Anthophilolygus bakeri ( Poppius, 1915 ) Yasunaga & Schwartz & Chérot, 2018

Yasunaga, Tomohide, Schwartz, Michael D. & Chérot, Frédéric, 2018, Review of the plant bug genus Prolygus and related mirine taxa from eastern Asia (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Miridae), Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae (Acta. Ent. Mus. Natl. Pragae) 58 (2), pp. 357-388 : 372-374

Anthophilolygus bakeri ( Poppius, 1915) comb. nov.

( Figs 56–57 , 66–67 , 78–80 , 99–105 , 126–130 )

Lygus bakeri Poppius, 1915: 30 (original description).

Lygus bakeri: POPPIUS (1914) : 342 (key); SCHUH (1995): 808 (catalog).

Prolygus bakeri: SCHWARTZ & KERZHNER (1997) : 253 (new combination); KERZHNER & JOSIFOV (1999): 172 (catalog); SCHUH (1995): 941 (catalog); YASUNAGA (2001): 260 (diagnosis); ZHENG et al. (2004): 561 (diagnosis, key).

Lygus tainanensis Poppius, 1915: 35 (original description). New synonym.

Lygus tainanensis: POPPIUS (1914) : 340 (key); SCHUH (1995): 827 (catalog).

Prolygus tainanensis: SCHWARTZ & KERZHNER (1997) : 255 (new combination); KERZHNER & JOSIFOV (1999): 173 (catalog); ZHENG et al. (2004): 565 (diagnosis, key).

Type material examined. Lygus bakeri : LECTOTYPE (designated by SCHWARTZ & KERZHNER 1997): ♁, TAIWAN: KAGI: Taihorinsho [= currently Dalin, 23.60, 120.47], 7 Nov, H. Sauter ( MZHF) . PARALECTOTYPES:

TAIWAN: KAOHSIUNG: Kosempo [= currently Kahsian (Jiaxian), 23.07, 120.60], April 1912, H. Sauter, 1 ♁ ( DEIC, without USIs, image examined, Fig. 66 ). KAGI: Taihorinsho, 7 Nov 1909, H. Sauter, 1 ♀ ( DEIC, without USIs, image examined, Fig. 66 ).

Lygus tainanensis : LECTOTYPE (designated by CARVALHO 1980): ♀, TAIWAN: TAINAN [City]: Feb 1909, H. Sauter ( Fig. 67 , without USIs, image examined; genitalia dissected by the second author, HNHM).

Additional material examined. More than 300 specimens ( AMNH, BMNH, CNC, NIAES, NSMT, SNUK, TYCN) from the following localities. JAPAN: KYUSHU: Nagasaki City, Nomo, Kabashima; Kagoshima Pref., Yakushima & Tanegashima Islands – 1 ♁ from Nagasaki City, Nomo, Kabashima (32.5541, 129.7750; current northernmost locality) with USIs ( AMNH _PBI 00380495). TOKARA ISLANDS: Takara-jima Is. AMAMI- OSHIMA ISLAND: Amami City, Kasari City, Tatsugo Town. OKINAWA ISLAND: Ginowan City, Kunigami Village, Motobu City, Nago City, Naha City, Chinen Peninsula. ISHIGAKI ISLAND: Ban’na Park, Hirakubo, Hirano, Itona, Kabira, Kuura, Miwa, Nosoko, Omoto, Sakie, Takeda. – 1 ♁ from Ishigaki Island Miwa (24.39, 124.21), with USIs ( AMNH _PBI 00380496). IRIOMOTE ISLAND: Funaura, Haemida, Komi, Mombanare, Ohara, Otomi, Shirahama, Uehara. HATERUMA ISLAND: Buribichi Park. YONAKUNI ISLAND: Urabe-dake. CAMBODIA: Siem Reap. LAOS: Vientiane. PHILIPPINES: LUZON: Los Banõs; Negros, Camp Lookout, Dumaguete; Visayas, Panay Island, Iloilo City. TAIWAN: PINTUNG: Hengchhun (22.00, 120.45), 1 ♁ with USIs ( AMNH _PBI 00380497); Manchu (22.02211, 120.8443). TAINAN: Tainan Agriculture Research Station. THAILAND: CHIANG MAI: Doi Pui area. NAKHON RATCHASIMA: Wang Nam Khiao. NAKHON NAYOK: Sarika. ‒ 1 ♁ from Nakhon Ratchasima with USIs ( AMNH _PBI 00380498).

Measurements (in mm). ♁/ ♀: Total length of body 3.20– 3.65 / 3.50–4.10; head width including eyes 0.96 / 1.02; vertex width 0.28–0.29 / 0.37–0.38; lengths of antennal segments I–IV 0.48, 1.77, 0.90, 0.48 / 0.47, 1.55, 0.90, 0.54; labial length 1.38 / 1.50; mesal length of pronotum including collar 0.77 / 0.90; basal width of pronotum 1.35 / 1.62; maximum width across hemelytron 1.50 / 1.80; and lengths of metafemur, tibia and tarsus 1.58, 2.28, 0.57 / 1.73, 2.40, 0.53.

Differential diagnosis. Recognized by moderate size (3.2–4.1 mm); pale green general colouration, usually with reddish fasciae on hemelytron ( Figs 78–79 , but hemelytron sometimes widely pale as in Figs 63 , 66 ); reddish brown metafemur ( Fig. 56 ); developed pygophoral spine ( Fig. 126 ); elongate, not bifurcate hypophysis of left paramere; and long hair-like spinules on endosoma ( Fig. 128 ). Distinguished readily from the preceding A. alaneylesi sp. nov. by significantly larger size and reddish metafemur.

Biology. This polyphagous mirid is associated with inflorescences of various dicots, such as Amaranthaceae , Anacardiaceae , Araliaceae , Asteraceae , Euphorbiaceae , Fabaceae , Fagaceae , Oleaceae , Rutaceae and Sabiaceae ( YASUNAGA 2001) ; the immature forms were also confirmed on Rhus javanica L. ( Simaroubaceae ), Mallotus spp. ( Euphorbiaceae ), Meliosma arnottiana (Wight) Walp. (Sabiaceae) , Zanthoxylum ailanthoides Siebold & Zucc. (Rutaceae) . Some individuals were found to feed on crops, cucumber, eggplant, mango or papaya.A multivoltine cycle is assumed for Anthophilolygus bakeri ; in subtropics and tropics, the adults are collected almost throughout a year. The adults are frequently attracted to UV lights, and occasionally hundreds of individuals were observed to visit light trap screens at night. Both adults and immature forms of Anthophilolygus bakeri comb. nov. are found dominantly on inflorescences of various dicots, evergreen broadleaf trees in particular; this taxon does not appear to be host plant specific, presumably utilizing pollen and/or honey dew as a major diet component. Distribution. Japan (Kyushu, Bonin Islands, Ryukyus) ( YASUNAGA & TAKAI 2014), Taiwan (almost whole country except for central highlands) ( POPPIUS 1915 and present records), Philippines (Luzon, Negros, Visayas) ( POPPIUS 1915; new record for Visayas), Cambodia (Siem Reap) (new record), Laos (Vientiane) (new record), Thailand (Chaiyaphum, Chiang Mai, Nakhon Nayok, Nakhon Ratchasima) (new records).

This widespread mirid has presumably been introduced to some Japanese subtropical islands ( YASUNAGA 2001), and is recently expanding its distribution northward in Japan, probably due to the global warming ( YASUNAGA & TAKAI 2014).

Comments. Colouration is variable (reddish pattern on dorsum in particular). There are a few more unidentified congeners (with darker and larger dorsal maculae) in the Oriental Region (cf. Fig. 81 ); A. bakeri is generally paler than those mirids, with smaller dorsal maculae or fasciae.

POPPIUS (1915) described Lygus tainanensis [later transferred to Prolygus by SCHWARTZ & KERZHNER (1997)] from Taiwan, comparing it only with L. matsumurae Poppius, 1915 [placed in Neolygus by LU & ZHENG (1998b)]. POPPIUS (1915) did not mention its similarity to Lygus bakeri , although pale female specimens of L. bakeri ( Figs 58 , 66 right) are nearly impossible to be distinguished from L. tainanensis ( Fig. 67 ). Based on the great similarity in habitus and female genitalia (cf. SCHWARTZ & KERZHNER 1997: Figs 33–34 ), both species are regarded to be conspecific, and what was described as L. tainanensis is apparently a pale variant of L. bakeri , one of the most common mirids in Taiwan.Accordingly, a new synonymy is proposed: Anthophilolygus bakeri ( Poppius, 1915) = Prolygus tainanensis ( Poppius, 1915) , syn. nov.

Both specific names were published simultaneously by POPPIUS (1915) and have been impartially treated by subsequent authors in 20th century ( CARVALHO 1959, 1980; SCHUH 1995; SCHWARTZ & KERZHNER 1997; KERZHNER & JOSIFOV 1999). We presently select L. bakeri as valid name.

Figures

Figs 54–65. Habitus images of species of the Lygus complex. 54–55 – Anthophilolygus alaneylesi sp. nov. (Nakhon Nayok, Thailand): 54 – ♀, ventral view, 54 –♁; 56–57 – A. bakeri (Poppius, 1915): 56 –♁ (Nagasaki, Japan), 57 –♀ (Okinawa, Japan); 58 – Lygus dybasi Carvalho, 1956,♁ (KUEC) with incorrect paratype label and determination (as Lygus yapensis n. sp.); 59 – Micromimetus rubrotinctus (Carvalho, 1956), allotype♀; 60–61 – M. sunweni sp. nov.: 60 – holotype,♁, 61 – same, left lateral view; 62–63 – Miyamotolygus rufilorum (Lu & Zheng, 1998) (Kathmandu, Nepal): 62 –♁, ventral view, 63 – ♀; 64 – Dagbertus darwini (Butler, 1904), holotype (Galapagos, BMNH); 65 – D. olivaceus (Reuter, 1907), ♁ (Florida, USA). Scale bars 2 mm.

Figs 66–72. Asian species of Prolygus and related genera, type specimens. 66 – Lygus bakeri Poppius, 1915 [now in Anthophilolygus], paralectotypes; 67 – Lygus tainanensis Poppius, 1915 [synonym of A. bakeri]; 68 – Lygus nigriclavus Poppius, 1915 [now in Prolygus]; 69 – Lygus kirkaldyi Poppius, 1915 [synonym of Poppiolygus bengalicus]; 70 – Lygus bengalicus Reuter, 1885 [now in Poppiolygus], lectotype (herein designated) and paralectotype; 71 – Lygus niger Poppius, 1915 [now in Apolygopsis]; 72 – Lygus eous Poppius, 1915 [now in Apolygopsis]. Scale bars ca. 1 mm (based on original description of each taxon, except for Fig. 70 recently re-measured by courtesy of Prof. Enghoff of ZMUC).

Figs 73–82.Habitus images of live individuals.73–76 – Anthophilolygus alaneylesi sp.nov. (73 –♁ on breeding host Homonoia riparia in Nakhon Nayok, Thailand; 74 – ♀, same locality; 75 – ♀ adult (right) and final instar nymph, same locality; 76 – a variant ♀ with reddish legs in Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand). 77 – Nepiolygus arare Yasunaga, Schwartz & Chérot, 2002,♁ from Iriomote Island, Japan. 78–80 – Anthophilolygus bakeri (Poppius, 1915): 78 – ♁, on Fraxinus griffitii in Iriomote Island, Japan; 79 – ♀, on Mallotus japonicus in Nagasaki, Japan; 80 – final instar nymph, Okinawa, Japan) 81–82 – unidentified Anthophilolygus species found in Thailand: 81 – ♁, Nakhon Ratchasima; 82 – final instar nymph, Chon Buri.

Figs 94–105. Scanning electron micrographs for Anthophilolygus species. 94–98 – A. alaneylesi sp. nov., ♁: 94 – left lateral surface; 95 – head and thorax, left lateral view; 96 – scent efferent system; 97 – pretarsus (hind leg); 98 – apical part of pygophore. 99–105 – A. bakeri (Poppius, 1915): 99 –♀, dorsal surface; 100 – ♁, left lateral surface; 101 – ♀ dorsal vestiture (c: corium, p: pronotum, s: scutellum); 102 – ♁, scent efferent system; 103 – ♁, metatarsus; 104 – ♀, pretarsus (hind leg); 105 – pygophore, left lateral view.

Figs 118–135. Male (118–123, 126–128, 131–135) and female (125–126, 129–130) genitalia of Anthophilolygus spp. (118–130) and Apolygopsis nigra (Poppius, 1915) (131–135: 131 – right paramere; 132 – left paramere; 133 – phallotheca; 134–135 – endosoma). 118–125 – A. alaneylesi sp. nov.: 118–119 – apex of pygophore with right paramere, dorsal (118) and left lateral (119) view; 120 – left paramere; 121 – aedeagus; 122 – phallotheca; 123 – endosoma; 124 – bursa copulatrix, dorsal view; 125 – posterior wall; 126–130 – A. bakeri (Poppius, 1915): 126 – apex of pygophore with left paramere, 127 – right paramere; 128 – aedeagus; 129 – bursa copulatrix, dorsal view; 130 – posterior wall. Scale bars 0.2 mm (0.1 mm for 118–125).

Figs 33–42. Male (33–40) and female (41–42) genitalia of Prolygus spp. 33–36 – P. nigriclavus (Poppius, 1915): 33 – apex of pygophore, caudal view; 34 – left paramere; 35 – right paramere; 36 – endosoma; 37–42 – P. papuanus (Poppius, 1914): 37 – apex of pygophore, dorsal view; 38 – right paramere; 39 – left paramere; 40 – endosoma; 41 – bursa copulatrix; 42 – posterior wall. Scale bars 0.2 mm.