Chiroderma salvini, Dobson, 1878

Don E. Wilson & Russell A. Mittermeier, 2019, Phyllostomidae, Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions, pp. 444-583 : 553-554

145.

Salvin’s Big-eyed Bat

Chiroderma salvini

French: Chiroderme de Salvin / German: Salvin-Grof 3augenfledermaus / Spanish: Quirodermo de Salvin

Other common names: Dwarf Big-eyed Bat (scopaeum)

Taxonomy. Chiroderma salvini Dobson, 1878 ,

Costa Rica.

Two subspecies are recognized.

Subspecies and Distribution.

C.s.salviniDobson,1878—fromEMexico(SVeracruz)SthroughCentralAmericatoNW&WSouthAmerica,includingN&WVenezuela,N&WColombia,Ecuador,NW&EPeru,NE&WBrazil(Tocantins,Rondo6nia,andMatoGrosso),andBolivia.Brazilianrecordsaredubious,theycouldrepresenttheHairyBig-eyedBat(Chirodermavillosum).

C. s. scopaeum Handley, 1966 — W Mexico (from S Chihuahua S to Oaxaca). Records from Guatemala correspond to subspecies salvina.

Descriptive notes. Head-body 66-89 mm (tailless), ear 17-20 mm, hindfoot 12-15 mm, forearm 48-53 mm; weight 25-5—-41 g for nominate salvini ; head—body 65-80 mm (tailless), forearm 43-47 mm; weight 19-28 g for scopaeum. Dorsal fur of Salvin’s Big-eyed Batis grayish. Dorsal hairs are tricolored, with dark brown basal bands, buff middles, and light or dark brown distal bands. Prominent white median dorsal stripe extends from interscapular region to rump. Head has prominent supraocular and subocular stripes formed by white hairs. Ears have yellowish bases and are brownish on distal one-half. Tragus is ¢.33% of ear length and yellowish. Noseleaf is simple, unnotched at tip, brown, and yellowish on lateral part of horseshoe. Underparts are grayish. Wing membranes are blackish except for translucent area between second and third fingers. Uropatagium is hairy and well developed, with notch near level of knees. Proximal two-thirds of forearm is hairy. Tail is absent. Skull has deep notch on nasal region, reaching anteriormost part of interorbital region. Postorbital processes are prominent. Palate is relatively broad and straight at end, without median postpalatal process. Sagittal crest is well developed. I' are in contact at tips. Mandible has prominent angular and coronoid processes. P, is small, and crown is ¢.33% the height of P, but with well-defined main cusp. M, is massive, longer than M, and with five conspicuous cusps. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 26 and FN = 48, with nine pairs of metacentric or submetacentric and three pairs of subtelocentric autosomes. X-chromosome is subtelocentric, and Y-chromosome is submetacentric.

Habitat. Moist forests (nominal subspecies captured at elevations of 611-2240 m in northern and western Venezuela, 450-1920 m in Peru, and 590 m and 1460 m in Panama) and deciduous dry forests and cultivation areas (“Dwarf Big-eyed Bat,” C. s. scopaeum from near sea level up to 1722 m).

Food and Feeding. Nominal subspecies consumes Ficus insipida and Poulsenia armata ( Moraceae ) in Colombia. Pollen of Pachira aquatica ( Malvaceae ) was found on Salvin’s Big-eyed Bats in Veracruz ( Mexico). Dwarf Big-eyed Bats visited flowers of Pachycereus weber: ( Cactaceae ), but they were not covered in pollen.

Breeding. In Peru, pregnant Salvin’s Big-eyed Bats were captured in September—-October. In northern Venezuela, pregnancies were recorded in July-August. In Central America ( Guatemala and Panama) and on Pacific coast of Colombia, pregnant females were recorded in January-June. One young is born per pregnancy.

Activity patterns. In Darien gold mines in Panama, a Salvin’s Big-eyed Bat was caught while flying through a lit corridor. In Venezuela, a specimen was captured by hand inside a house.

Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.

Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Salvin’s Big-eyed Bat has a wide distribution and occurs in protected areas, but nominal subspecies is associated with mountainous areas and degradation of this type of habitat might affect its populations.

Bibliography. Aimazéan-Catalan et al. (2009), Dobson (1878), Gardner (2008b), Goldman (1920), Handley (1966b, 1966¢, 1976), Herndndez-Montero & Sosa (2016), Maas et al. (2018), Moreno-Mosquera (2011), Pacheco et al. (2007), Reid & Langtimm (1993), Rocha et al. (2016), Solari et al. (2006), Valiente-Banuet et al. (1997), Zarazua-Carbajal et al. (2017).

Figures

143. Guadeloupean Big-eyed Bat (Charoderma tmprovisum), 144. Little Big-eyed Bat (Charoderma trinitatum), 145. Salvin’s Big-eyed Bat (Chiroderma salvini), 146. Hairy Big-eyed Bat (Chiroderma villosum), 147. Brazilian Big-eyed Bat (Chiroderma doriae), 148. Vizotto’s Big-eyed Bat (Chiroderma vizottoi), 149. Bidentate Yellow-eared Bat (Vampyriscus bidens), 150. Brock’s Yellow-eared Bat (Vampyriscus brocki), 151. Striped Yellow-eared Bat (Vampyriscus nymphaea), 152. Baker’s Tent-making Bat (Uroderma bakeri), 153. Common Tent-making Bat (Uroderma bilobatum), 154. Pacific Tent-making Bat (Uroderma convexum), 155. Davis’s Tent-making Bat (Uroderma dauvisi), 156. Brown Tent-making Bat (Uroderma magnirostrum), 157. Kalko’s Yellow-eared Bat (Vampyressa elisabethae), 158. Melissa’s Yellow-eared Bat (Vampyressa melissa), 159. Quechuan Yellow-eared Bat (Vampyressa sinchi), 160. Northern Little Yellow-eared Bat (Vampyressa thyone), 161. Southern Little Yellow-eared Bat (Vampyressa pusilla), 162. MacConnell’s Bat (Mesophylla macconnelli), 163. Caracciolo’s Stripe-faced Bat (Vampyrodes caraccioli), 164. Great Stripe-faced Bat (Vampyrodes major)

Subspecies and Distribution. C.s.salviniDobson,1878—fromEMexico(SVeracruz)SthroughCentralAmericatoNW&WSouthAmerica,includingN&WVenezuela,N&WColombia,Ecuador,NW&EPeru,NE&WBrazil(Tocantins,Rondo6nia,andMatoGrosso),andBolivia.Brazilianrecordsaredubious,theycouldrepresenttheHairyBig-eyedBat(Chirodermavillosum). C. s. scopaeum Handley, 1966 — W Mexico (from S Chihuahua S to Oaxaca). Records from Guatemala correspond to subspecies salvina.