Syagrus graminifolia (Drude) Beccari (1916: 466)

Noblick, Larry R., 2017, A revision of the genus Syagrus (Arecaceae), Phytotaxa 294 (1), pp. 448-450 : 448-450

24. Syagrus graminifolia (Drude) Beccari (1916: 466)

Key to the subspecies:

1. Inflorescence unbranched, spicate, inflorescence axis 7–9.5 cm long....................................................... subsp. cabraliensis

- Inflorescence branched 2–7, inflorescence axis 18–40(–66) cm long .................................................................................. 2.

2. Leaflets silvery blue-green, inflorescence quite long, peduncle 26–50 cm long ..................................... subsp. graminifolia

- Leaflets green to dark green, inflorescence generally shorter, peduncle ca. 26 cm or less......................... subsp. glazioviana

A REVISION OF THE GENUS SYAGRUS

Phytotaxa 294 (1) © 2017 Magnolia Press • 95 24.1 Syagrus graminifolia (Drude) Beccari subsp. graminifolia . Cocos graminifolia Drude in Martius (1881: 415). Calappa graminifolia (Drude ex Mart.) Kuntze (1891: 982) . Type:— BRAZIL. Goiás: near R. Paranahyba [the Rio Paranaíba, not Parnaíba, exists only in Goiás not in Piauí], between S. Domingos and Borda do Mato, [1846], Burchell 5956 (holotype K!)

Cocos graminifolia var. nana Drude (1881: 415) . Syagrus graminifolia var. nana (Drude) Beccari (1916: 466) . Type:— BRAZIL. Between Goiás and Cuyaba, 1844, Weddell 2995 (P!);

Figure 33 plate, Figure 29 map.

Small, solitary to clustering palm usually ca. 40–100 cm tall, Stem 5–15 × 4 cm, usually short, subterranean. Leaves 3–15; sheathing leaf base ca. 7–17 × 2 cm; pseudopetiole 11–17(–25) cm long; petiole (1–)12–15 × 0.3–0.5 cm, 0.2–0.3 cm thick; rachis (30–) 65–84 cm long; leaflets slightly lighter on the abaxial surface, 8–25 along one side, in clusters of 1–3, inserted at various angles, giving the leaf a plumose appearance, no ramenta scales or tomentum present where the leaflets are inserted on the rachis, and none along the abaxial midvein; basal leaflets 15–49 × 0.1–0.8 cm, middle leaflets 19–47(–55) × 0.3–0.9 cm, apical leaflets 9–36 × 0.1–0.7 cm with long acuminate tips. Inflorescence erect, unilaterally branched; prophyll 12–15(–20) × 1.0–1.5(–2.0) cm; peduncular bract 30–91 cm, expanded portion 20–45 × 2–2.5 cm, including a 0.3–4.5 cm beak, 2.5–3 cm perimeter, 0.5–1.0 mm thickness, narrow, woody, sulcate, exterior with scattered thin indument or wax to nearly glabrous; peduncle ca. (12–) 26–50 cm × 3–5 mm, glabrous; inflorescence axis 20–40(–66) cm long; rachis 6.5–14(–31) cm long; rachillae 2–7, glabrous,(–4) 9–12 cm long at the apex, 10.5–20 cm long at the base; staminate flowers 3–7 mm long at the apex, 8–12 × 2–4.5 mm at the base, green to yellow, sepals 1–3 × 1–2 mm, glabrous, smooth, petals 3.5– 7 mm long at the apex, 8–10 × 2–4 mm at the base with acute tips, nerves indistinct, stamens 1–6 mm long, anthers (1.5–) 4–5.5 mm long, filaments ca. 2 mm long, pistillode less than 1 mm long; basal pistillate flowers elongate conical, (8–)10–13(–15) × 4–10 mm, yellow, glabrous, sepals 7–15 × 5–10 mm, petals 7.0–12 × 3–8 mm, glabrous, slightly valvate tips, pistil 7.5–9.5 × 3.5–4.5 mm, glabrous, stigmas 2–3.5 mm long, glabrous, staminodal ring ca. 1–2 mm high, 6-dentate. Fruit ellipsoid, 2–3.2 × 1.2–2.7 cm, yellow-green to brownish yellow when mature, covered by a rusty brown tomentum but glabrous at tip or apex, epicarp less than 0.5 mm thick, mesocarp ca. 1 mm thick, succulent and fibrous; endocarp ca. 1.8 × 1.1– 1.1 cm, 1–2 mm thick on the sides, 2–3 mm thick at the ends, endocarp cavity with 1 or 2 locules, separated by a firm partition when 2 locules present; seed 1 (rarely 2) more or less ellipsoid not measured, endosperm homogeneous. Germination remote-tubular.

Common name:— coquinho-do-cerrado, acumã-rasteiro, acumão-rasteiro.

Etymology:— The specific epithet and subspecies name, graminifolia , means grass-like leaf because its leaflets resemble the leaves of grass.

Distribution and habitat:— Southern Goiás, Brazil, in fields and cerrados, generally above 500 m. The originally described specimen of this species is the blue subspecies, and it is particularly frequent in the municipio of Cristalina, Goiás, in campo limpo vegetation. Such areas are so rocky and infertile that they are nearly devoid of any trees or shrubs, and thus the name campo limpo meaning clean fields.

Conservation:— This silvery-bluish subspecies can survive frequent fires but does not tolerate soil movement. Although its habitat appears to be harsh, the palm is not resilient if its roots are disturbed. This subspecies grows in rocky soils of little agricultural value, which is poor in nutrients and where very little else will grow (campo limpo) and therefore is not greatly threatened by agriculture. Nevertheless, since it is currently known from only a small area, not within the boundaries of any park or preserve, and has a limited area of occupancy, it must be classified as endangered, EN B1.

Phenology:— This species fruits sparsely in summer, and its fruits are eaten by insects or consumed by animals. The seed germination is slow, and the germination rate is low.

Uses:— The plant is delicate with attractive silvery or powdery-blue foliage. It is ornamentally a beautiful palm and would be great for landscaping, provided one could learn the secret to transplanting it.

Notes:— Syagrus graminifolia is a complex of variable individuals with similar inflorescences, leaflets or leaflet anatomy ( Noblick et al. 2014) from northern Goiás to western Minas Gerais (Triangular Mineiro), which the author believes can be separated into various subspecies. All have similar-looking, slender inflorescences usually with 2–7 slender rachillae, but spicate in the subspecies cabraliensis. The subspecies, graminifolia , grows in campo limpo. It can be solitary to clustering and, unlike the other subspecies, is silvery-blue instead of green. The green subspecies (i.e. cabraliensis and glazioviana ) transplant well, but the blue subspecies, graminifolia , does not.

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Phytotaxa 294 (1) © 2017 Magnolia Press • 97 One reason that it does not transplant well is because it is difficult to extract it from the very rocky soils in which it grows without severely damaging its roots. Two subspecies grow in southern Goiás: the larger silvery-bluish subspecies graminifolia , and the smaller green subspecies glazioviana . All subspecies of S. graminifolia are geographically isolated and grow in specific soil conditions: graminifolia grows in gravelly, campo limpo soils, glazioviana in aluminum-rich deep, fine sandy to clay soils, cabraliensis grows in an isolated mountain range in iron-rich, canga, soils, and finally a possible fourth that appears to be restricted to nickel-rich soils. The fourth one is large, heavily clustering and has been collected from Niquelândia by Lorenzi (pers. comm.). The author did not have enough material of the fourth one to make any taxonomic decisions about it.

Key characters for subspecies, graminifolia , are powdery to silver-blue leaves, long narrow leaflets and an inflorescence with few branches and widely spaced female flowers. The original type specimen for S. graminifolia was collected in 1846 in southern Goiás, based on William Frank Burchell’s field notes ( Smith & Smith 1967), not Piauí as reported by Drude (1881) and Glassman (1987). Specimens from Goiás are most like the original holotype of S. graminifolia , so this silvery-bluish subspecies is recognized as S. graminifolia subsp. graminifolia .

Representative specimens:— BRAZIL. Goiás: Anapolis , 21 July 1952, A. Macedo 3557a ( var. nana ) (US) ; Campo Alegre de Goias, 82 km S of the turnoff to Pires do Rio on the BR-050, –17.41, –47.79, 2800 ft, 31 July 1997, L.R. Noblick & N. von Behr 5164 ( BHCB!) ; Campo Alegre de Goiás , na região de Catalão, –17.63, –47.78, 14 August 1996, A.G. Ribeiro 55 ( HPL!) ; Campo Alegre de Goiás, Rod. BR-050, 15 km SE de Campo Alegre, – 17.63 –47.78, 22 June 1983, G. Hatschbach 46590 ( MBM!, NY); Catalão , na estrada para Cristalina —GO, –18.17, –47.95, 30 August 2008, H. Lorenzi 6517 ( HPL!) ; Catalão, Área da Copebrás , –18.16, –47.92, 22 October 2004, J.A. Rizzo 12374 ( UFG) ; Cristalina, Reserva Linda Serra dos Topázios, 1100 m, –16.73, –47.68, 26 February 2000, Farias et al. 536 ( RB, UB!) ; Cristalina , –16.77, –47.61, 25 March 2004, H. Lorenzi 4771 ( HPL!) ; Cristalina, Cristalina / Catalão , km 180-BR050 –16.77, –47.61, 19 June 2008, R. Tsuji et al. 2687 ( HPL!) ; Cristalina, 60–80 km S. of Brasília. Between Cristalina and Luziania , 900–1000 m, –16.77, –47.61, 8 July 1976, P.H. Davis 60024 ( NY!, UEC!); Cristalina , após o entroncamento para Catalão , 8 December 2012, J.F.B. Pastore et al. 3911 ( HUEFS!) ; Pichoa (Tichoa, Fichoa ?), 5 October 1894, A.F.M. Glaziou s.n. (P! [P02147702]) ( Cocos graminifolia var. nana Drude ) .

24.2 Syagrus graminifolia subsp. cabraliensis Noblick & Lorenzi (2014: 1) . Type: — BRAZIL. Minas Gerais: Joaquin Felício, ca. 14 km from the city fountain plaza, just outside of the Parque Estadual da Serra Cabral , ca. 1137 m, –17.70, –44.22, 29 January 2014, L.R. Noblick & H. Lorenzi 5659 (holotype ESA!, isotypes HPL!, BHCB!, RB!, SP!, K!, FTG!, NY!, MO!, US!)

Figure 34 plate, Figure 29 map.

Small palm, solitary to clustering to 40–50 cm. Stem short, subterranean. Leaves 3–6; sheathing leaf base ca. 8–12 cm long; pseudopetiole 9–17 cm long; petiole 7.5–13 × 0.4–0.5 cm, 0.2–0.3 cm thick, abaxial side of petiole and rachis tomentose; rachis 26–34 cm long; leaflets narrow, fold quickly on drying, slightly lighter on the abaxial surface, 9–14 along one side, in clusters of 2 or 3, inserted at various angles, ramenta scales or tomentum absent where the leaflets are inserted on the rachis, and none along the abaxial midvein; basal leaflets 12–22 × 0.1–0.2 cm, middle leaflets 24–37 × 0.5–0.8 cm, apical leaflets 16–32 × 0.2–0.4 cm with an asymmetric tip. Inflorescence spicate, prophyll 6–8 × 1.4–1.5 cm; peduncular bract 19–31 cm long, expanded portion 9.5–16 × 0.8–1.8 cm, 1.8– 2.5 cm perimeter, 1 mm or less thickness, narrow, woody, sulcate, exterior with scattered thin indument becoming thicker at the base of the bract; peduncle ca. 10–17 cm × 3–4 mm, glabrous; inflorescence axis 7–9.5 cm long; rachis absent; rachilla 1, glabrous, 7–9.5 cm long; staminate flowers 5.4–5.9 × 2.2–3.3 mm at the apex, 10–10.2 × 2.5–2.6 mm at the base, green to yellow, sepals 1–2.4 × 0.5–0.7 mm, glabrous, no visible nerves, petals 4.4–5.4 × 1.2–2.2 mm at the apex, 7.0–8.2 × 1.5–2.0 mm at the base with acute tips, nerves indistinct, stamens 3.0– 3.7 mm long, anthers 2.4–3.3 mm long, filaments 1.0– 1.7 mm long, pistillode nearly absent; basal pistillate flowers elongate pyramidal, 10–10.2 × 5–5.5 mm at the apex, 11.5–11.7 × 4–4.4 mm at the base, glabrous, sepals 8.7–9.5 × 3.6–4.6 mm, yellow, glabrous, no visible venation, petals 7.7–9.5 × 2.5–3.7 mm, glabrous, obscurely nerved, nerves slightly raised on the lower third of the petal, valvate tips a little less than ½ the length of the petals, ca. 3–4 mm long, pistil 7.0–7.2 × 1.8–2.3 mm, glabrous, stigmas ca. 3.1–3.6 mm long, glabrous, staminodal ring ca. 0.7– 1.2 mm high, 6-dentate. Fruit ellipsoid or ovoid, 1.9–2.2 × 1.3–1.5 cm, brown with yellowish base when

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Phytotaxa 294 (1) © 2017 Magnolia Press • 99 mature, tip glabrous, but rest of the fruit with a light to chestnut brown, scaly lepidote tomentum, epicarp less than 0.5 mm thick, mesocarp not measured, succulent and fibrous; endocarp 1.6–1.7 × 1.2–1.3 cm, ca. 1 mm thick, trivittate on the interior of the endocarp; seed ellipsoid to nearly globose, endosperm homogeneous. Germination remote-tubular.

Common name:— None recorded.

Etymology:— The subspecies name, cabraliensis, refers to the isolated Serra do Cabral mountain range, where it grows, and to the state park, Parque Estadual de Serra do Cabral in Minas Gerais.

Distribution and habitat:— Serra do Cabral is located south of Montes Claros, in the central northern part of Minas Gerais, Brazil, and is a mountainous region up to 1,500 m in elevation that is isolated from the rest of the Serra Espinhaço. It has a unique fauna and flora. The mountain range is located about 70 km SSW of Montes Claros and about 70 km east of Pirapora. The habitat is a high elevation rocky cerrado region where the plant grows on surface iron deposits called “canga.”

Conservation:— This palm has been seen in only one locality just outside of the boundaries and protection of the Serra do Cabral state park. The area adjacent to the park is still theoretically an environmentally protected zone. This palm has a strong affinity for growing on the round, gravelly surface iron ore deposits called “canga,” which makes it particularly vulnerable to mining operations. Even after an extended search, no specimens were found growing away from the “canga” iron deposits. About 60% of the current population has been destroyed by surface mining. The true extent of its distribution in the region has not yet been determined. However other deposits of “canga” do occur within the adjacent state park. Therefore, because of the limited and restricted distribution of this taxa and exploitation of the “canga,” this taxon should be is classified as endangered, EN A2acd; Bab(i,ii,iii).

Phenology:— Flowering and immature fruits in January and February.

Uses:— This palm has horticultural potential, especially in iron-rich soils.

Notes:— This subspecies is from north central Minas Gerais in the Serra do Cabral mountain range, which is geographically isolated from the main Serra do Espinhaço. Serra do Cabral is known in Minas Gerais for its unique flora and fauna, and much of it has been annexed into a state park. This subspecies differs from other S. graminifolia in having only spicate inflorescences, growing often in dense clusters, darker green foliage, and an affinity for “canga” iron rich soils. It is different enough to merit its own subspecific status based on its geographical isolation, restricted range and spicate inflorescence.

Its similar leaflet anatomy can be seen in the comparable arrangement of the veins and fibers within the cross-sections of the subspecies cabraliensis, the holotype of S. graminifolia and the subspecies glazioviana . The repeating pattern is nearly identical in all three subspecies: large vascular bundle or vein, followed by three minor abaxial veins (the middle one being slightly larger) and above each minor vein is a narrow linear strand or fiber bundle. The silvery-blue S. graminifolia subsp. graminifolia endemic to southern Goiás shows a slight change in the pattern with additional smaller minor fibers and opposite faint minor veins between the minor veins. The similar anatomy between all of these suggests a relationship of this new palm from north central Minas Gerais to the others growing in Goiás and the Triangular Mineiro of western Minas Gerais.

Representative specimens:— Known only from the type specimen.

24.3 Syagrus graminifolia subsp. glazioviana (Dammer) Noblick stat. nov. Cocos graminifolia var. glazioviana Dammer (1902: 23) . Syagrus graminifolia var. glazioviana (Dammer) Beccari (1916: 466) . Type:— BRAZIL. Goiás: entre Lagoa do Piquiero et Buraco da Onça, 1894, A.F.M. Glaziou 22253 (holotype C; isotypes G!, K!, U!)

Figure 35 plate, Figure 29 map.

Small, solitary to clustering palm usually less than 50 cm tall, but can vary from 40–80 cm tall. Stem with short subterranean stem, appearing acaulescent. Leaves 5–15, dark green, erect; sheathing leaf base ca. 15 × 1 cm; pseudopetiole 21–25 cm long; petiole 6–15 × 0.4–0.5 cm, 0.2–0.3 cm thick; rachis 38–70 cm long; leaflets slightly lighter on the abaxial surface, 8–25 along one side, clustered by twos which are inserted at various angles near the base but otherwise regularly arranged on the upper part to the leaf towards the tip, no ramenta scales or tomentum present where the leaflets are inserted on the rachis, and none along the abaxial midvein; basal leaflets 26–30 × 0.1–0.2 cm, middle leaflets 30–55 × 0.4–0.7 cm, apical leaflets ca. 26 × 0.2 cm with an asymmetric tip. Inflorescence erect, unilaterally branched; prophyll 10–20 cm long; peduncular bract 30–40 cm long, expanded

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Phytotaxa 294 (1) © 2017 Magnolia Press • 101 portion 16–40 × 0.8–2.2 cm, including a 0.5–1.0 cm beak, 1.5–3.0 cm perimeter, 1 mm thickness, narrow, woody, sulcate, waxy to nearly glabrous; peduncle ca. 26 cm long, width and thickness not measured, elliptical in cross-section, glabrous; inflorescence axis 18–30 cm long; rachis 6.5–11 cm long; rachillae 2–7, glabrous, ca. 6.5 cm long at the apex, ca. 18 cm long at the base; staminate flowers 5.1–5.4 × 2.0– 2.9 mm at the apex, 4.8–6.0 × 2.0– 2.4 mm at the base, green to yellow, sepals 1.0 × 0.7–1.0 mm, glabrous, with no visible nerves, petals 4.1–5.4 × 1.5–1.9 mm with acute tips, nerves indistinct, stamens 2.4–2.7 mm long, anthers 1.7–2.4 mm long, filaments 0.85–1.0 mm long, pistillode less than 1 mm long, ca. 0.1–0.3 mm; pistillate flowers elongate conical or slightly triangular, 10.2– 10.6 × 4.4–5.1 mm at the apex, 11–12 × 5.1–5.5 mm at the base, yellow, glabrous, sepals 7.3–11.0 × 4.0– 4.7 mm, petals 8.8–9.5 × 3.7–4.4 mm, valvate tips not measured, glabrous, pistil 6.6–8.0 × 3.3–3.7 mm, glabrous, stigmas 11.5– 2.2 mm long, glabrous, staminodal ring ca. 0.7–1.1 mm high, truncate, nearly without teeth or undulations. Fruit ellipsoid, 2.5–3.0 × 1.3–1.8 cm, yellowish-brown to green when mature, covered with a thin reddish brown tomentum, epicarp less than 0.5 mm thick, mesocarp 1–2 mm thick, succulent and fibrous; endocarp ca. 2.4 × 1.4 cm, thickness not measured; seed 1 (rarely 2) not measured, ellipsoid, endosperm homogeneous. Germination remote-tubular.

Common name:— coquinho-do-cerrado, acumã-rasteiro

Etymology:— The subspecies name, glazioviana , honors French-born Auguste François Marie Glaziou (1828– 1906), a famous 19 th century botanist, who first came to Brazil in 1858 at the invitation of the Portuguese Emperor Don Pedro II to manage the botanical garden in Rio de Janeiro, but ended up collecting many new species that received his name.

Distribution and habitat:— Goiás and Minas Gerais, Brazil, especially in the Triângulo Mineiro (also reported, perhaps erroneously, from Piauí, Bahia and Mato Grosso do Sul) in fields and cerrados, generally above 500 m in cerrado.

Conservation:— This subspecies of S. graminifolia is more common than the blue subspecies graminifolia . However, it has never been seen to grow in large populations, but it does grow in sandy, rocky terrain and therefore is not currently threatened by agriculture. This palm has so far been found only in sparse populations, but has a large area of distribution and it prefers soils of low agricultural value. Therefore, it is classified as least concern, LC.

Phenology:— Flowering May and December. Fruits sparsely in summer (December–March); fruits are eaten by insects or consumed by animals. The germination rate is slow and the percentage of germination low.

Uses:— This plant is delicate and ornamental, principally for its unusually narrow green, grass-like foliage. It possesses the potential for cultivation in full sun gardens.

Notes:— The green subspecies glazioviana is similar to the blue subspecies graminifolia . Normally subspecies glazioviana has narrower leaflets and is a bit smaller overall. Some specimens of subspecies glazioviana are smaller and others larger and more clustering. Subspecies glazioviana also transplants much more easily than subspecies graminifolia , but that is probably due to the fact that its roots are less likely to be damaged in the transplanting process due to the less rocky soils. The author suspects that subspecies glazioviana complex needs more research to properly understand it.

Representative specimens:— BRAZIL. Distrito Federal: Brasília , –15.78, –47.93, 20 November 1962, E.P. Heringer s.n. ( SP!) ; Brasília; Margem esquerda do Rio Belchior , 950 m, –15.90, –48.22, 10 March 2003, G.P. Silva et al. 7317 ( CEN) ; Brasília, Estrada para Santo Antônio do Descoberto-GO, 984 m, –15.92, –48.19, 1 September 2012, M.R.V. Zanatta & Faria 1427 ( UB!) ; Gama, Núcleo Rural Ponte Alta, Recanto dos Buritis, 1034 m, –16.00, –48.20, 22 February 2011, R.C. Martins & Moreira 1116, 1117, 1118, 1119, 1120, 1121, 1122, 1123, 1124 ( UB!) ;

Goiás: Anápolis, Rodovia Brasília-Anápolis, December 1965, R.P. Belém 2029 (UB!); Anápolis , Rodovia Brasília-Anápolis , 30 July 1965, E.P. Heringer 10476 (UB!); Anápolis , Rodovia Brasília-Anápolis , 8 June 1969, E.P. Heringer 11848 (UB!); Cavalcante ; Estrada obra-Rio do Carmo , km 10, 380 m, –13.62, –48.10, 21 May 2002, G.P. Silva & E. de S.G. Guarino 6453 ( CEN); Cavalcante; Estrada saindo da balsa do "Porto dos Paulistas ", 410 m, – 13.39, –48.11, 8 November 2000, B.M.T. Walter et al. 4629 ( CEN); Cocalzinho , BR 414, depois de Cocalzinho, – 15.76, –48.43, 18 December 2010, R.C. Martin et al. 1111, 1112, 1113, 1114 (UB!); Copelinha do S. Antonio, 1894, A.F.M. Glaziou 22252 (C, FI, G, K, P); Cristalina, RPPN Linda Serra dos Topázios , –16.75, –47.67, 14 March 1998, C.E.B. Proença et al. 1927 (UB!); Eclécta , km 20 da entrada para cidade Eclécta , 27 March 1979, E.P. Heringer et al. 1121 ( MG!); Luziânia , Hidrelétrica de Corumbá III, área a ser desmatada para enchimento do reservatório, 765 m, –16.78, –47.95, 26 September 2007, C.H.G. Cezare et al. 125 (UB!); Luziania, Santo Antonio

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NOBLICK do Descoberto, 27 March 1980, R.C. Mendonça 86, 97 ( MG!); Niquelândia; Estrada para Colinas do Sul, ca de 41 km de Niquelândia, 485 m, –14.40, –48.08, 7 May 1998, M.L. Fonseca et al. 1786 ( IBGE); Niquelândia, na estrada para Colinas do Sul, 510 m, –14.32, –48.14, 12 December 2009, H. Lorenzi et al. 6791 ( HPL!); Teresina de Goiás , Cachoeira Poço Encantado, Rio das Pedras, à 12 km de Teresina, 60 km depois de Alto Paraiso, –13.87, –47.26, 13 May 2011, R.C. Martins 1144 (UB!); Goiás : 10 September 1894, Simard s.n. ( US-1124170 ); Minas Gerais : Vazante, ca. 5 km da cidade sentido a estrada de GO, km 63, estrada de terra para Faz. Jatobá, –17.99, –46.91, 5 June 2008, R. Tsuji 2632 ( HPL!); Vazante, entrada no km 63 sentido do Faz Jatobá , em beira de estrada de terra ca. 5–7 km depois da rodovia asfaltada , 630 m, –17.90, –46.95, 18 June 2008, R. Tsuji et al. 2682 ( HPL!); Tocantins: Paraná , Valsa do coronel para balsa do rio Custódio , km 14, 360 m, –13.05, –48.09, 18 July 2007, G. Pereira-Silva et al. 12072 (UB!) .

Figures

FIGURE 29. Distribution maps of Syagrus flexuosa, S. glaucescens, S. glazioviana, S. gouveiana, S. graminifolia subsp. cabraliensis, S. graminifolia subsp. glazioviana, S. graminifolia subsp. graminifolia and S. guimaraesensis.

FIGURE 33. Syagrus graminifolia subsp. graminifolia. A. Single stemmed palm with Nikolaus von Behr near Campo Alegre de Goiás, Goiás (Noblick & von Behr 5164). B. Multistemmed habit with bluish leaves. C. Inflorescence. D. Inflorescence with pistillate flowers and young developing fruit. E. Base of palm showing leaf sheaths. F. Holotype (Burchell 5956). G. Flowering specimen at Jardim Botânico Plantarum. H. Infructescence. Scale in centimeters.

FIGURE 34. Syagrus graminifolia subsp. cabraliensis. A. Habit. B. Palms in habitat with the author, note gravelly iron-rich “canga” soils in foreground. C. Infructescence. D. Inflorescence. E. Close-up of plant with inflorescence. Scale of grid on C and D = 1 cm.

FIGURE 35. Syagrus graminifolia subsp. glazioviana. A. Multistemmed habitat at the Jardim Botânico Plantarum. B. Single stemmed habit with reclined or procumbent stem near Vazante, Minas Gerais (Tsuji et al. 2682). C. Narrow “grassy” leaflets. D. Multi or clustering stem and single stemmed specimens. E. Close up of newly opened inflorescence. F. Developing infructescence. G. Fruit.