Helix (Helix) lucorum LINNAEUS, 1758

Neubert, Eike, 2014, Revision of Helix LINNAEUS, 1758 in its eastern Mediterranean distribution area, and reassignment of Helix godetiana KOBELT, 1878 to Maltzanella HESSE, 1917 (Gastropoda, Pulmonata, Helicidae), Contributions to Natural History 26, pp. 1-200 : 26-38

Helix (Helix) lucorum LINNAEUS, 1758 ( Figs 30–60 )

1758 Helix lucorum LINNAEUS , Systema Naturae, 10. edition: 773.

1801 Helix castanea OLIVIER, Voyage dans l'Empire Othoman: 224, Taf. 17, Fig. 1 [non Helix castanea O. F. MÜLLER, 1774 ] [Istanbul, Gemlik (cf. Tillier & Mordan 1983)].

1822 Helix mutata LAMARCK, Histoire naturelle des animaux sans vertèbres (6) 2: 67 [Habite en Italie et dans le Levant].

1833 Helix taurica KRYNICKI , Bulletin de la Société Impériale des Naturalistes de Moscou 6: 423, pl. 10 .

1838 Helix taurica radiosa ROSSMÄSSLER, Iconographie der Land- und Süsswassermollusken 1 (2) (1/2): 13, Taf. 33, Fig. 456 [In his synonymy ROSSMÄSSLER mentions the names radiata Z. (nomen nudum), the legend of Fig. 456 is Helix radiosa ] [Taurien] [= Crimean Peninsula].

1853 Helix socia L. PFEIFFER, Zeitschrift für Malakozoologie 10: 146 [Circa Constantinopoli].

1860 Helix onixiomicra BOURGUIGNAT, Revue et Magasin de Zoologie , (2 ième série) 12 (1): 72 [separatum: Aménités malacologiques II: 168, pl. 19, Fig. 1–2 ] [Montagnes de Montenegro].

1860 Helix mahometana BOURGUIGNAT, Revue et Magasin de Zoologie (2e série) 12 (1): 156 [separatum: Aménités malacologiques II: 172, Taf. 20, Fig. 5–6 [nom. nov. pro Helix castanea Olivier 1801 non Helix castanea O. F. MÜLLER, 1774 ].

1863 Helix lucorum var. rumelica MOUSSON, Vierteljahrsschrift der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft in Zürich 8: 282 [une partie d'Albanie, dans la Rumélie et la Thessalie].

1874 Helix lucorum var. euphratica MARTENS, Vorderasiatische Conchylien 18, Taf. 4, Fig. 22 [Nimrud Dagh (Berg des Nimrud) über Orfa].

1876 Helix schachbulakensis BOURGUIGNAT , Species novissimae molluscorum: 52 [Schachbulak en Arménie].

1883 Helix (Helicogena) taurica mut. martensi, O. BOETTGER, Jahrbücher der deutschen Malakozoologischen Gesellschaft 10: 172, Taf. 4, Fig. 8 [Schemacha in Schirwan].

1883 Helix atrocincta BOURGUIGNAT, Il Naturalista Siciliano 2: 292 [environs de Mantoue, de Pavie, de Verone].

1883 Helix nigrozonata BOURGUIGNAT, Il Naturalista Siciliano 2: 291 [environs de Pavie, de Mantoue].

1883 Helix rypara BOURGUIGNAT, Il Naturalista Siciliano 2: 290: [Trevi (Ombrie), de Florence, (Toscane), de Salo, à l'orient du lac de la Garda (Vénétie).] .

1883 Helix virago BOURGUIGNAT, Il Naturalista Siciliano 2: 265 [Florence].

1889 H. lucorum var. anaphora WESTERLUND, Fauna der in der Paläarctischen Region lebenden Binnenconchylien II: 470 [ Italien bei Bari in Apulien].

1903 Helix (Pomatia) dorylaeensis KOBELT, Iconographie der Land- und Süsswassermollusken 2 (10): 15, Taf. 276, Fig. 1769 [Eski-Sehir].

1904 Helix radiosa f. angustefasciata KOBELT, Iconographie der Land- und Süsswassermollusken 2 (10): 68, Taf. 298, Fig. 1914 [auf dem Markte in Konstantinopel].

1905 Helix (Helicigona) rumelica magnifica KOBELT, Systematisches Conchylien-Cabinet VI : 218, Taf. 353, Fig. 1, 2 [Bujukdere bei Konstantinopel].

1905 Helix (Helicogena) ancyrensis haussknechti KOBELT, Systematisches Conchylien-Cabinet VI : 237, Taf. 358, Fig. 5, 6 [Thatieff (bei Borshom)].

1905 Helix (Helicogena) ancyrensis KOBELT, Systematisches Conchylien-Cabinet VI : 222, Taf. 352, Fig. 3, 4 [Angora (= Ankara) in Kleinasien].

1905 Helix (Helicogena) castanea? quinquefasciata KOBELT, Systematisches Conchylien-Cabinet VI : 220, Taf. 356, Fig. 8 [Markt in Konstantinopel].

1905 Helix (Helicogena) castanea var. bulgarica KOBELT, Systematisches Conchylien-Cabinet VI : 219, Taf. 356, Fig. 5, 7 [Markt in Konstantinopel].

1905 Helix (Helicogena) castanea var. nigerrima KOBELT, Systematisches Conchylien-Cabinet VI : 281, Taf. 372, Fig. 3, 4 [Abhang des RhodopeGebirges gegen Philippopel].

1905 Helix (Helicogena) halepensis KOBELT, Systematisches Conchylien-Cabinet VI : 235, Taf. 346, Fig. 5 , Taf. 357, Fig. 1 [Um Aleppo and am Ostabhang des Giaur Dagh].

1905 Helix (Helicogena) lucorum hueti KOBELT, Systematisches Conchylien-Cabinet VI : 220, Taf. 348, Fig. 4–5 [Um Konstantinopel].

1905 Helix (Helicogena) lucorum loebbeckei KOBELT, Systematisches Conchylien-Cabinet VI : 223, Taf. 350, Fig. 3, 4 [non Helix salisi sensu KOBELT, Iconographie der Land- und Süsswassermollusken 2 (10): 69, Taf. 298, Fig. 1915] [NÖrdlicher Libanon].

1905 Helix (Helicogena) lucorum martensi var. heracleensis KOBELT, Systematisches Conchylien-Cabinet VI : 235, Taf. 351, Fig. 7, 8 [Eregli in Cilicia].

1905 Helix (Helicogena) lucorum martensi var. nigdensis KOBELT, Systematisches Conchylien-Cabinet VI : 234, Taf. 355, Fig. 6, 7 [Niğde in Cilicia].

1905 Helix (Helicogena) lucorum moussoni KOBELT, Systematisches Conchylien-Cabinet VI : 230, Taf. 357, Fig. 2–7 , Taf. 354, Fig. 7, 8 [Östlicher Teil der Südküste des Pontus, in Transkaukasien and dem oberen Euphratgebiet].

1905 Helix (Helicogena) moussoni var. bÖttgeri KOBELT, Systematisches Conchylien-Cabinet VI: 233, Taf. 355, Fig. 4, 5 [Trapezunt].

1905 Helix (Helicogena) onixiomicra var. presbensis KOBELT, Systematisches Conchylien-Cabinet VI : 215, Taf. 353, Fig. 5, 6 [ Albanien am Presba-See].

1906 Helix lucorum minima KOBELT, Iconographie der Land- und Süsswassermollusken 2 (12): 29, Taf. 314, Fig. 1990 [Sinope].

1906 Helix lucorum var. byzantina KOBELT, Iconographie der Land- und Süsswassermollusken 2 (12): 31, Taf. 315, Fig. 1993 [Markt in Konstantinopel].

1907 Helix (Helicogena) everekensis KOBELT, Iconographie der Land- und Süsswassermollusken 2 (13): 19, Taf. 341, Fig. 2112 [Everek, Cilicia].

Type specimens:

lucorum : neotype ZMUC-GAS-292 ( Korábek & al. 2014), H = 39.4, D = 33.24, PH = 19.8, PD = 24.4, PrD = 4.5, W = 5.25; taurica : H =, D =, PH =, PD =; radiosa : holotype SMF 9866, H = 44.3, D = 42.1, PH = 27.1, PD = 26.2; socia : lost?; onixiomicra : syntype MHNG 18131, H = 39.6, D = 40.14, PH = 16.8, PD = 23.5, PrD = 5, W = 6.25; mahometana = castanea : 3 probable syntype (s) MNHN-IM-2000-27768 ( Tillier & Mordan 1983, pl. 6 fig. 1), H = 41.5; rumelica : probable syntypes ZMZ 506264/2, 506269/1: H = 45.48, D = 44.99, PH = 31.02, PD = 27.58, PrD = 4.6, W = 5.5; euphratica: syntype ZMB, H = 41.5, D = 47.8, PH = 26.7, PD = 30.5; schachbulakensis : syntype MHNG 18116, H = 38.4, D = 38.9, PH = 20.2, PD = 24.5; martensi: lost? ( Zilch 1952: 157); virago : syntype MHNG 18137, H = 32.8, D = 40.4, PH = 19.1, PD = 25.2; rypara : syntype MHNG 18133, H = 35.1, D = 43.9, PH = 22.4, PD = 25.2; nigrozonata : syntype MHNG 18058, H = 35.5, D = 39.9, PH = 19, PD = 23.3; atrocincta : syntype MHNG 18124, H = 33.5, D = 36.8, PH = 18.5, PD = 22.5; dorylaeensis : holotype SMF 9800, H = 39.7, D = 48.5, PH = 20.9, PD = 27.7; angustefasciata: holotype SMF 18 945; presbensis: lectotype SMF 9630, H = 46.8, D = 44.7, PH = 18.1, PD = 25.9; quinquefasciata: holotype SMF 9730; hueti: holotype SMF 9864, H = 30.4, D = 35.7, PH = 15.6, PD = 22.4; ancyrensis : holotype SMF 9657, H = 43.3, D = 50.1, PH = 26.8, PD = 32; haussknechti: holotype SMF 9676, H = 45.3, D = 53.8, PH = 29.2, PD = 32; nigdensis: holotype SMF 9873, H = 37.1, D = 39.5, PH = 22.6, PD = 25.6; heracleensis: holotype SMF 9797, H = 35.3, D = 36.7, PH = 23.5, PD = 23.7; nigerrima: holotype SMF 9695, H = 33.5, D = 42, PH = 19.5, PD = 25.2; bulgarica: lectotype SMF 9603, H = 41, D = 46.4, PH = 24.3, PD = 27.9; magnifica: not researched; moussoni : lost?; boettgeri: holotype SMF 19093, H = 42.7, D = 49.4, PH = 22.9, PD = 30.8; halepensis : probable syntype ZMZ 506255; H =, D =, PH =, PD =; minima: lost?; byzantina: holotype SMF 9723, H = 49.5, D = 46.7, PH = 21.8, PD = 28.6; everekensis : holotype SMF 9639, H = 42.3, D = 42.4, PH = 27.2, PD = 27.9; loebbeckei: holotype SMF 9880: H = 47; D = 45.2.

Note: Helix (Helicogena) halepensis KOBELT is based on a Helix specimen (under onixiomicra ) sent to Kobelt by Mousson for publication in the Iconographie. This specimen is not in SMF, however, under ZMZ 506255, there is a single specimen (under onixiomicra ) from "Weg nach Haleb, leg. Schläfli, 1862", which might be this specimen sent back to Mousson.

Specimens examined:

Serbia: Siceva E of Nis, 43.3421 22.0838, 370 m alt., 9.4.1971, NMBE 522329 / 4; Juzna Morava 12 km S Nis, 43.2012 21.8426, 17.4.1987, leg. Kinzelbach, NMBE 512896 / 1; Jelasnicka canyon, E Niska Banja , 43.282 22.0622, 320 m alt., 6.7.2008, NMBE 522507 / 4; Rajkova Cave , Majdanpek, 44.4298 21.9341, 9.7.2008, NMBE 522514 / 1; Pirot, castle, 43.1591 22. 5816, 370 m alt., 9.7.2008, NMBE 522511 / 7; Grncar, ca. 25 Km S Bela Palanka, 43.0197 22. 3469, 370 m alt., 9.7.2008, NMBE 522502 / 1; Zagradze , railway tunnel, 44.0274 22. 2255, 220 m alt., 10.7.1972, NMBE 522521 / 1; old railway station of Boljevac, 43.831 21. 9525, 290 m alt., 10.7.2008, NMBE 522501 /2.

FYROM: Lake Ohrid, campingsite at Struga, 41.125 20.638, 19.6.1987, NMBE 512885 / 2; Kozjak ca. 30 km S Skopje, Brana Lake , 41.89 21.2235, 1040 m alt., 7.7.2008, NMBE 522500 / 1; Prespa Lake, monastery at Kurbinovo , 40.9862 21.055, 1095 m alt., 12.7.1972, NMBE 522524 / 6; NMBE 522520 / 1; Trnica, 6 Km in dir. Debar, Radika River , 41.6992 20. 6477, 895 m alt., 17.7.1972, NMBE 522525 / 2; Ohrid Lake , outlet canal at Struga, 41.174 20. 6782, 695 m alt., 13.8.1971, NMBE 522519 /54.

Kosovo: Pec, 2 km in dir. Rozaje , 42.77 20.28, 28.5.2010, NMBE 23347 / 2 (alk.); Monastery Sveti Jovan Bigorski , 41.6211 20.6093, 29.8.1972, NMBE 522633 /3.

Ukraine: Bakhchisaray , Crimean Peninsula, 44.7493 33. 8546, 170 m alt., 2.6.1976, NMBE 522704 /2.

Bulgaria: Iskar valley "Ritlite", 500–700 m E of Cerepiski Monastir, 43.0933 23. 6247, 425 m alt., 5.5.2008, NMBE 522516 / 3; Kiten, 42.2389 27.7786, 7.5.2008, NMBE 522631 / 3; Rezovo, 41.9832 28.0303, 7.5.2008, NMBE 522515 / 4; Nisava valley, Razboishki Monastir , 43.0173 22. 9824, 630 m alt., 21.5.2007, NMBE 522492 / 1; Ritlite canyon, Iskar River S shore, 43.0988 23. 6183, 260 m alt., 22.5.2007, NMBE 522503 / 3; Gara Lakatnik, Iskar River , 43.0885 23.3845, 400 m alt., 22.5.2007, NMBE 522489 / 4; Baco Kiro, 6 Km SW Drjanovo, 42.9475 25.4299, 26.5.2007, NMBE 522632 / 4; Emen, NW Veliko Tirnovo, 43.1373 25. 3569, 265 m alt., 27.5.2007, NMBE 522508 / 4; Veliko Tirnovo, 43.0705 25. 6351, 155 m alt., 27.5.2007, NMBE 522506 / 4; Dunavci NW Kazanlik , 42.6617 25. 2981, 428 m alt., 28.5.2007, NMBE 522517 / 3; Paril, Hambar Dere canyon, Slavianka Mts. , 41.416 23.6648, 1040 m alt., 29.5.2007, NMBE 522518 / 2; Melnik SSW Goce Delcev , 41.5242 23.3955, 400 m alt., 30.5.2007, NMBE 522491 / 5; Karlukovo , Iskar River S shore, 43.1773 24.0728, 220 m alt., 31.5.2007, NMBE 522513 / 1; Kloster Aladscha NE von Varna, 43.2774 28.0163, 240 m alt., 17.7.1968 522328/1.

Greece: Vogatsiko , bridge 4 Km SE of village, 40.3983 21. 4143, 680 m alt., 10.5.1995, NMBE 522505 / 1; confluent of Megali- and Mikra-Prespa Lakes , 40.8111 21.0706, 855 m alt., 13.7.1990, NMBE 522493 / 3; Mikra-Prespa Lake , 200 m W Mikrolimni, quarry, 40.7419 21. 1078, 885 m alt., 13.7.1990, NMBE 522495 / 3; Mikrolimni , 40.7426 21. 1098, 870 m alt., 10.5.1995, NMBE 522510 / 2; Aetia, 2.2 Km in dir. Grevena , 40.0739 21.2015, 1005 m alt., 24.4.2003, NMBE 522496 / 3; Griva, Gouménissa , 40.9562 22. 4009, 540 m alt., 13.5.2005, NMBE 522504 / 1; crossroads from street Aridéa-Skidra at Néa Zoi , 40.8629 22.1183, 200 m alt., 15.5.2008, NMBE 522490 / 5; Alistrati , canyon 6.5 Km SE village, 41.0224 24.0067, 80 m alt., 23.5.1997, NMBE 522522 / 1; Litohoro , canyon N of village, 40.107 22. 5029, 280 m alt., 25.5.2011, NMBE 522488 / 6; Maronia, Cave of Maronia , 40.89 25.556, 25.7.1990, NMBE 522494 / 2; Avas, 13 Km N of Alexandroupoli, canyon, 40.9366 25.9129, 100 m alt., 26.7.1990, NMBE 522509 / 3; Didimotiho , walls of the castle, 41.351 26.4865, 60 m alt., 26.7.1990, NMBE 522497 / 1; road Véria-Kozani 6 Km in dir. Séli , Vérmio Mts. , 40.4971 22. 1253, 530 m alt., 24.9.1989; NMBE 522499 / 1; skiing center "Séli", Vérmio Mts. , 40.5407, 22.0172, 1540 m alt., 24.9.1989, NMBE 522498 / 1; Agia Paraskevi, Smolikas Mts. , 40.1411 20.9069, 1060 m alt., 25.9.1989, NMBE 522512 / 2; Strimonas at Nea Kerdilia , 40.8093 23.8269, 1983 leg. Kinzelbach, NMBE 512897 / 1; Florina / Makedonia, 40.7887 21. 3759, 750 m alt., 1985, NMBE 512902 / 5; isthmus between Large and Small Prespa Lake , 40.805 21.0714, 1986, leg. Assmuth, NMBE 512905 / 6; ditto, 40.743 21.11, 17.7.1990, NMBE 512888 / 2; Serres , 41.0885 23.5487, 22.09.1984, LIEB (4) ; Samothraki, Chora , 40.4744 25.5258, 10.09.1984, LIEB (4) ; Paläopolis and Chora , 12.09.1984, LIEB (3) ; Edessa, Nisi , 40.82 21.92, 9.5.2003, NMBE 19131 /1.

Turkey: Çannakale, Ezine , 39.7865 26.3405, 08.06.1989 , LIEB (3); Ankara, 39.93 32.86, July 1978, leg. Kazanci , NMBE 512945 /1; Niğde, Sultansazligi, OvaÇiflik , 38.2186 35.0119, 28.3.19984, leg. Kasparek , NMBE 512895 /3; Bursa, summit of the Uludag , 2480 m alt., 40.07 29.19, 2.8.1984 , NMBE 512899 /4; Bursa, Uludag , 2100 m alt, 26.7.1991, leg. Ertan , NMBE 512878 /1; Bursa, Hanife Dere E Karacabey , 40.206 28.433, 6.8.1984 , NMBE 512879 /1; Bursa, Uluabat GÖlü, GÖlyazI, 40.164 28.676, 8.8.1984 , NMBE 512880 /3; Iznik GÖlü, N Ufer , 26 km E Orhangazi, 40.487 29.6, 11.8.1984 , NMBE 512881 /3; Tekirdag, empty barrage 7 km N Kavak , 40.63 26.92, 18.8.1978 , NMBE 512882 /1; Iznik , 40.426 29.716, 6.7.1986 , NMBE 512883 /1; Çannakale , on the shore 5 km S Lapseki, 40.3208 26.6465, 19.4.1987 leg. Kinzelbach , NMBE 512898 /1; Trabzon, Vakfikebir to Tonya , 4 km S Fevziye, 40.95 39.29, 24.7.1988 , NMBE 512886 /2; Kastamonu, castle at OsmancIk , 40.9725 34.8022, 6.8.1989 leg. Kinzelbach , NMBE 512903 /1; close to Azdavay , 41.6421 33.3050, May 2001, leg. A. Riedel ; Bursa, road Bursa to Yenişehir, S Seymen , 40.212 29.393, 19.8.1989 , NMBE 512887 /2; Karacabey, YenikÖy in the delta area of the Hanife Dere , 40.398 28.361, 29.7.1991 , NMBE 512904 /1; Bursa, Uluabat GÖlü, 1.5.1992, 40.1464 28.3911, leg. Tannert ex coll Groh, NMBE 512900 /1 (alk.) , NMBE 512900 /5; Izmir, Salihli, road Sahlili to Balikesir, below the barrage of KÖprübasi, 38.61 28.31, 17.4.1993 , NMBE 512889 /1; Bursa, KaraÇabey, northern slope of Kara Dag 2 km W Kursunlu, 24.4.1993, 40.4 28.254 , NMBE 512893 /5; Bursa, KaraÇabey, forests south of YenikÖy Plaji , 21.4.1993, 40.392 28.354 , NMBE 512892 /1; Bursa, KaraÇabey , beach of YenikÖy Plaji, 40.398 28.361 , NMBE 512891 /2; Bursa, delta of the Hanife Dere (= KoÇaÇay) at Ballikaya 19.4.1993, 40.38, 28.44 , NMBE 512890 /1; Kastamonu, road OsmancIk to Samsun, 30 km E OsmancIk, 40.963 35.095, 27.4.1993 , NMBE 512894 /1; Akşehir, Madenli at YalvaÇ, 1 km in direction to YalvaÇ, 38.1912 31.1034, UH 32, SMNS/ NORDS; Beyşehir , Üstünler at Beyşehir , at the crossroads to Yesildag , 37.5886 31.5592, 29.5.1995, UG 76, SMNS/NORDS; Konya, 37.8621 32.4985, SMNS/NORDS (6); Bitlis, vegetation 25 km SE Tatvan, 38.4674 42.4814, 21.8.1992 , NMBE 505489 /1 (alk.); Behrankale, Assos , 39.4905 26.3368, 24.05.1988 , LIEB (3); Ankara, Bogazkale, canyon of the BudakÖyü Çay , 40.0171 34.6065, 28.07.1993 , LIEB (2 juv.); Samsun, slope between Kava Samsun and Atakum , 41.3079 36.1027, 23.07.1993 , LIEB (3); Trabzon, Cephanelik ( Russian depot), 40.9870 39.7215, 19.07.1993 , LIEB (3); Gümüşhane, Harsit Çayi bei Marmancik , 6 km SE Torul, 40.53 39.34, 13.7.1986 , NMBE 512884 /1; Çoruh, BorÇka, 2 km in direction to Muratli , 41.3784 41.6777, 08.07.1993 , LIEB (1); Izmir, Bergama, Asklepion , 39.1315 27.1851, 29.09.2001 , LIEB (8); GÖkÇeada, Merkez in direction to KalekÖy , 40.2141 25.9004, 13.05.1988 , LIEB (4); GÖkÇeada, between Merkez and the barrage, 40.1846 25.8781, 13.06.1989 , LIEB (6); Dere (= DerekÖy), Bozkir , Konya, 37.176 32.1666, 1260 m alt., 13.10.2001 , NMBE 522523 /7; Antalya, 1 Km N von Çobanisa (= ca. 12 Km NE von Elmalı ), 1200 m ü. NN, 36.8743 30.0375, 10.6.1987 , NMBE 522526 /1; Amasra , city walls of Zonguldak, 41.4531 31.7926, leg. Hausdorf 669.

Iran: Kaleybar NW of Täbris, 38.8665 47.0368, leg. Mansoorian, SMF 320167/4.

Diagnosis: large, heavy shells, shell colour reddish to chestnut brown, peripheral zone of shell with a broad white spiral, aperture subquadrate, dark to light brown, umbilicus slightly open.

Description: shell large, heavy, depressed spherical, basic colour reddish to chestnut brown; protoconch consisting of 2.5 relatively small, smooth, white whorls; teleoconch of 3–4 whorls, body whorl large to very large, colour bands usually blurred to two broad supra- and sub-peripheral band, separat- ed by a broad white spiral peripheral zone; shell often with broad, white axial flames; shell sculptured with densely arranged growth riblets, spiral grooves very fine to completely missing; last whorl only slightly descending below the white periphery; aperture subquadrate, labial callus present, dark to light brown, columellar triangle small; umbilicus always slightly open.

Genital organs( Figs 56–59): penis club-shaped, epiphallus reaching the same length as penis; flagellum extremely long, exceeding the length of epiphallus+penis> fivefold; mrp attaching in a central to distal position on the epiphallus; internally, pp1 short, with a central perforation, often only poorly developed, penial chamber short, filled with a few ring-like pilasters crossed by few elongate folds, pp2 usually stronger than pp1, elongate conical with a central perforation and some ring-like lamellae on the surface; female system with a very short vaginal tube, dart sac and glandulae mucosae strongly developed, the glandulae with a basic stem, multi-branched, usually much longer than dart sac; pedunculus stem long, with a thick and short diverticulum, bursa copulatrix stem shorter than pedunculus stem, vesicle rounded and bent downwards.

Distribution ( Fig. 60 ): Helix lucorum is a widespread species ranging from coastal southern France and northern Italy through Albania ( Dhora & Welter-Schultes 1996), the central Balkan area, Turkey, the southern Caucasus to Iran. It is a species confined to habitats ranging from open woodlands to subarid steppe-like areas. It is quite likely that this species has been introduced to France and Italy since Roman times, where it was used as a food resource.

Remarks: This species is quite variable in shell shape and coloration, but usually can be easily identified by the presence of the white peripheral spiral band in combination with the heavy depressed shell and a brown apertural lip. One widespread colour form displays large white, axial flames, and has received the name " radiosa " or " radiata ". However, this form can be observed in many populations together with the more common colour form, and thus cannot be separated as a taxon in its own rights. However, in north-western Turkey, a remarkable group of populations can be observed (Zonguldak). The shells of this form are smaller, more depressed to bluntly keeled, with an almost rectangular whitish aperture, more pronounced riblets, and an open umbilicus. They may probably be identical with the form described as Helix lucorum minima KOBELT , from Sinop. The anatomical investigation of this form did not show any major deviation from the common type, and no taxonomic decisions have been taken so far ( Figs 55 , 58–59). The presence of H. lucorum in northern Lebanon (under salisi = loebbeckei from Tripolis) could not be corroborated by modern collections.

Figures

Figs 30–38. Helix (Helix) lucorum LINNAEUS, 1758. Fig. 30 radiosa, holotype SMF 9866, "Taurien", D = 42.1; Fig. 31 onixiomicra, syntype MHNG 18131, Montagnes de Montenegro, D = 39.6; Fig. 32 presbensis, lectotype SMF 9630, Albanien am Presba-See, D = 44.7; Fig. 33 nigerrima, holotype SMF 9695, Abhang des Rhodope-Gebirges gegen Philippopel, D = 42; Fig. 34 nigrozonata, syntype MHNG 18058, environs de Pavie, de Mantoue, D = 39.9; Fig. 35 atrocincta, syntype MHNG 18124, environs de Pavie, D = 36.8; Fig. 36 rypara, syntype MHNG 18133, Trevi (Ombrie), D = 43.9; Fig. 37 virago, syntype MHNG 18137, Florence, D = 40.4; Fig. 38 haussknechti, holotype SMF 9676, Thatieff (bei Borshom), D = 53.8. — All photos Neubert, original size.

Figs 1–9. Helix (Helix) pomatia LINNAEUS, 1758. Fig. 1 compacta, syntype SMF 9573, D = 50.07, Hungary "Gestrüppe der Berglehnen"; Fig. 2 pulskyana, syntype SMF 9525/2a, Hungary "Inseln der Donau", D = 36.6; Fig. 3 hajnaldiana, syntype SMF 9658, Hungary "Budapest, im botanischen Garten", D = 34.1; Fig. 4 solitaria, syntype SMF 74708/2a, D = 31.1; Fig. 5 sabulosa, syntype SMF 9524, D = 40.5, Fig. 6 expansilabris, holotype SMF 9538, D = 45.5; Fig. 7 luteola, holotype SMF 9527, D = 34.6; Fig. 8 pannonica, lectotype SMF 9535, D = 40.5, Fig. 9 lednicensis, syntype SMF 9534/2a, D = 38.3. — All photos Neubert, original size.

Fig. 22. Helix (Helix) pomatia LINNAEUS, 1758. Genital organs, NMBE 520671, Greece, Sidirónero, 12.9 Km in dir. Livaderó, situs 63.24. — All photos Neubert.

Fig. 60. Helix (Helix) lucorum LINNAEUS, 1758, distribution in southeast Europe.

Figs 50–55. Helix (Helix) lucorum LINNAEUS, 1758. Fig. 50 Helix mahometana BOURGUIGNAT, 1860, MHNG 18130, Turkey, Daoud Pacha près Constantinople, coll. Bourguignat, D = 48.05; Fig. 51 rumelica, probable syntype ZMZ 506269/1, Rumelien, coll. Mousson ex Friwaldsky, 1845, D = 44.99; Fig. 52 holotype loebbeckei SMF 9880, "nördlicher Libanon", D = 45.2; Fig. 53 SMF 320167, Iran Aserbeidschan, Kaleybar NE Täbris, D = 39.61; Fig. 54 coll. MENK, Turkey, 2.9 km S Koyluca, D = 40.8; Fig. 55 HAU 669, Turkey, old city walls of Zonguldak, D = 32.18. — All photos Neubert, original size.