Anopheles (Anopheles) prachongae Rattanarithikul & Harrison

Harbach, Ralph E., Rattanarithikul, Rampa & Harrison, Bruce A., 2017, Anopheles prachongae, a new species of the Gigas Complex of subgenus Anopheles (Diptera: Culicidae) in Thailand, contrasted with known forms of the complex, Zootaxa 4236 (1), pp. 65-81 : 66-78

Anopheles (Anopheles) prachongae Rattanarithikul & Harrison , n. sp.

Anopheles n. sp. near An. gigas of Rattanarithikul et al., 2006 (Thailand, ♀* L* keys, larval habitats).

Diagnosis. Anopheles prachongae is very similar to other members of the Gigas Complex. Females resemble the other members in having basal, humeral, presector, subcostal and apical pale spots on the costal vein of the wings (a preapical pale spot is only present on the costa of An. gigas simlensis ). Combinations of characters that distinguish females of An. prachongae and the other members of the Gigas Complex are contrasted in Table 1. Morphological differences of the larval and pupal stages are contrasted in Table 2. Features that distinguish An. prachongae and An. baileyi , the only members of the Gigas Complex known to occur in Thailand, are contrasted in Table 3 .

Female. A fairly large brown mosquito with conspicuously spotted wings and narrowly banded tarsi. Head: Vertex largely with erect brown scales, with well-marked patch of erect pale scales before interocular space; interocular space with pale setae and narrow pale scales. Antenna about 0.75 length of proboscis; pedicel with mixture of brown and paler scales on mesal, dorsal and lateral surfaces; flagellomere 1 with mesal patch of brown and paler scales, other flagellomeres without scales. Proboscis length about 2.7 mm, about 1.1 length of forefemur, entirely dark-scaled, slightly shaggy in proximal 0.5, labella also dark. Maxillary palpus slightly shorter than proboscis, dark-scaled with hint of pale scales dorsally at apices of palpomeres 3 and 4, palpomere 5 entirely darkscaled, palpomeres 1 and 2 particularly shaggy. Thorax: Scutum brown laterally, with broad central pale longitudinal stripe consisting of silvery white tomentum and fine golden setae; anterior promontory with erect brownish pale scales medially; scutellum with golden piliform scales along bases of large golden setae in a complete transverse posterior row. Paratergite, mesopostnotum and postpronotum bare. Antepronotum with golden TABLE. I. COmpaľỉSOŊ Of mOľphOƚOǥỉƇaƚ ƇhaľaƇŧeľỉSŧỉƇS Of ađuƚŧ femaƚeS Of ŧhe GỉǥaS COmpƚeX. umaŧľaŊ fOľmS aľe hỉǥhƚỉǥhŧeđ ỉŊ paƚe ǥľay. AppaľeŊŧ đỉaǥŊOSŧỉƇ feaŧuľeS aľe ỉŊ ƚaľǥeľ ƀOƚđfaƇe ŧype.

ỉSŧOpheľS (Ɩ9³Ɩ) đeSƇľỉƀeđ ŧwO fOľmS (a aŊđ ƀ) Of SSp. simlensis ( aS *aľ. simlensis ) ỉŊ ŧhe ŊOľŧheľŊ KaShmỉľ ľeǥỉOŊ Of ΙŊđỉa. Ρaƚe fľỉŊǥe SpOŧS Mƻ aŊđ M³+4 aľe aƀSeŊŧ ỉŊ fOľm a, whỉƇh, aS ỉSŧOpheľS ŊOŧeđ, “…SOmewhaŧ ƇƚOSeƚy appľOXỉmaŧeS ŧO *aľ. baileyi aŊđ maŊy maƚeS ShOw a ƇOŊđỉŧỉOŊ Of ŧhe fľỉŊǥe whỉƇh ỉS ỉŊđỉSŧỉŊǥuỉShaƀƚe fľOm ŧhaŧ ỉŊ *aľ. baileyi .”

feaŧuľeS aľe ỉŊ ƚaľǥeľ ƀOƚđfaƇe ŧype.

Taxon Distribution* Pupa, seta 5- Pupa, paddle, Larva, seta 2-C Larva, seta 3-C Larva, seta 4-C Larva, seta Larva, pecten, IV.VII apex 1-P large spines

. baileyi BaŊǥƚađeSh, BľaŊƇheđ, aƀOuŧ aS Truncate ỉŊǥƚe, = 0.³ ĿOŊǥ, SỉŊǥƚe USuaƚƚy SỉŊǥƚe (Ɩ,ƻ) 4’Ɩ0 8’ƖƖ(9)

CamƀOđỉa?, ƚOŊǥ aS Seŧa Ɩ ƚeŊǥŧh Of heađ ƀľaŊƇheS Ch ỉŊa, ΙŊđỉa, ĿaOS,

MyaŊmaľ, Nepaƚ,

ΤaỉwaŊ, Τỉƀeŧ,

ΤhaỉƚaŊđ, MỉeŧŊam

. prachongae ΤhaỉƚaŊđ BľaŊƇheđ, aƀOuŧ aS EmaľǥỉŊaŧe ỉŊǥƚe, = 0.³ ĿOŊǥ, ƀľaŊƇheđ USuaƚƚy đOuƀƚe (Ɩ’³) ³’8 ƽ’7(6)

ƚOŊǥ aS Seŧa Ɩ ƚeŊǥŧh Of heađ ƀľaŊƇheS

. gigas

. crockeri aƀah, MaƚaySỉa BľaŊƇheđ, EmaľǥỉŊaŧe ỉŊǥƚe, ƚOŊǥ,> ĿOŊǥ, Ɩ’³ ŧOuŧ, uSuaƚƚy SỉŊǥƚe Oľ 4’6? maľkeđƚy ƚOŊǥeľ 0.ƽ ƚeŊǥŧh Of ƀľaŊƇheS, uSuaƚƚy ƀỉfỉđ aŧ ŧỉp ƀľaŊƇheS ŧhaŊ Seŧa Ɩ heađ aŧ ŧỉp

. danaubento umaŧľa??? ĿOŊǥ, ƀľaŊƇheđ 0.ƽ’0.7 ƚeŊǥŧh Of ³‒C, 7’9? SỉŊǥƚe Oľ few ƀľaŊƇheS ƀľaŊƇheS

. formosus ΡhỉƚỉppỉŊeS BľaŊƇheđ, EmaľǥỉŊaŧe ỉŊǥƚe, ĿOŊǥ, SỉŊǥƚe Oľ = 0.ƽ ƚeŊǥŧh Of ³‒C, ƽ’Ɩ0 đỉSŧỉŊƇŧƚy ShOľŧeľ OƇƇaSỉOŊaƚly Spƚỉŧ ƻ’6 ƀľaŊƇheS ƻ’8 ƀľaŊƇheS ƀľaŊƇheS ŧhaŊ Seŧa Ɩ ỉŊŧO ŧwO

. gigas ΙŊđỉa?? ỉŊǥƚe ĿOŊǥ, ƻ’6 = ƚeŊǥŧh Of ³‒C, SỉŊǥƚe, ³’8 6’8 ƀľaŊƇheS SOmeŧỉmeS ƀľaŊƇheđ ƀľaŊƇheS

. oedjalikalah umaŧľa??? ĿOŊǥ, ƀľaŊƇheđ = 0.ƽ ƚeŊǥŧh Of ³‒C, 7’9? SỉŊǥƚe Oľ weakƚy ƀľaŊƇheS ƀľaŊƇheđ

. pantjarbatu umaŧľa???? = 0.ƽ ƚeŊǥŧh Of ³‒C, ³ 8’Ɩ0? Oľ 4 ƀľaŊƇheS) ƀľaŊƇheS

. refutans ľỉ ĿaŊka ỉŊǥƚe, aƚmOSŧ aS?? ĿOŊǥ, uSuaƚƚy ƻ??? ƚOŊǥ aS Seŧa Ɩ Oľ ³ ƀľaŊƇheS,

SOmeŧỉmeS SỉŊǥƚe

. simlensis BaŊǥƚađeSh, BľaŊƇheđ, aƀOuŧ aS ƚỉǥhŧƚy ƇOŊ*eX? ỉŊǥƚe ĿOŊǥ, ƻ’ƽ apỉƇaƚ = 0.ƽ ƚeŊǥŧh Of ³‒C,?? Ch ỉŊa, ΙŊđỉa, ƚOŊǥ aS Seŧa Ɩ ƀľaŊƇheS, may ƀe ƻ’ƽ ƀľaŊƇheS Nepaƚ, ΡakỉSŧaŊ SỉŊǥƚe

. sumatrana umaŧľa?? ỉŊǥƚe Short, stout, ³‒ƀľaŊƇheđ 8 ƀľaŊƇheS? forked

CeƚeƀeS fOľm uƚaweSỉ?? ỉŊǥƚe, ĿOŊǥ, = 0.8 = 0.ƽ ƚeŊǥŧh Of ³‒C, ³ 4’6 ƽ Oľ 6

SOmeŧỉmeS ƚeŊǥŧh Of ƻ‒C, Oľ 4 ƀľaŊƇheS ƀľaŊƇheS fOľkeđ Oľ ³‒ wỉŧh ³’ƽ đỉSŧaƚ

ƀľaŊƇheđ aŧ ŧỉp ƀľaŊƇheS

BaSeđ OŊ aSSeSSmeŊŧ Of a*aỉƚaƀƚe ŧaXOŊOmỉƇ ƚỉŧeľaŧuľe, wỉŧh Ƈaľefuƚ ƇOŊSỉđeľaŧỉOŊ Of ỉŊfOľmaŧỉOŊ ƇOŊŧaỉŊeđ ỉŊ ƇOmpOSỉŧe đeSƇľỉpŧỉOŊS Of An. gigas s.l.

setae and cluster of brown scales among setae on dorsoanterior surface. Pleura with brown and pale horizontal bands, upper brown band on postspiracular area, upper mesokatepisternum and upper mesepimeron, median brown band on subspiracular area, area between upper and lower mesokatepisternal setae and mid to lower area of mesepimeron, lower brown band at level above coxae extending across mesokatepisternum, mesotrochantin, mesomeron and metameron; pleura without scales, with golden setae as follows: 9 upper proepisternal, 9 prespiracular, 11 or 12 prealar, 7 upper and 6 lower mesokatepisternal and 13‒20 upper mesepimeral. Wing (Fig. 1A): Length 4.8‒5.1 mm (ẍ = 4.9 mm), width 1.1‒1.2 mm (ẍ = 1.2 mm); humeral crossvein without scales; pale scaling creamy white to yellow, dark scaling dark brown to nearly black, especially on costa, subcosta and vein R1. Pattern of dark and pale spots as shown in Fig. 1A (cf. wing of An. baileyi in Fig. 1B); costa with long basal dark spot (about 0.3 mm), short humeral pale spot, long presector pale spot and distinct subcostal and apical pale spots; preapical pale spot absent on costa and vein R1, weakly to distinctly developed on vein R2; veins R1 and R2 with apical pale spots adjoining apical pale spot on costa; apices of veins R4+5, M1 and M2 with pale scales adjoining pale fringe spots, vein M3+4 with few inconspicuous apical pale scales and sometimes an adjoining faint pale fringe spot; pale fringe spot absent between apices of veins 1A and CuA and apices of veins CuA and M3+4; vein 1A with long pale spot on distal 0.5. Halter : Integument of scabellum pale; pedicel and capitellum dark-scaled. Legs: Mainly dark-scaled; coxae pale with pale setae; femora narrowly pale at base and less so at apex, midfemur with small dorsal preapical pale spot; tibio-tarsal and tarsal joints (i.e. apices and bases of tarsomeres) with narrow pale bands, pale scales less distinct or absent at bases of tarsomeres 4 and 5, tarsomere 5 pale at tip. Abdomen: Terga brown, sterna paler except basomedially; scales absent, setae golden.

FIGURE 1. (A) Right wing of a female of Anopheles prachongae ; (B) right wing of a female of An. baileyi . 1A, anal vein; BD, basal dark spot; CuA, anterior cubitus; M1, M2, M3+4, medial veins; R1, R2, R3, R4+5, radial veins.

Male. Similar to female except as follows. Head: Proboscis longer, 2.8‒3.3 mm (ẍ = 3.1 mm), 1.4‒1.6 length of forefemur. Maxillary palpus with dark brown and light yellow scales; with pale band at junction of palpomeres 2 and 3, apex of palpomere 3 with long dark scales and tuft of long golden setae on either side of mesal surface; club constricted between palpomeres 4 and 5; lateral surface of palpomere 4 largely pale-scaled, mesal surface with dense covering of long golden setae; proximal 0.25 and distal 0.5 of palpomere 5 pale-scaled, setae rather inconspicuous. Wing: Scaling of veins posterior to radius reduced; preapical pale spot fully developed on costa and veins R1 and R2, increasingly longer from costa to vein R2. Genitalia ( Fig. 2 C): Tergum IX not strongly sclerotized, relatively indistinct, lateral lobes widely separated by very narrow interlobar bridge, bridge nearly obsolete in middle. Gonocoxite with 2 parabasal setae at base of dorsomesal surface (pre-rotation sense), lateral parabasal long, relatively slender and acutely tapered, mesal parabasal 0.67 length of lateral parabasal, stout, distally flattened and apically hooked; lateral and ventral surfaces of gonocoxite with numerous very long setae (about length of gonocoxite), much shorter setae on dorsomesal and ventromesal surfaces (shorter than width of gonocoxite), dorsolateral surface with long slender scales among long setae, scales longer toward apex of gonocoxite, apices of some scales distinctly truncate; internal seta on middle of ventromesal surface similar but slightly thinner and distinctly longer than lateral parabasal seta, occasionally 2 internal setae present; gonostylus long, about 1.3 length of gonocoxite, slender, curved, slightly broader at base, ventromesal margin with complete line of minute setae, proximal 0.3 of ventrolateral surface with patch of minute spicules; gonostylar claw short, pigmented, inserted on dorsal side of apex, gonostylus with a short seta inserted proximal to base of claw. Ventral lobe of claspette with 3‒6 relatively long simple setae; dorsal lobe of claspette with 4 flattened mesally curved setae. Aedeagus distinct, strongly sclerotized, length about 0.11 mm, bearing 5 or 6 pairs of apical leaflets, longest leaflet 0.025 mm, edge of leaflets without serration or serration unapparent; proctiger membranous, highly aculeate; ventrolateral paraprocts faintly sclerotized but distinctly demarcated.

Pupa ( Fig. 2 A,B). Character and positions of setae as figured; numbers of branches in Table 4 (cf. chaetotaxy of An. baileyi in Table 5). Cephalothorax: Lightly to moderately pigmented, with patches of darker pigmentation especially around bases of maxillary palpi, lateral areas of scutum on either side of median keel and metathoracic wings. Maxillary palpus of female (length ~ 0.85 mm) shorter than palpus of male (length about 1.0 mm). Setae normally all single, setae 1,5,7,8-CT occasionally split at apex; seta 7-CT short, about same length as seta 6-CT. Trumpet: Laticorn, moderately pigmented, large, transverse length from meatal cleft to apex of pinna 0.46‒0.55 mm (ẍ = 0.53 mm), without secondary cleft and tragus, rim thin and uniform, without tracheoid area at base. Abdomen: Length 3.5‒4.2 mm (ẍ = 4.0 mm); lightly to moderately pigmented with variable patches of darker pigmentation especially on anterolateral areas of terga. Seta 0-II‒VIII single, inserted anterior and slightly mesad of seta 2; seta 1- III‒VII shorter than following tergum, 1-II,IV usually multi-branched, 1-V (usually) and 1-VI,VII single, 1-IX minute, usually double (1‒3 branches); seta 5-IV‒VII branched, nearly as long as seta 1; seta 7-VI distinctly longer than 7-VII (also in An. baileyi ); seta 8-III‒VII inserted on mesal side of fold line; seta 9-II‒VII progressively longer and transforming from peg-like and straight to acutely spine-like and inwardly bent on succeeding posterior terga, generally shorter than corresponding seta in An. baileyi ( Table 5), 9-VIII with strong central stem and 15‒17(15) lateral branches. Genital lobe: Moderately tanned; male ‒ length about 0.5 mm; female ‒ length about 0.3 mm, distal and lateral margins of ventral surface distinctly spiculate. Paddle: Lightly pigmented, buttress and base of midrib slightly darker; asymmetrical, outer part larger than inner part, apex emarginate; length 0.93‒1.21 mm (ẍ = 1.10 mm), width 0.66‒0.82 mm (ẍ = 0.75 mm), index 1.39‒1.54 (ẍ = 1.46), outer margin with minute serration extending approximately 0.4‒0.7 from base; refractile border about 0.7 length of paddle, proximal part without serration. Seta 1- Pa inserted at base of apical emargination, single, generally stiff and straight, length <0.1 length of paddle length; seta 2-Pa minute, inconspicuous.

Larva, fourth-instar ( Fig. 3 ). Character and positions of setae as figured; numbers of branches in Table 6 (cf. chaetotaxy of An. baileyi in Table 7). Head: Length ~ 0.8 mm, very slightly wider than long; lightly pigmented with variable darker patches around bases of setae 5,6-C and posteriorly on dorsal apotome and lateralia; collar and dorsomentum darkly pigmented. Seta 2-C close-set, separated at base by less than width of alveolus, long, single; seta 3-C shorter than 2-C, with 3‒6(3) short branches on distal 0.5; seta 4-C small, usually 2-branched at mid-length (1‒3); setae 5‒8,11,13-C plumose; seta 9-C not plumose, with 3‒6(6) branches (usually 5 or 6). Antenna: Lightly pigmented; entirely spiculate; length 0.32‒0.36 mm (ẍ = 0.34 mm). Seta 1-A inserted about 0.3 from base of antenna, relatively long, about 0.35 length of antenna, with 5‒10(8) branches; seta 4-A longer than seta 1-A, about 0.45 length of antenna, with 5‒12(6) branches. Thorax: Integument hyaline, smooth. Seta 1-P branched distally, with 3–8(5) branches; seta 2-P somewhat plumose, with 8‒12(10) branches, borne in sclerotized tubercle; setae 1,3-P not borne on tubercles; setae 4,5,7,8,14-P, 1,8,14-M and 5,7,8-T plumose; seta 6-M large, usually 2- or 3-branched (1‒5), branches arise well beyond base; seta 7-M often 2-branched (1‒3) near mid-length; seta 3-T with 5‒9(7) slender branches; setae 9,10,12-T single; seta13-T usually double or triple, sometimes single. Abdomen: Integument hyaline; ventral surface of all segments with minute spicules. Anterior tergal plates on segments I‒VIII, about 0.2 width of segment, distinctly smaller on segment II and notably larger on segment VIII; median accessory tergal plates present on segments III‒VII, present or absent on segment II; submedian accessory tergal plates absent. Seta 1-I,II not palmate, similar to seta 3-T but 1-II with longer main stem and 1‒5(4) branches, 1-III‒VII fully palmate ( Fig. 3 ), with 33‒54 leaflets, leaflets entirely dark, acuminate, with smooth or weakly notched edges, without shoulders and filament; setae 6,7-I,II and 6- III large and plumose, 6-IV,V long, 6-IV usually 2-branched (1‒3), 6-V normally single, occasionally double, 6-VI usually single (1‒4 branches), about 0.5 length of 6-IV,V. Pecten plate moderately pigmented, with 5‒7(6) long spines and 12‒15(14) short spines (in pattern of variable numbers of alternating large and small spines), total number of spines 18‒22(19). Saddle lightly pigmented with darker borders and relatively strong spicules on posterolateral margins, length 0.39‒0.43 mm (ẍ = 0.40 mm). Seta 1-X longer than saddle, inserted in notch at edge of saddle; seta 3-X with apically hooked branches; seta 4-X (ventral brush) with 9 offset pairs of setae with branches arising noticeable distance from grid, most anterior of 4a-X about 0.6 length of longest setae (4c‒g-X), with 11‒13 branches, most posterior of 4i- X shorter, 0.4‒0.5 length of longest setae, with 5‒8 branches, setae 4b‒h-X with 11-15 branches, longest branches 0.6‒0.7 length of seta. Anal papillae very long, about 3 times length of saddle, 0.80‒1.41 mm (ẍ = 10.4 mm).

Etymology. We are very pleased to name this species in honor of our good friend and colleague Mrs. Prachong Panthusiri, who produced an extraordinary number of beautiful mosquito illustrations for numerous publications while working for the Southeast Asian Treaty Organization (SEATO) and the successional Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences (AFRIMS) laboratories in Bangkok.

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USuaƚƚy pľeSeŊŧ; uSuaƚƚy SỉŊǥƚe wheŊ pľeSeŊŧ.

eŧa Heađ ΤhOľaX AƀđOmỉŊaƚ eǥmeŊŧS. C Ρ M Τ Ι ΙΙ ΙΙΙ ΙM M MΙ MΙΙ MΙΙΙ Χ

Ɩ Ɩ X X X Ɩ,ƻ(Ɩ) Ɩ,ƻ(Ɩ) Ɩ,ƻ(ƻ) Ɩ,ƻ(Ɩ) Ɩ,ƻ(Ɩ) Ɩ Ɩ,ƻ(Ɩ) X

Ɩ ³X 8(ƽ) ƻƖX³0[ƻƽ] ƖX4(Ɩ) ³X 6(4) ƖXƽ(4) Ɩ7Xƻ8[ƻ³] Ɩ8Xƻ6[ƻƻ] Ɩ6Xƻ7[ƻ³] Ɩ7Xƻ8[ƻƻ] ƖƖXƻ³[ƻ0] Ɩ Ɩ

Ɩ 8XƖƻ(Ɩ0) Ɩ’6(Ɩ) Ɩ 4X 8(ƽ,6) 6X 9(8) 4X 6(ƽ) 4’8(ƽ,6) 4’7(ƽ) ³’8(4) 4X 6(4) 8XƖ0(9) ƖƖXƖ8(Ɩƽ) ³X 6(³) Ɩ,ƻ(Ɩ) Ɩ ƽX9(7) Ɩ,ƻ(Ɩ) Ɩ Ɩ Ɩ Ɩ Ɩ ƻXƽ(³) 6XƖ0(9) 8XƖƖ(9) Ɩ’³(ƻ) Ɩ8Xƻ4[ƻƖ] ƖX4(ƻ,³) ƻX4(³) ³X 6(ƽ) 4X 7(ƽ) ³Xƽ(³) ƻX4(³) Ɩƻ4(³) Ɩ Ɩ,ƻ(Ɩ) Ɩ 9 paỉľ ƖƖXƖƽ(Ɩ³) ƻ 8X 4Ɩ[³7] Ɩ ƻ 4X ³4(ƻ6) ³Xƽ(ƽ) 6XƖƻ(7,9) ƽX9(6) ³Xƽ(³) ³Xƽ(4) ³X 6(ƽ) ƽX7(ƽ) 4X 6(ƽ) X

ƖƖXƖƽ(Ɩƽ) Ɩ ƖXƽ(ƻ) Ɩ,ƻ(ƻ) Ɩ8Xƻ4(ƻƖ) Ɩ 8X ³ƻ[ƻ³] Ɩ³XƖ9(Ɩƽ) ƖX³(ƻ) Ɩ,ƻ(Ɩ) ƖX4(Ɩ) ƻX6(ƽ) X X

Ɩ³XƖ7(Ɩƽ) ƻƽX³4(ƻ8) ƖX³(ƻ) Ɩ7Xƻ6(ƻ4) ƖƻXƻ7(Ɩ6) Ɩ6Xƻ4[ƻ0] ƻXƽ(³) ³ ³ ƻ’7(ƻ) ƻX7(6) ƖX, ³Xƽ(4) 6XƖ0(8,9) ƻ0Xƻ7(ƻ4) Ɩ 8X ³4[ƻƽ] Ɩ8Xƻƽ(ƻƻ) X Ɩ Ɩ,ƻ(Ɩ) Ɩ Ɩ,ƻ(ƻ) Ɩ,ƻ(ƻ) ³X 7(4) ƻX, ³X 6(6) ³X 6(ƽ,6) Ɩ Ɩ Ɩ 6X 9(7) 7XƖƻ(Ɩ0) 6XƖƖ(9) ƽX9(8) 6XƖƖ(8) ƽX9(8) 4X 9(ƽ) 6X, ƻ’ƽ(4) Ɩ,ƻ(ƻ) Ɩ Ɩ Ɩ Ɩ ƖX³(³) Ɩ Ɩ Ɩ Ɩ,ƻ(ƻ) ³Xƽ(4) 7X, Ɩ,ƻ(Ɩ) ƻ 9X 4ƽ[³ƽ] ƻXƽ(³) Ɩ,ƻ(Ɩ) Ɩ,ƻ(Ɩ) ƻX4(³) Ɩ ƻ,³(ƻ) ƻ,³(ƻ) ƻ,³(ƻ) ƖX³(ƻ) ƖX³(Ɩ) 8X, 4X 8(ƽ) ƻ,³(³) Ɩ Ɩ Ɩ ƖX³(³) Ɩ ƖX³(ƻ) ƻ,³(ƻ) ƖX³(ƻ) Ɩ,ƻ(Ɩ) Ɩ 9X, ³X 6(ƽ) ƖƖXƖ7(Ɩƻ) 6XƖƖ(9) ƽX9(7) Ɩ’³(³) ³X 6(ƽ) 4X 8(6) ³X 8(6) ƻX4(³) ³,4(³) ƽXƖ0(7) ƻ,³(³) X X

4,ƽ(ƽ) 6XƖ4(Ɩ0) ƽX9(8) X X X Ɩ Ɩ Ɩ Ɩ Ɩ Ɩ X

ƻ’7(ƽ) X X X X X X X X X X X X eŧa Heađ ΤhOľaX AƀđOmỉŊaƚ eǥmeŊŧS. C Ρ M Τ Ι ΙΙ ΙΙΙ ΙM M MΙ MΙΙ MΙΙΙ Χ

Ɩ Ɩ X X X Ɩ Ɩ,ƻ(Ɩ) Ɩ Ɩ,ƻ Ɩ Ɩ Ɩ X

Ɩ 4XƖ0(6) ƻ0Xƻ8[ƻƽ] Ɩ ³X 6(³) 6XƖƖ(6) ƻƖX³ƻ[ƻ6] ƻƽX³³[ƻ8] ƻ 4X ³4[³0] ƻ ³X ³Ɩ[ƻ7] Ɩ9Xƻƽ[ƻƻ] Ɩ Ɩ

Ɩ ƖƖXƖ7(Ɩ4) Ɩ’³(Ɩ,³) Ɩ ³X 6(³) ƽX9(ƽ) 4X 7(6) 4’6(ƽ) ³’6(ƽ) ³’6(4) 4X 6(4) ƽX9(ƽ) Ɩ4XƖ6(Ɩ4) Ɩ Ɩ Ɩ 7XƖƽ(8) Ɩ,ƻ(Ɩ) Ɩ Ɩ Ɩ Ɩ Ɩ ƻX4(³) 7XƖƖ(Ɩ0) ƽX9(8) Ɩ,ƻ(Ɩ) Ɩ 8X ³Ɩ[ƻ4] ƻ ƖX4(³) ƽX8(6) ³Xƽ(4) ƻX4(4) ƻ,³ ƻX4(³) Ɩ Ɩ Ɩ 9 paỉľ ƖƻXƖ6(Ɩ³) ³ƻXƽ³[4Ɩ] Ɩ ƻ 8X ³ƽ(ƻ8) 4X 8(ƽ) 7,8(8) 4X 7(6) ³Xƽ(4) ³Xƽ(ƽ) ƽX7(ƽ,6) 6X 9(7,8) 4X 7(ƽ,6) X

Ɩ8XƻƖ(Ɩƽ) Ɩ ³,4(³) Ɩ,ƻ Ɩ8Xƻƻ(ƻ0) ƻ0Xƻ9[ƻ³] Ɩ³Xƻ4(Ɩƽ) Ɩ,ƻ(ƻ) Ɩ ƻ ƻX4(³) X X

Ɩ6XƖ8(Ɩ6) ƻƽX³6(ƻ8) Ɩ,ƻ(ƻ) ƻƖX³ƻ(ƻƖ) ƖƽXƻ³(ƻ0) Ɩ9Xƻ9[ƻ³] ³X 4(³) ƻX4(³) ƻ,³(³) ƻ,³(³) 4X 6(4,6) ƖX, 4X 7(4,ƽ) 8XƖƻ(9) ƻ0Xƻ8(ƻ6) Ɩ³Xƻ4[Ɩ8] ƻƖXƻ8(ƻƖ) X Ɩ,ƻ(ƻ) Ɩ,ƻ(Ɩ) Ɩ,ƻ(ƻ) ƻ,³(ƻ) ƻ,³(ƻ) 4,ƽ(4) ƻX, 4X 6(4,ƽ) 9XƖƖ(Ɩ0) Ɩ Ɩ Ɩ 4X 9(6) 7XƖ³(7) ƽXƖ0(8,9) ƽX9(7) 4X 7(ƽ,6) ƽX7(6,7) ƖX4(³) 6X, ƻ’4(³) ƻ Ɩ Ɩ Ɩ Ɩ ƖX³(ƻ) Ɩ Ɩ Ɩ ƻ ³X 6(³,ƽ) 7X, Ɩ,ƻ(ƻ) ƻ0 X³ ƻ[ƻ7] ƻX4(³) Ɩ,ƻ(Ɩ) Ɩ ³,4(³) Ɩ Ɩ,ƻ(ƻ) Ɩ,ƻ(ƻ) ƻ,ƻ(ƻ) Ɩ,ƻ(ƻ) Ɩ 8X, ƻX4(³) ƻXƽ(ƽ) Ɩ Ɩ ƻ,³(ƻ) ƻ,³(³) Ɩ Ɩ,ƻ(ƻ) ƖX³(ƻ) Ɩ,ƻ(ƻ) Ɩ Ɩ 9X, ³X 4(³) 7XƖ³(9) 4X 6(ƽ) 4X 8(6) ƻ ƻX6(4) ƽX8(6) ƽXƖ0(7) ³,4(³) ³Xƽ(³) 6XƖ0(6) ƻ’4(³) X X

? 6XƖ0(7) 6X 9(7) X X X Ɩ Ɩ Ɩ Ɩ Ɩ Ɩ X

4’6(4) X X X X X X X X X X X X Bionomics. Like the other forms of the Gigas Complex, An. prachongae is a montane species. The immature stages which gave rise to the type series (see below) were collected at an elevation 1,420 m. Immature stages have been collected from stream-pool, stream-margin, seep or seepage-spring and rock-hole habitats ( Rattanarithikul et al., 2006).

Distribution. Anopheles prachongae is only known from its type locality in the Phetchabun Mountain Range in Loei Province of northern Thailand, bordering Sainybuli and Vientiane Provinces of Laos. The Phetchabun Range consists of two parallel mountain chains in Chaiyaphum, Loei, Phetchabun and Phitsanulok Provinces of Thailand. The chains are a southern extension of the Luang Prabang Range that mainly encompasses Sainyabuli Province of northwestern Laos and Nan and Uttaradit Provinces of northern Thailand. Elevations above 1,000 m are covered by evergreen forest, to the height of the highest mountain in the range, Phu Soi Dao, with an altitude of 2,120 m. Since the type specimens of An. prachongae were collected at an altitude of 1,420 m, the species is likely to be found in ecologically similar areas within the Luang Prabang Range.

Specimens examined. Anopheles prachongae — Holotype, ♀ (TH 976-27), with LePe on microscope slide: THAILAND, Loei Province, Phu Luang District , Huai Pong (17° 7′ N 101° 32′ E), elevation 1,420 m, 11 Jan 1989, stream pool, coll. Rampa et al . Paratypes, same data as holotype: 1♀ (TH 968-12) with LePe on microscope slide ; 2♂ (TH 970-11; TH 976-36) both with LePe and dissected genitalia on separate microscope slides ; 1♂ (TH 976- 52) with LePe on microscope slide; 2L (TH 970-C; TH 976-D) on individual microscope slides. The type series is deposited in the National Museum of Natural History ( USNM), Smithsonian Institution , Washington, DC. Anopheles baileyi — 2♀ (TH 161-31; TH 161-63) with LePe on microscope slides , 1♂ (TH 161-46) with LePe and dissected genitalia on separate microscope slides , 1♂ (TH 161-111) with Pe and dissected genitalia on separate microscope slides; 1L (TH 161-D) on microscope slide: THAILAND: Chiang Mai Province, Amphoe Chom Tong, Doi Inthanon , sphagnum bog (18° 35′ N 98° 29′ E), elevation 2,540 m, 23 Apr 1981, coll. Harrison; 1L (TH 214-I) on microscope slide, same locality as TH 161 , 30 Mar 86, coll. Rampa & team. These specimens are also deposited in the USNM.

Figures

FIGURE 2. (A ‒ C, E) Anopheles prachongae: A, pupa, left side of cephalothorax, dorsal to right; B, pupa, dorsal (left) and ventral (right) aspects of metathorax and abdomen; C, male genitalia, dorsal (tergal) aspect (note presence of two internal seta on left gonocoxite); E, apex of paddle. (D) Apex of paddle of An. baileyi. Ae, aedeagus; CL, claspette; CT, cephalothorax; Gc, gonocoxite; Gs, gonostylus; InS, internal seta; LAe, leaflets of aedeagus; Pa, paddle; PBS, parabasal setae; Ppr, paraproct; Pr, proctiger; RB, refractile border; I – IX = abdominal segments I – IX; 1 – 14 = setal numbers for specified areas, e. g. seta 3 - I.

FIGURE 3. Fourth-instar larva of Anopheles prachongae. A, Head, dorsal (left) and ventral (right) aspects of left side. B, Thorax and abdominal segments I – VI, dorsal (left) and ventral (right) aspects of left side. C, Abdominal segments VII – X, left side. A, antenna; APP, anal papilla; C, cranium; P, prothorax; PP, pecten plate; Pt, pecten; M, mesothorax; MAPT, median accessory tergal plate; S, spiracular lobe; Sa, saddle; T, metathorax; TP, tergal plate; I – VIII, X = abdominal segments I – VIII and X; 1 – 15 = setal numbers for specified areas, e. g. seta 5 - C.

Tables

TABLE 3. Salient anatomical differences that distinguish the adults, pupae and fourth-instar larvae of Anopheles prachongae and An. baileyi.

Character	An. prachongae	An. baileyi
Adults
Wing, costa, basal dark spot	Long	Short
Wing, vein R4+5, apex	Pale	Dark
Wing, R4+5 pale fringe spot	Present	Absent
Wing, vein M1, apex	Pale	Dark
Wing, M1 pale fringe spot	Present	Absent
Wing, vein M2, apex	Pale	Dark
Wing, Vein 1A (anal vein)	Long pale spot on distal 0.5	Entirely dark-scaled
Male genitalia
Tergum IX	Indistinct, weakly sclerotized	Distinct, strongly sclerotized
Tergum IX, interlobar bridge	Very narrow	Broad
Aedeagus, length	~ 0.10 mm	~ 0.15 mm
Aedeagus, leaflets, length	25 µm (0.025 mm)	45 µm (0.045 mm)
Pupae
Setae 10,11-II	Absent	Usually present
Seta 9-VI	Normally straight	Normally bent
Paddle, apex	Emarginate	Truncate
Fourth-instar larvae
Seta 3-C	3‒6(3) branches	Single
Seta 12-T	Single	2,3(2) branches
Seta 1-II	1‒5(4) branches	6‒11(6) branches
Seta 1-III–VII, sum of branches on one side	83‒119 (ẍ = 110)	122‒148 (ẍ = 131)
Pecten, large spines	5‒7(6)	8‒11(9)
Seta 1-X, insertion	In notch at edge of saddle	On margin of saddle
Anal papillae, length	0.80‒1.41 mm (ẍ = 1.04 mm)	0.55‒0.65 mm (ẍ = 0.60 mm)