Cycadophila (Cycadophila) Xu, Tang, Skelley

Skelley, Paul, Xu, Guang, Tang, William, Lindström, Anders J., Marler, Thomas, Khuraijam, Jibankumar Singh, Singh, Rita & Rich, Stephen, 2017, Review of Cycadophila Xu, Tang & Skelley (Coleoptera: Erotylidae: Pharaxonothinae) inhabiting Cycas (Cycadaceae) in Asia, with descriptions of a new subgenus and thirteen new species, Zootaxa 4267 (1), pp. 1-63 : 8

Cycadophila (Cycadophila) Xu, Tang, Skelley

C. (C.) lata species group

C. (C.) debaonica Xu, Tang & Skelley * C. (C.) collina Skelley, Xu & Tang , n. sp. C. (C.) lata (Grouvelle)

C. (C.) fupingensis species group

C. (C.) fupingensis Skelley, Tang & Xu

C. (C.) nigra species group

C. (C.) abyssa Skelley, Xu & Tang , n. sp. C. (C.) convexa Skelley, Xu & Tang , n. sp. C. (C.) cyclochasma Skelley, Xu & Tang , n. sp. C. (C.) discimaculata (Mader)

C. (C.) eurynota Skelley, Xu & Tang , n. sp. C. (C.) intermedia (Chûjô)

C. (C.) nigra (Gorham)

C. (C.) torquata Skelley, Xu & Tang , n. sp. C. (C.) vittata (Arrow)

C. (C.) yunnanensis (Grouvelle)

C. (C.) papua species group

C. (C.) papua Skelley, Xu & Tang , n. sp. C. (C.) samara Skelley, Xu & Tang , n. sp.

Cycadophila (Strobilophila) Skelley, Xu & Tang , n. sg. C. (S.) assamensis Skelley, Xu & Tang , n. sp. C. (S.) hiepi Skelley, Xu & Tang , n. sp.

C. (S.) kwaiensis Skelley, Xu & Tang , n. sp. C. (S.) tansachai Skelley, Xu & Tang , n. sp. * C. (S.) yangi Skelley, Xu & Tang , n. sp.

The PCR product of the 16S rRNA gene had a length of 311–313 bp. The alignment matrix was 317 bp long, with 5 gaps, 218 conserved sites, 96 variable sites, 67 parsimony-informative sites and 29 singleton sites. The NJ, MP and ML trees derived from DNA analyses were largely congruent with essentially the same terminal clades and no rearrangement of clades relative to one another. Only the one derived from ML is presented here ( Fig. 1 ). This tree is similar to those presented by Xu et al. (2015), but is based on a larger sample of populations and species of Cycadophila and includes an additional (undescribed) taxon within the subfamily Pharaxonothinae as an outgroup. The same clades and branching patterns are present in our tree as in Xu et al. (2015), except that no members of the Strobilophila clade and papua clade were analyzed in the previous study. In the tree presented here Cycadophila + Pharaxonotha are a monophyletic grouping considered together in relation to the other members of the Pharaxonothinae sampled (bootstrap support = 100). Bootstrap support for the Pharaxonotha (sensu stricto) clade is also strong (>90). Within this New World clade P. kirschii is sister to P. confusa , P. portophylla and P. floridana . With the addition of more populations and taxa to the analysis the genus Cycadophila remains monophyletic, although bootstrap support is relatively weak (<40). Within the subgenus Cycadophila this analysis recovered four strongly supported (bootstrap>90) clades: 1) the lata species group (only C. debaonica and C. collina sampled); 2) the nigra species group (only C. yunnanensis and C. nigra sampled); 3) the fupingensis species group (consisting of a single species C. fupingensis ); and 4) the papua species group (only C. samara sampled). The relationships among these four species groups remains unclear, since bootstrap support at nodes is relatively low (<40). For the subgenus Strobilophila, six of seven populations (three of four species) analyzed form a monophyletic group with one outlier [see more discussion below under Key to larvae and Remarks for C. (S). yangi ]. Although bootstrap support for many nodes within the genus Cycadophila clade may be considered weak, our molecular data support our morphological hypotheses of relationships for this genus. Together molecular and morphological data support our concept of the genus Cycadophila as a monophyletic lineage.

Figures

FIGURE 1. Phylogenetic tree based on maximum likelihood analysis of 16 S rRNA gene sequences of four species of New World Pharaxonotha and ten species of Asian Cycadophila. Scale bar indicates base pair substitutions per nucleotide position; numbers on the branches of the trees are bootstrap values.