Cynopoecilini

Loureiro, Marcelo, Sá, Rafael de, Serra, Sebastián W., Alonso, Felipe, Lanés, Luis Esteban Krause, Volcan, Matheus Vieira, Calviño, Pablo, Nielsen, Dalton, Duarte, Alejandro & Garcia, Graciela, 2018, Review of the family Rivulidae (Cyprinodontiformes, Aplocheiloidei) and a molecular and morphological phylogeny of the annual fish genus Austrolebias Costa 1998, Neotropical Ichthyology 16 (3), pp. 1-20 : 7-8

Cynopoecilini. Costa (2016a) proposed seven synapomorphies for Cynopoecilini, based on a previous total combined (morphological and mitochondrial) phylogenetic analysis ( Costa, 2016b). Five of them already described in Costa (2008a): 1. vomer teeth absent; 2. ventral process of angulo-articular vestigial or absent; 3. posterior process of quadrate wide ( Fig. 1d ); 4. symplectic elongate ( Fig. 1d ), 5. supraorbital scales absent (according to Ferrer et al., 2014, reversed in some Cynopoecilus Reagan species); 6. distinctive postero-ventral process on autopalatine; and 7. E-scales not overlapped “(reversed in Cynopoecilus feltrini )”.

Previously proposed synapomorphies for Cynopoecilini ( Costa 2008a; Ferrer et al., 2014), changed after the description of a new genus ( Mucurilebias Costa ) created by Costa (2014a) to include “ Leptolebias leitaoi (da Cruz & Peixoto) ” in the phylogenetic analysis ( Costa, 2016a). The muscular fibers circularly arranged around the base of the urogenital papilla forming an ejaculatory pump became synapomorphies for the sister genera Campellolebias Vaz-Ferreira & Sierra de Soriano and Cynopoecilus ; the minute contact organs along margin of flank scales in males became a synapomorphy of the clade composed by Leptolebias Myers , Leptopanchax Costa , Campellolebias and Cynopoecilus . A green iris (blue to yellowish-green in males, in Ferrer et al., 2014) remains the only synapomorphy for Cynopoecilus . A reticulated egg envelope (chorion) with mushroom-like projections and a supraorbital series of neuromasts anteriorly interrupted are synapomorphies of a clade composed by all genera except Mucurilebias . Additional proposed synapomorphies are a short mesopterygoid ( Costa, 2008a), dorsal and anal fins twisted in males during courtship behavior and four to seven neuromasts on the caudal-fin base ( Ferrer et al., 2014).

The tribe is composed of seven genera distributed in Atlantic coastal drainages of southeastern and south Brazil and eastern Uruguay ( Costa, 2016a): Notholebias Costa , with four small-sized species (max. 30 mm SL) from southeastern Brazil; Mucurilebias , monotypic and small-sized (max. 30 mm SL) genus with similar distribution; Leptolebias , with one small-sized species (max. 29 mm SL) with similar distribution; Leptopanchax , a genus created by Costa (2016a) to fix the paraphyly of Leptolebias found in Costa (2016b), composed of five species with similar distribution; Campellolebias , four small-sized species (max. 32 mm SL) with similar distribution and with the development of pseudogonopodium involved in internal fertilization; Cynopoecilus , six small-sized (max. 40 mm SL), distributed in floodplains of the Jacuí river basin and coastal basins of southern Brazil and eastern Uruguay. This genus also presents internal insemination.

Figures

Fig. 1. Suspensorium of a. Kryptolebias caudomarginatus (Seegers) (modified from Costa, 1998), b. Pterolebias longipinnis Garman, c. Papiliolebias bitteri (Costa), d. Cynopoecilus melanotaenia (Reagan), e. Ophthalmolebias constanciae (Myers), f. Austrolebias vazferreirai (Berkenkamp, Etzel, Reichert & Salvia). “a” = autopalatine, hy = hyomandibula, “mrpr” = median rim of preopercle, “ms” = mesopterygoid, “mt” = metapterygoid, “pro” = preopercle, “q” = quadrate, “sy” = symplectic. Scale bar = 1 mm.