina. Lower face foveate-reticulate and superficially transversely rugose. Anterior tentorial pits distinct. Clypeo-pleurostomal sulcus and epistomal sulcus indistinct. Clypeus glabrous anteriorly, transversely carinate posteriorly, finely punctate both anteriorly and poster- iorly, and anterior third separated by a transverse inflection (fig. 45). Lateral occipital carina not reaching vertex. Occiput glabrous.

Anterior flange of pronotum indistinctly, finely longitudinally striate and punctate; submedian pronotal pits distinctly separated medially. Anterior plate of pronotum foveate and densely punctate with pubescence. Pronotum dorsomedially raised, but lower than mesoscutum; pronotal crest medially broadly emarginate medially; two prominent submedian processes present immediately before crest, giving the impression that they are formed on the crest. Lateral pronotal carina distinct, reaching pronotal crest dorsomedially. Lateral surface of pronotum foveatereticulate (fig. 49). Dorsal pronotal area glabrous, present only along anterior part of posterior margin of pronotum. Mesoscutum slightly arched dorsally, transversely costate with foveae set in rows. Scutellar sulcus divided by median longitudinal carina and four submedian equally strong carinae; mesoscutellum foveate-reticulate and raised posteriorly; posterior margin truncate with a broad emargination in dorsal view and with conspicuous white pubescence. Axillar area with conspicuous white pubescence (figs. 49, 50). Mesopleural triangle well defined ventrally by a smoothly curved carina and with conspicuous white pubescence. Median mesopleural impression percurrent, without transverse costae; upper mesopleuron glabrous; lower mesopleuron glabrous and bordered by a distinct, straight carina ventrally. Metepisternum longitudinally irregularly costate, devoid of pubescence in upper part, and conspicuously pubescent ventrally. Propodeum areolate-reticulate; lateral propodeal carina percurrent and distinctly curved posteriorly; median propodeal area glabrous; median longitudinal carina distinct only anteriorly, ending at an anterior transverse carina; and posterior part of median propodeal area with two distinct submedian longitudinal carinae (fig. 50). Rs+M of forewing arising from anterior two-fifths of basal vein. Marginal cell 3.4 times as long as wide and 1.5 times as long as submarginal cell. Bulla on Sc+R 1 absent. Marginal cell 3.2 times as long as wide and 1.4 times as long as submarginal cell.

Abdominal petiole 0.92 times as long as wide in lateral view. Relative length of T3–8: 2.6:1.0:1.1:4.6:0.6:1.3; T3–5 glabrous; T3 with a small patch of sparse pubescence in punctures; T6 finely punctate anteriorly and posteriorly, more coarsely punctate with pubescence medially; T7 coarsely punctate with distinct pubescence anteriorly and very finely, densely punctate posteriorly; and T8 coarsely punctate/foveate with pubescence (fig. 53). Legs more or less densely pubescent. Apical teeth of metatibia short, stout, and blunt apically (fig. 52). 1mt/2–5mt 5 0.80.

MALE: Length about 4.0–6.0 mm. T3–6 subequal in length dorsally; T7 and T8 about 0.7 and 0.4 times the size of preceding tergites, respectively. Dorsal surface of T6–7 with setigerous punctures (fig. 55).

Paramblynotus braziliensis is very similar to the other two Neotropical Paramblynotus species (i.e., P. zonatus and P. costaricanus ) and forms a distinct monophyletic clade defined by several characters, including (1) apical flagellomere apically compressed and broadly rounded, and almost as long as the subapical flagellomere (fig. 48); and (2) forewing with two dark brown maculae: a distal macula in marginal cell and basal part of Rscell and a proximal, transverse macula along outer side of vein basalis. It differs from the other two species of this clade in (1) vertex, especially medially, coarsely punctate; (2) two prominent, separate, triangular, submedian processes present immediately before pronotal crest; (3) lateral sides of posterior part of mesoscutellum abruptly narrowed behind dorsal lateral process (fig. 50); (4) forewing with a broad smoky band along outer margin; (5) petiole almost as long as wide; and (6) T6 of female metasoma with tip reaching as far as T7 posteriorly, dorsal margin evenly curved, and posterior margin distinctly concave (fig. 53).

TYPE MATERIAL: HOLOTYPE: ♀, Brazil, Nova Teutonia, F. Plauman leg. ( AEI). PARATYPES: 236♀ Oi, Brazil: Nova Teutonia, 1944–1966, F. Plauman leg. ( AEI: 116; NHM: 82, including 2 as SEM preparations; CMS: 16; CNCI: 8; NHRS: 5; ZML: 2; KJH: 5; UCDC: 1)

ADDITIONAL MATERIAL: CNCI: 1.

DISTRIBUTION: Brazil.

ETYMOLOGY: Named after type locality.