Ferinestrix rapax, Wolsan & Sotnikova, 2013
|
publication ID |
https://doi.org/ 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2012.00868.x |
|
persistent identifier |
https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03AA87D9-FFFB-FFE8-FC9C-B773AAEE6935 |
|
treatment provided by |
Marcus |
|
scientific name |
Ferinestrix rapax |
| status |
sp. nov. |
FERINESTRIX RAPAX SP. NOV. ( FIGS 4–8 View Figure 4 View Figure 5 View Figure 6 View Figure 7 View Figure 8 )
Mustelidae View in CoL gen. nov. sp. nov. - Kalmykov, 1989: 134.
Mustelidae View in CoL gen. n., M. sp. n. - Imetkhenov & Kalmykov, 1990: 705.
Melinae gen. et sp. nov. - Sotnikova & Kalmykov, 1991: 146, 152, 157, 158.
Mustelidae View in CoL gen. indet. - Kalmykov, 1992: 5, 45, 56, 68; Kalmykov & Malaeva, 1995: 57.
Mustelidae View in CoL gen. et sp. nov. - Vislobokova, Dmitrieva & Kalmykov, 1994: 129.
Mustelidae View in CoL sp. - Alexeeva, 2005: 74.
214 M. WOLSAN and M. SOTNIKOVA
Melinae gen. - Sotnikova, 2006: 84; Sotnikova, 2008b: 92; Sotnikova, 2008c: 90.
Ferinestrix sp. - Sotnikova, 2006: 84; Sotnikova, 2008d: 85, 87; Sotnikova, 2010: 198; Matishov & Kalmykov, 2011a: 819, 820, fig. 2; Matishov & Kalmykov, 2011b: 1467.
Ferinestris sp. - Kalmykov & Maschenko, 2007: 182 (incorrect subsequent spelling of the genus name); Maschenko et al. 2007: 204 (incorrect subsequent spelling of the genus name).
Ferinestrix – Ogino et al., 2007: 125 A (in the part that refers to specimens from Udunga); Sotnikova, 2008b: 93 (in the part that refers to specimens from Udunga); Sotnikova, 2008c: 91 (in the part that refers to specimens from Udunga); Matishov & Kalmykov, 2011b: fig. 2.
Firenestrix sp. - Sotnikova, 2008a: 298 (incorrect subsequent spelling of the genus name).
Ferinestrix sp. indet. - Ogino et al., 2009: 47, 50, 51.
Etymology: Derived from the Latin rapax meaning ‘rapacious’.
Diagnosis: Differs from Ferinestrix vorax in the following features: condyloid and angular processes of the dentary situated more dorsally (condyloid process is dorsal to the level of the m1 crown; angular process is at the level of the m1 crown); mental foramina more distant from each other and located more caudally (caudal mental foramen extends to the level of the mesial root of p4); space between c1 and p4 relatively greater (shortest distance between the alveolar rims of c1 and p4 exceeds the mesiodistal length of the p4 crown); lower cheek-tooth series less arcuate; lingual wall of the m1 talonid lower with a series of smaller elevations relative to the vestibular wall; m1 hypoconulid larger and positioned more occlusally relative to the hypoconid; m2 situated more dorsally relative to m1.
Holotype: GIN-BF 987/1027, a facial and palatal skull fragment with the left and right I1–I3, C1, and P2–M1 and a partial root of the left P1 ( Fig. 7 View Figure 7 ).
Type locality: Layer 3 in the locality Udunga, Chikoi Formation, near the village of Udunga, western
Transbaikal, Russia ( Imetkhenov & Kalmykov, 1990; Erbajeva, Alexeeva & Khenzykhenova, 2003).
Referred specimens: GIN-BF 987/14, a partial left dentary with broken roots of p2 and p3, and p4 and m1; GIN-BF 987/146-c, a right skull fragment with P4 and M1; GIN-BF 987/243, a left skull fragment with P4 and M1; GIN-BF 987/246-3, the distal part of a right m1; GIN-BF 987/251, an incomplete left dentary with i1, i2, c1, broken p2, and p3–m1 ( Fig. 6 View Figure 6 ); GIN-BF 987/324 + 913, a right dentary fragment with the distal part of m1; GIN-BF 987/411-1 + 411-2 + 411-3, an incomplete mandible with right i1–i3, partial c1, and p2–m2 and left c1 and p2–m1 ( Fig. 4 View Figure 4 ); GIN-BF 987/411-4 + 928, a left dentary fragment with the distal part of m1 and a broken m2; GIN-BF 987/431- 1 + 431-2, a right skull fragment with a broken distal root of P3, and P4 and M1, plus a left skull fragment with P4 and broken vestibular roots of M1; GIN-BF 987/510-1 + 510-2, a partial left dentary with broken roots of p3, and p4 and damaged m1, plus a partial right dentary with c1, broken distal root of p2, and p3–m1; GIN-BF 987/535-1 + 535-2, a partial right dentary with a broken c1 and p3–m1; GIN-BF 987/ 536, a partial left dentary with p4 and m1; GIN-BF 987/537-1 + 537-2, a partial left dentary with c1 and p4–m2 plus a partial right dentary with p4 and m1; GIN-BF 987/613-1 + 613-2, left and right C1s without their crown tips; GIN-BF 987/748, a partial left dentary with p2–p4 and incomplete m1; GIN-BF 987/ 748a, a partial crown of a left c1; GIN-BF 987/749, a partial right dentary with a broken root of p2 and p3–m1; GIN-BF 987/749-3, a partial right c1; GIN-BF 987/910, a left skull fragment with P4 and a broken distovestibular root of M1; GIN-BF 987/911, a right skull fragment with P4 and M1; GIN-BF 987/912- 1 + 912-2 + 916 + 919, a partial right dentary with p4 and m1; GIN-BF 987/914, a right dentary fragment with p3, p4, and a broken mesial root of m1; GIN-BF 987/917 + 922, a left dentary fragment with p4 and m1; GIN-BF 987/918, a partial right dentary with p4 and m1; GIN-BF 987/920, a partial right c1; GIN-BF 987/921, a left c1 lacking the tips of its crown and root; GIN-BF 987/923, a fragment of a right m1; GIN-BF 987/926, a left M1 with a damage to the distovestibular part of the crown and broken roots; GIN-BF 987/926-1 + 926-3, the crowns of left and right M1s; GIN-BF 987/926-2, a left M1 with broken roots; GIN-BF 987/927, a left dentary fragment with p3 and p4; GIN-BF 987/929, the crown of a left P4 lacking its mesiolingual part; GIN-BF 987/1029-1, a right C1 without its crown tip; GIN-BF 987/1029- 3 + 1029-4, left and right c1s with damaged crowns and broken roots; GIN-BF 987/1029-5, a right maxillary fragment with M1; GIN-BF 987/A1, a right skull fragment with P3–M1; GIN-BF 987/A2, a left maxillary fragment with P2 and P3; GIN-BF 987/A3, a right maxillary fragment with P3; GIN-BF 987/A4, a right maxillary fragment with a partial P4; GIN-BF 987/A5, a left maxillary fragment with the distal root of P3 and a broken P4; GIN-BF 987/A6, a left I1 lacking its root tip; GIN-BF 987/A7, a left I1 with a broken root; GIN-BF 987/A8, a left I1 with a broken root; GIN-BF 987/A9, a left I2; GIN-BF 987/A10, a left I3; GIN-BF 987/A11, a left I3 with a broken root; GIN-BF 987/A12, a right I3; GIN-BF 987/A13, a left C1; GIN-BF 987/A14, an incomplete right C1; GIN-BF 987/A15, a left P2 with a broken mesial root; GIN-BF 987/A16, a right P2; GIN-BF 987/A17, an incomplete right P2; GIN-BF 987/A18, a left P3 with broken roots; GIN-BF 987/A19, the mesiolingual part of a left P4; GIN-BF 987/A20, a fragmentary distal part of a left P4; GIN-BF 987/A21, the mesial part of a right P4; GIN-BF 987/A22, a right M1 lacking its distolingual part and much of the roots; GIN-BF 987/A23, the lingual part of a left M1; GIN-BF 987/A24, a left i1 with an incomplete root; GIN-BF 987/A25, a right i1 without its root tip; GIN-BF 987/A27, a left i2; GIN-BF 987/A29, a left i2 without its root tip;
All measurements are given in millimetres.
Estimated values are shown in italics.
Where both body sides are represented, the measurement for the left side is entered first.
Description of measurements:
1. Greatest diameter of the infraorbital foramen.
2. Least diameter of the infraorbital foramen.
3. Greatest distance between the alveolar rims of upper canine and upper molar.
4. Greatest distance between the alveolar rims of the left and right third upper incisors.
5. Greatest distance between the alveolar rims of the left and right upper canines.
6. Greatest distance between the alveolar rims of the left and right upper molars.
7. Greatest distance from the most rostral point of the dentary to the condyloid process.
8. Shortest distance from the most rostral point of the dentary to the indentation between the condyloid and angular processes.
9. Shortest distance from the alveolar rim of lower canine to the mandibular notch.
10. Distance between the most distal points of the alveolar rims of lower canine and second lower molar.
11. Shortest distance from the alveolar border of the dentary between third and fourth lower premolars to its ventral border.
12. Shortest distance from the alveolar border of the dentary between first and second lower molars to its ventral border.
GIN-BF 987/A30, a left i2 without its root tip; GIN-BF 987/A31, a left i2 with a broken root; GIN-BF 987/A32, a left i3; GIN-BF 987/A33, a left i3; GIN-BF 987/A34, a left i3; GIN-BF 987/A35, a right i3; GIN-BF 987/A36, a right i3; GIN-BF 987/A37, a right i3 without its root tip; GIN-BF 987/A38, a left c1 without its root tip; GIN-BF 987/A39, a left p2; GIN-BF 987/A40, a left p2 with incomplete roots; GIN-BF 987/A41, a partial right p2; GIN-BF 987/A42, a right p2 with broken roots; GIN-BF 987/A43, a partial right p2; GIN-BF 987/A44, the crown of a
right p3; GIN-BF 987/A45, a left p3 with broken roots; GIN-BF 987/A46, a left p3 lacking its distal root; GIN-BF 987/A47, the crown of a left m2. All these specimens are from layer 3 of the Udunga locality.
Distribution and age: Known only from the type locality. The age of this locality is within a range of approximately 3.1–3.6 Mya, early Villafranchian, Pliocene ( Vislobokova, Erbajeva & Sotnikova, 1993; Vislobokova et al., 1994).
i1 i2 i3 c1 p2 p3 p4
Body
Species and specimen side L 1 W 2 L 1 W 3 L 1 W 2 L 4 W 5 L 6 W 7 L 6 W 7 L 6 W 7
m1
L6 W7
m2
L6 W7
UMMP 53343 Right 11.5
Ferinestrix rapax sp. nov.
GIN-BF 987/14 Left 10.8
GIN-BF 987 /246-3 Right
GIN-BF 987 /251 Left 3.3 5.4 4.2 6.2 17.4 13.5 8.3 6.6 11.9
GIN-BF 987/324 + 913 Right
GIN-BF 987 /411-1 + 411-2 + 411-3 Left 14.4 10.3 6.7 5.6 7.8 5.4 11.0 Right 3.1 4.8 4.1 6.0 5.6 6.1 14.4 10.3 6.7 5.6 7.9 5.2 11.0
GIN-BF 987/411-4 + 928 Left
GIN-BF 987/510-1 + 510-2 Left 12.1 Right 17.0 12.8 9.0 6.3 12.1
GIN-BF 987/535-1 + 535-2 Right 7.6 5.5 10.8
GIN-BF 987/536 Left 10.7
GIN-BF 987 /537-1 + 537-2 Left 14.6 11.0 11.3 Right 11.4
GIN-BF 987/748 Left 6.7 5.5 7.5 5.7 11.6
GIN-BF 987/749 Right 7.7 5.7 11.7
GIN-BF 987/912-1 + 912-2 + 916 + 919 Right 12.0
GIN-BF 987/914 Right 7.4 5.5 11.1
GIN-BF 987/917 + 922 Left 11.0
GIN-BF 987/918 Right 10.6
GIN-BF 987 /920 Right 15.9 12.3
GIN-BF 987 /921 Left 15.8 12.6
GIN-BF 987 /927 Left 8.6 6.0 12.2
GIN-BF 987/1029-3 + 1029-4 Left 14.1 10.7 Right 14.1 10.7
GIN-BF 987/A24 Left 4.6
GIN-BF 987 /A25 Right 5.2
GIN-BF 987 /A27 Left 6.4
GIN-BF 987 /A29 Left 4.1 5.9
GIN-BF 987/A30 Left 4.4 6.1
7.9
7.4
8.8
7.3 7.3
8.5 8.7 7.4 7.1 7.3 7.2 7.9 7.5 7.9 7.9 7.8 7.7
8.3 27.6
26.2
29.7
26.9 26.6
27.1 27.8 25.8 26.3 26.5 26.1
26.4 27.7
24.7 24.9 11.4
10.8 12.8 13.7 11.7 11.1 11.1 11.9 12.0 12.0 11.1 11.0 11.6 11.7
11.2 12.1
10.9 11.3 9.3
8.3
8.2 8.3
7.6
7.2
L, length; W, width.
Dental abbreviations: c1, lower canine; i1, i2, i3, first, second, and third lower incisors, respectively; m1, m2, first and second lower molars, respectively; p2, p3, p4, second, third, and fourth lower premolars, respectively.
All measurements are given in millimetres.
Estimated values are shown in italics.
1 From the most mesial to the most distal point of the crown.
2 From the most vestibular to the most lingual point of the crown.
3 Greatest horizontal distance between the vestibular border of the root and the most lingual point of the crown.
4 From the most mesial to the most distal point of the basal margin of the crown.
5 Least horizontal diameter of the tooth from the most vestibular point of the crown to the lingual surface of the root.
6 Greatest distance between the mesial and distal borders of the crown.
7 Greatest distance between the vestibular and lingual borders of the crown, measured perpendicular to the length (L 6) of the crown.
Description
Skull: The facial and palatal region is rostrocaudally short ( Fig. 7A View Figure 7 ). The infraorbital border of the zygomatic bone is dorsally flattened and very thick. The rostral margin of the orbit is situated dorsal or dorsal and slightly caudal to the infraorbital foramen, and both are located dorsal to the mesiovestibular root of P4 ( Fig. 7B View Figure 7 ). The infraorbital foramen is small to moderate in size ( Table 3), much smaller than the crown of P4, roughly oval, and elongated from dorsomedial to ventrolateral.
The body of the mandible is thick ( Figs 4A View Figure 4 , 5 View Figure 5 , 6A View Figure 6 ). The ventral edge of the body is straight or nearly straight caudal to the symphysis in ventral view. The symphyseal surface extends caudally to a level from p2 to p3 ( Figs 4C View Figure 4 , 6C View Figure 6 ). There are two rostrocaudally elongate mental foramina, each 2.9–5.0 mm in greatest diameter (except the left caudal mental foramen in GIN-BF 987/411-1 + 411-2 + 411-3, which measures 7.5 mm in greatest diameter). These foramina lie 3.8–7.3 mm apart. The rostral mental foramen is placed at a level from p2 to the mesial root of p3. The caudal mental foramen is at the level of the p3 distal and p4 mesial roots ( Figs 4B View Figure 4 , 5 View Figure 5 , 6A, B View Figure 6 ). There may be one or two accessory minute openings either bilaterally or unilaterally. One of them occurs rostral to the rostral mental foramen and the other caudoventral to the caudal mental foramen ( Fig. 4B View Figure 4 ).
The ramus of the mandible is inclined rostrally ( Figs 4B, C View Figure 4 , 6B, C View Figure 6 ). The ventral border of the ramus is considerably curved laterally, ventrally flattened, very thick ( Figs 4A View Figure 4 , 6A View Figure 6 ), and slightly concave in side view ( Figs 4B, C View Figure 4 , 6B View Figure 6 ). The angular process is positioned at the level of the m1 crown. The condyloid process is dorsal to the level of the m1 crown ( Fig. 4B, C View Figure 4 ). The condyloid process is incomplete, but its preservation indicates that this process was very wide ( Fig. 4A View Figure 4 ). The mandibular foramen lies on a line from the m1 crown to the angular process and is closer to m1 than to this process ( Fig. 4C View Figure 4 ). The masseteric fossa is deep and extends rostrally to the level of the distal end of the m2 crown or to a level slightly caudal to the m2 crown ( Figs 4B View Figure 4 , 6A, B View Figure 6 ).
Upper dentition: I1–I3 are one-rooted, mesiodistally compressed, and adhere to each other along the dental arch. I1 is slightly smaller than I2; I3 is clearly the largest ( Fig. 7A View Figure 7 , Table 5). The occlusal part of the crown is worn away in all incisors. The preserved parts of I1 and I2 show a well-developed lingual cingulum that descends vestibulomesially and vestibulodistally to the occlusal wear facet. The crown base of I3 is surrounded by a cingulum except for the occlusomesial part of the tooth where the vestibular and lingual limbs of the cingulum steeply slope
I1 I2
Body
Specimen side L 1 W 2 L 1 W 2
I3 C1 P2 P3 P4
L3 W2 L4 W2 L5 W6 L5 W6 L7
oL8
W9
M1
L10
oL11
W9
GIN-BF 987/146-c Right
GIN-BF 987 /243 Left
GIN-BF 987 /431-1 + 431-2 Left
Right
GIN-BF 987/613-1 + 613-2 Left
Right
GIN-BF 987/910 Left
GIN-BF 987 /911 Right
GIN-BF 987 /926 Left
GIN-BF 987 /926-1 + 926-3 Left
Right
GIN-BF 987/926-2 Left
GIN-BF 987 /929 Left
GIN-BF 987 /972 Left
GIN-BF 987 /1027 Left 4.2 6.7 4.7 7.7 Right 4.2 6.7
GIN-BF 987/1029-1 Right
GIN-BF 987 /1029-5 Right
GIN-BF 987 /A1 Right
GIN-BF 987 /A2 Left
GIN-BF 987 /A3 Right
GIN-BF 987 /A4 Right
GIN-BF 987 /A5 Left
GIN-BF 987 /A6 Left 6.6
GIN-BF 987 /A7 Left 4.4 7.1
GIN-BF 987/A8 Left 6.9
GIN-BF 987 /A9 Left 5.0 8.2
GIN-BF 987/A10 Left
GIN-BF 987 /A11 Left
18.0
16.6
18.1
18.1
16.2 11.3
16.2 11.3
18.1
16.6
18.1 15.9 11.4
6.8 9.1 14.0 10.1 7.1 5.5 8.1 7.1 18.4
6.8 9.2 14.0 10.0 6.9 5.6 8.5 6.9 18.4 13.8 9.8
7.7 7.0 17.6 6.4 5.5 8.1 6.7
8.1 6.8
19.4
19.0 7.3 10.1
6.2 8.8
18.3 17.0 18.3 18.2
18.0 17.3
18.6 18.6
17.5 12.3 11.2 12.9 12.9
12.3 11.4
12.7 12.9
12.1 14.3 13.3
13.7
13.4 14.1 14.2 14.1 14.8
14.1 15.0
13.8 15.0 22.4 20.7
22.3
21.0 21.7 24.7 24.6 22.5
22.9 23.2
21.5 22.0 18.2 16.8
17.5
16.9 18.0 19.8 19.4 18.7
19.1 19.6
17.4 18.3
GIN-BF 987/A12 Right 6.2 8.5
GIN-BF 987/A13 Left 16.2 11.6
GIN-BF 987/A14 Right 16.8 11.7
GIN-BF 987/A15 Left 7.5 5.5
GIN-BF 987/A16 Right 6.3 5.3
GIN-BF 987/A17 Right 6.8 6.3
GIN-BF 987/A18 Left 8.8 7.5
L, length; W, width; oL, oblique length.
Dental abbreviations: C1, upper canine; I1, I2, I3, first, second, and third upper incisors, respectively; M1, upper molar; P2, P3, P4, second, third, and fourth upper premolars, respectively.
All measurements are given in millimetres.
Estimated values are shown in italics.
1 From the most mesial to the most distal point of the crown.
2 From the most vestibular to the most lingual point of the crown.
3 Shortest horizontal distance from the most distal point of the crown to the line passing through the most mesial points of the vestibular and lingual halves of the root.
4 From the most mesial to the most distal point of the basal margin of the crown.
5 Greatest distance between the mesial and distal borders of the crown.
6 Greatest distance between the vestibular and lingual borders of the crown, measured perpendicular to the length (L 5) of the crown.
7 Greatest distance between the mesiovestibular and distal borders of the crown.
8 Greatest distance between the mesiolingual and distal borders of the crown.
9 Greatest distance between the vestibular border of the crown and the line passing through the lingual borders of the mesial and distal halves of the crown, measured perpendicular to this line.
10 Shortest distance from the most distal point of the crown to the line passing through the most mesial points of the vestibular and lingual halves of the crown. 11 Greatest distance between the mesiovestibular and distolingual borders of the crown.
occlusally to the wear surface. The enamel surface of I1–I3 is partly rugose.
C1 is separated from I3 by an interdental space of 3.9–4.4 mm ( Fig. 7 View Figure 7 ). The canine is large ( Table 5), vestibulolingually compressed, and arched mesially. The base of the crown is encircled by a cingulum. The crown occlusal to this cingulum is edged mesially and distally and has a rugose enamel surface. The occlusal part of the crown deflects lingually.
The cheek-tooth series arches vestibularly. The cheek teeth are very closely spaced along the series, some touch each other, and P3 may stand askew to the mesiodistal axis of the dental arch. The space between C1 and P4 is smaller than the mesiodistal length of the crown of P4. The crown of M1 extends further laterally than the crown of P4 ( Figs 7 View Figure 7 , 8 View Figure 8 ).
P1 is variably present. It is absent from the right side of the holotype, but is represented on the left side by a small basal portion of its root retained in a partly preserved alveolus. This alveolus is placed distolingual to C1 and mesial to P2, crowded in between both teeth, and partially confluent with the alveolus of C1 ( Figs 7A View Figure 7 , 8 View Figure 8 ).
P2 and P3 are mesiodistally short ( Figs 7 View Figure 7 , 8 View Figure 8 ; Table 5). P2 has one or two roots; P3 has two or three roots. Both teeth exhibit a cingulum continuous around their crown bases and have a single low cusp (paracone) angulated mesially and distally. The enamel surface of this cusp is rugose. The vestibular and lingual outlines of the crown of P2 are rarely concave in occlusal view. P3 bulges lingually and is often swollen vestibularly, so that the mesiolingual and distolingual margins of the crown are concave and there are also one or two concavities in the vestibular margin ( Figs 7A View Figure 7 , 8 View Figure 8 ).
P4 has three major roots. An accessory small root may be present on the vestibular side between the mesiovestibular and distal roots ( Fig. 7B View Figure 7 ). The crown is mesiodistally short and arches vestibularly ( Figs 7A View Figure 7 , 8 View Figure 8 ; Table 5). A cingulum passes round most of the crown base, being confluent with the parastyle, protocone, and hypocone and absent from the distal part of the metastyle wing. The enamel surface is mostly rugose. The paracone slants distally, which makes it relatively low. The mesial surface of the paracone is edged mesiovestibularly and mesiolingually (albeit there is no mesiolingual edge in GIN-BF 987/A1). The carnassial blade and metastyle wing are mesiodistally short (paracone apex is at the level slightly distal to the half of the crown length). The parastyle wing is marked. The parastyle is a small ridge or cuspule. The protocone and hypocone wing is large, larger than the metastyle wing in occlusal view. The protocone varies from a very small cingular elevation smaller than the parastyle to a small semiconical ridge larger than the parastyle but much smaller than the hypocone. The hypocone stands at the level of the paracone apex and is appressed to the paracone. The lingual surface of the hypocone resembles an equilateral triangle in shape.
M1 has three roots. This tooth is mesiodistally short and larger in occlusal view than P4 ( Figs 7A View Figure 7 , 8 View Figure 8 ; Table 5). The base of the crown is mostly surrounded by a cingulum. Most of the crown has a rugose enamel surface. The paracone wing and paracone are much larger and situated more vestibularly than the metacone wing and metacone, respectively. The vestibular outline of the crown is concave distal to the level of the paracone apex. The parastyle is very small or absent. There is no metastyle. The paraconule and metaconule are prominent and of similar size. The metaconule is located distolingual or lingual and slightly distal to the metacone, making the distal margin of the crown either concave or straight at a level between the apices of the metacone and metaconule. The mesial margin of the crown is markedly concave or, rarely, almost straight at a level between the apices of the paracone and paraconule. The protocone is large, vestibulolingually compressed, and culminates at a level between the apices of the paracone and metacone. There is no crest between the protocone and metaconule except for GIN-BF 987/ 926- 2 in which the protocone–metaconule crest is prominent. The talon expands distolingually and basally, giving the lingual border of the crown a concave shape when viewed from the occlusal surface ( Figs 7 View Figure 7 , 8 View Figure 8 ). The hypocone is well developed, flanked lingually by a cingulum, and varies in size from smaller to larger than the metaconule or paraconule. There is a distally arched crest that passes through the tip of the hypocone and connects the protocone with the lingual cingulum. Distal to this crest there is one or, less frequently, two crests that join the hypocone with the lingual, distolingual, or (rarely) distal part of the talon cingulum.
Lower dentition: The lower teeth are very closely spaced and mostly in direct contact along the dental arch ( Figs 4–6 View Figure 4 View Figure 5 View Figure 6 ). The i2 alveolus is situated lingual to the level of the i1 and i3 alveoli; the crown of i2 is crowded in between the crowns of i1 and i3. The cheek-tooth series arches vestibularly ( Figs 4A View Figure 4 , 5 View Figure 5 , 6A View Figure 6 ). There is no p1. The p2 and p4 mostly stand askew to the mesiodistal axis of the dental arch. The space between c1 and p4 exceeds the mesiodistal length of the p4 crown, but is smaller than the length of the m1 crown. The m2 is inclined mesiolingually. The crown of m2 is positioned occlusodistal to the m1 talonid ( Fig. 4B, C View Figure 4 ).
The i1–i3 are single-rooted and mesiodistally compressed ( Figs 4–6 View Figure 4 View Figure 5 View Figure 6 ). The crown of i3 is mesiodistally longer relative to the vestibulolingual width than the crowns of i1 and i2 ( Figs 4A View Figure 4 , 5 View Figure 5 ; Table 4). Each incisor has a lingual cingulum and two cusps of which the mesial cusp is larger than the distal cusp. The mesial and distal limbs of the cingulum ascend vestibularly to eventually merge with the mesial and distal cusps, respectively. The enamel surface is partly rugose.
The c1 is large, lateromedially compressed, and arched rostrally ( Figs 4–6 View Figure 4 View Figure 5 View Figure 6 , Table 4). The crown base is surrounded by a cingulum. Occlusal to this cingulum, the crown is edged mesially, vestibularly, and slightly distally and has a rugose enamel surface.
The p2–p4 have two major roots each. Between these roots, on the vestibular side, there is rarely an accessory minor root in p3 or p4. The crowns of p2–p4 are mesiodistally short ( Figs 4–6 View Figure 4 View Figure 5 View Figure 6 , Table 4). Their bases are encircled by a cingulum (except for the mesiovestibular part in p2) and bear a single low cusp (protoconid). This cusp is angulated mesially and distally and has a rugose enamel surface. There is no accessory cusp or cuspule on the distal edge. The p3 and often also p4 display a concavity in the vestibular border of the crown.
The m1 has two roots. This tooth is large and elongate, occupying 46–47% of the length of the cheektooth series ( Figs 4–6 View Figure 4 View Figure 5 View Figure 6 , Table 4). A cingulum is present at the vestibular base of the paraconid and continues to the mesial part of the protoconid, and may also occur at the vestibular base of the distal part of the protoconid, the vestibular base of the talonid, and the lingual base of the trigonid at the level of the carnassial notch between the paraconid and protoconid. Most of the crown has a rugose enamel surface. The paraconid and protoconid are inclined distally and low relative to the talonid. The carnassial blade of the paraconid is short. The paraconid is smaller than the talonid in occlusal view. The metaconid is small but distinct, lower than the paraconid. The metaconid is appressed to the distolingual corner of the protoconid and culminates slightly mesial to the level of the indentation between the protoconid and hypoconid. The trigonid is mesiodistally longer than the talonid; both are of about the same vestibulolingual width. The talonid is basined; the basin arches lingually. The vestibular (hypoconid–hypoconulid) wall of the talonid is higher than the lingual wall. The hypoconid is the largest and highest cusp on the talonid; the hypoconulid is the second largest and highest cusp. The combined mesial and distal hypoconid crests are straight in occlusal view. The hypoconulid is placed at the caudal end of the crown ( Figs 4A View Figure 4 , 5 View Figure 5 , 6A View Figure 6 ) or, rarely, stands vestibulomesial to the caudal end. The vestibular margin of the crown may be concave at a level between the apices of the hypoconid and hypoconulid. The lingual wall of the talonid between the metaconid and hypoconulid is produced into a series of small and low cusp-like or ridge-like elevations that decrease
Melodon (Asia) Ferinestrix (Asia, North America) Arctomeles (Asia, Europe, North America) Arctonyx (Asia) Asia Meles (Asia, Europe)
in size distally. There are four, five, or exceptionally six elevations.
The m2 has one root. The crown is low, shallowly basined, and roughly oval to nearly round in occlusal view ( Figs 4 View Figure 4 , 5 View Figure 5 ; Table 4). A cingulum surrounds the vestibular base of the protoconid. This cusp has a rugose enamel surface. The paraconid is an arcuate ridge connected to a very small metaconid by a crest passing along the lingual border of the crown. The talonid slants mesiolingually and mostly consists of the hypoconid and hypoconulid.
No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.
|
Kingdom |
|
|
Phylum |
|
|
Class |
|
|
Order |
|
|
Family |
|
|
Genus |
Ferinestrix rapax
| Wolsan, Mieczyslaw & Sotnikova, Marina 2013 |
Ferinestrix sp.
| Ogino S & Nakaya H & Takai M & Fukuchi A 2009: 47 |
Ferinestrix
| Sotnikova MV 2008: 93 |
| Sotnikova MV 2008: 91 |
| Ogino S & Nakaya H & Takai M & Maschenko E & Kalmykov N 2007: 125 |
Ferinestrix sp.
| Matishov GG & Kalmykov NP 2011: 819 |
| Matishov GG & Kalmykov NP 2011: 1467 |
| Sotnikova MV 2010: 198 |
| Sotnikova M 2008: 85 |
| Sotnikova MV 2006: 84 |
Mustelidae
| Alexeeva NV 2005: 74 |
Mustelidae
| Vislobokova IA & Dmitrieva EL & Kalmykov NP 1994: 129 |
Mustelidae
| Kalmykov NP & Malaeva EM 1995: 57 |
| Kalmykov NP 1992: 5 |
Mustelidae
| Imetkhenov AB & Kalmykov NP 1990: 705 |
Mustelidae
| Kalmykov NP 1989: 134 |