Chiroderma trinitatum, G. G. Goodwin, 1958

Don E. Wilson & Russell A. Mittermeier, 2019, Phyllostomidae, Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions, pp. 444-583 : 553

144.

Little Big-eyed Bat

Chiroderma trinitatum

French: Chiroderme orné / German: Kleine GroRaugenfledermaus / Spanish: Quirodermo pequeno

Taxonomy. Chiroderma trinitatus [sic] G. G. Goodwin, 1958 ,

“Cumaca, Trinidad, British West Indies, altitude about 1000 feet [= 304 mj.”

Revision using modern techniques might change the status of subspecies. Two subspecies recognized.

Subspecies and Distribution.

C.t.trinitatumG.G.Goodwin,1958—EColombia,Venezuela,theGuianas,Amazonianand:CBrazil,EEcuador,EPern,andBolivia;alsoonTrinidadI.

C. t. gorgasi Handley, 1960 — Costa Rica, Panama, W Colombia, and NW Ecuador.

Descriptive notes. Head—body 50-64 mm (tailless), ear 13-18 mm, hindfoot 8-13 mm, forearm 36-7-42-9 mm; weight 11-18 g. Dorsal fur of the Little Big-eyed Bat is brownish, but a completely white individual was recorded in Peru. Dorsal hairs are tricolored, with brown bases, buff middles, and brown distal tips. Prominent white median dorsal stripe extends from interscapular region to rump. Head has prominent supraocular and subocular stripes of entirely white hairs. Rostrum is relatively short. Ears are brownish, with yellowish bases and yellowish margins. Tragusis yellowish and ¢.25% of ear length. Noseleaf is simple, unnotched at tip, and brown, with yellowish margins on horseshoe and base of spear. Underparts are grayish. Wing membranes are blackish except for translucent area between second and third fingers. Uropatagium is hairy and well developed, with notch nearlevel of knees. Proximal two-thirds of forearm is hairy. Tail is absent. Skull has moderately deep notch on nasal region that does not reach interorbital region. Postorbital processes are well developed. Palate is relatively broad, without median post-palatal process. Sagittal crest is inconspicuous. I' are bluntly pointed, convergent, and in contact at tips. Mandible has prominent angular and coronoid processes. P,is tall, and crown is ¢.66% height of P,. M, is massive and longer than M, and has five well-defined cusps. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 26 and FN = 483, with nine pairs of metacentric or submetacentric and three pairs of subtelocentric autosomes. X-chromosome is subtelocentric, and Y-chromosome is submetacentric.

Habitat. Humid tropical forests from near sea level to elevations of ¢. 1000 m (more common in lowlands). The Little Big-eyed Bat occurs in the entire Amazonian rainforest, including more dry transitional areas in Brazil (Mato Grosso) and Bolivia (Beni, Santa Cruz). It occurs in the humid Choc6é in western foothills of the Andes and in evergreen forests in Central America ( Costa Rica and Panama).

Food and Feeding. In Panama, 60% of the diet of the Little Big-eyed Bat was Ficus (Moraceae) ; Ficus popenoei was the most important species. Seeds of Ficus were also reported in diets in the Brazilian Amazon.It eats fruits of Piper elongatum (Piperaceae) , Vismia (Hypericaceae) , and Solanum riparium ( Solanaceae ) in Bolivia and Cecropia obtusifolia ( Urticaceae ) in Colombia. In the Peruvian Amazon, it visits mineral licks to drink accumulated mineral-rich water; it was more common at undisturbed mineral licks than human-disturbed ones.

Breeding. In Central America, pregnant Little Big-eyed Bats were captured in February and May. In South America, pregnant females were caught in February-March and July (Amazonia of Colombia and Venezuela), March ( Trinidad), and June-July ( Colombia and Brazil). One young is born per pregnancy.

Activity patterns. The Little Big-eyed Bat is more common in canopies than lower forest strata. In Brazil and French Guiana, more than 80% of captures were made in the canopy. In French Guiana, individuals were captured in nets set 17 -20m high. On Trinidad Island, a single individual was caught in a well-lit cave that was also occupied by a Little Big-eared Bat ( Micronycteris megalotis ). Echolocation calls recorded in Trinidad are characterized by short (1-4 milliseconds) FM multiharmonic call, with peak frequency of 96-9 kHz.

Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.

Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Little Big-eyed Bat has a wide distribution and occurs in several protected areas and relatively undisturbed forests of the Amazon Basin.

Bibliography. Bonaccorso (1979), Brosset et al. (2001), Davis et al. (1964), Delaval et al. (2005), Garbino et al. (2012), Gardner (2008b), Ghanem & Voigt (2014), Goodwin (1958a), Goodwin & Greenhall (1961), Handley (1960), Jones, Smith & Turner (1971), Kalko & Handley (2001), Linares & Moreno-Mosquera (2010), Loayza et al. (2006), Pio et al. (2010), Simmons & Voss (1998), Tello et al. (2014).

Figures

143. Guadeloupean Big-eyed Bat (Charoderma tmprovisum), 144. Little Big-eyed Bat (Charoderma trinitatum), 145. Salvin’s Big-eyed Bat (Chiroderma salvini), 146. Hairy Big-eyed Bat (Chiroderma villosum), 147. Brazilian Big-eyed Bat (Chiroderma doriae), 148. Vizotto’s Big-eyed Bat (Chiroderma vizottoi), 149. Bidentate Yellow-eared Bat (Vampyriscus bidens), 150. Brock’s Yellow-eared Bat (Vampyriscus brocki), 151. Striped Yellow-eared Bat (Vampyriscus nymphaea), 152. Baker’s Tent-making Bat (Uroderma bakeri), 153. Common Tent-making Bat (Uroderma bilobatum), 154. Pacific Tent-making Bat (Uroderma convexum), 155. Davis’s Tent-making Bat (Uroderma dauvisi), 156. Brown Tent-making Bat (Uroderma magnirostrum), 157. Kalko’s Yellow-eared Bat (Vampyressa elisabethae), 158. Melissa’s Yellow-eared Bat (Vampyressa melissa), 159. Quechuan Yellow-eared Bat (Vampyressa sinchi), 160. Northern Little Yellow-eared Bat (Vampyressa thyone), 161. Southern Little Yellow-eared Bat (Vampyressa pusilla), 162. MacConnell’s Bat (Mesophylla macconnelli), 163. Caracciolo’s Stripe-faced Bat (Vampyrodes caraccioli), 164. Great Stripe-faced Bat (Vampyrodes major)

Subspecies and Distribution. C.t.trinitatumG.G.Goodwin,1958—EColombia,Venezuela,theGuianas,Amazonianand:CBrazil,EEcuador,EPern,andBolivia;alsoonTrinidadI. C. t. gorgasi Handley, 1960 — Costa Rica , Panama , W Colombia , and NW Ecuador .