Paurocephalini Vondráček, 1963

Aléné Geonho Cho, Daniel Burckhardt Liliya Š. Serbina Igor Malenovský Dalva L. Queiroz Désirée C. & Percy, Diana M., 2024, Phylogeny and classification of jumping plant lice of the subfamily Liviinae (Hemiptera: Psylloidea: Liviidae) based on molecular and morphological data, Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 201 (2), pp. 387-421 : 408

Paurocephalini Vondráček, 1963 , stat. rev.

Paurocephalinae Vondráček 1963: 277 . Synonymized with Liviinae by Burckhardt and Ouvrard 2012: 16.

=DiclidophlebiiniBekker-Migdisova1973:100.Synonymized with Paurocephalinae by Burckhardt and Mifsud 2003: 8.

=Sinuonemopsyllinae Li 2011: 373. Synonymized with Liviinae by Burckhardt and Ouvrard 2012: 16. Syn. nov.

Diagnosis: Preocular sclerite not developed; subgenae not differentiated into separate sclerites. Antenna 10 segments, rarely eight or nine segments. Apex of distal portion of aedeagus differentiated from stem.—Immature. Antenna 3–10 segments; flagellum usually with sectasetae. Tarsal arolium small, petiolate; petiole broad, often with lateral appendages ( Fig. 9L ).

Comments: The monophyly of Paurocephalini is strongly supported in the molecular analyses ( Fig. 10 ; Supporting Information, File S4). In the morphological analyses, the tribe is supported by three synapomorphies (and two homoplasies) ( Fig. 11 ). It includes seven genera.

Figures

Figure 9. Male terminalia and tarsal arolium of immature Liviinae: A, G, L, Klyveria crassiflagellata (Burckhardt); B, H, Liella cf. insolita (Mifsud and Burckhardt); C, Diclidophlebia fremontiae (Klyver); D, Diclidophlebia leptonychiae Burckhardt et al.; E, Haplaphalara dahli (Rübsaamen); F, Haplaphalara irvingiae (Burckhardt et al.); I, Melanastera lucens (Burckhardt et al.); J, Psyllopsis fraxini (Linnaeus); K, Livia junci (Schrank); N, Melanastera Brazil. A, B, male proctiger, in lateral view; C–I, apex of proximal portion and distal portion(s) of aedeagus; J–N, tarsal arolium of fifth instar immature.Scales A, B = 0.05 mm; C–I = 0.05 mm; J–N, = 0.05 mm.

Figure 10. Maximum likelihood (ML-mix) tree resulting from a mixture (heterotachous) model (–m GTR+H4 option in IQ TREE) based on the molecular data of the Liviidae and showing the three subfamilies Euphyllurinae, Neophyllurinae, and Liviinae, and two tribes Liviini and Paurocephalini. The numbers below the branches represent the bootstrap values of ≥50. Nodes with boostrap values of <50 are shown in interrupted lines.Light blue and yellow bars indicate the non-monophyletic genera, Diclidophlebia and Haplaphalara.

Figure 11. Phylogeny of the Liviidae showing strict consensus tree of the most parsimonious trees based on morphological data (character matrix in Supporting Information, File S2) and obtained with ‘Traditional search’ in TNT using equal weights.‘Unambiguous changes only’ in WINCLADA was used to optimize the character states on the cladogram. Black circles represent synapomorphies, light circles homoplasies; numbers above circles refer to characters numbers, number below to the character states (Table 2). Host plants of Liviini: Malpigiales, Poa, Poales, Ran, Ranunculales; of Paurocephalini:representation of members of Malvales. Distribution: Afrotropics (Afr), Australasia (Aus), Indomalaya (Ind), Nearctic (Nea), Neotropics (Neo), Oceania (Oce), Palaearctic (Pal).