Bengalia torosa (Wiedemann, 1819)

Rognes, Knut, 2018, Revision of the Bengalia torosa Wiedemann, 1819 species-group (Diptera: Calliphoridae), with notes on the systematic position of B. robertsi Kurahashi, 1987 and B. subnitida James, 1964, Zootaxa 4391 (1), pp. 1-71 : 48-57

Bengalia torosa (Wiedemann, 1819)

( Figs 207–236 )

Musca torosa Wiedemann, 1819: 21 . 2 synTypes, ♂ and ♀ (NHMD, NMW; boTh as “ ♀ ”; for deTails see “ Type maTerial examined”) ( Figs 222–225 ). Type locality: India, West Bengal (“ Bengalia . Maio.”). Male to be proposed as neotype (NHMD), labelled “Bengala / Galatea / Lateralis / Macq.” [handwritten] ( Figs 226–228 ) [for details, see “ Type material examined”].

Musca jejuna: Wiedemann (1830: 386) (“Aus Tranquebar und Bengalen ”). [In this work, Wiedemann placed his own Musca torosa as a synonym under Musca jejuna of Fabricius, 1794 (as “Fabr. Ent. Syst IV. 312, 1”), and in a note [“Anmerk.”] on the same page stated to have been misled earlier [i.e., in 1819] into believing “… specimens from Bengal, in Westermann’s and my own collection, to be a separate species [i.e., Musca torosa ]”; for more details and citations, see below.]

Bengalia testacea Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830: 426 . [Sex and number of specimens not given. Type (s) assumed lost. Type locality: “… rapportée de la Nouvelle-Hollande [ Australia] et de Cayenne [ French Guiana]”; “Undoubtedly in error” ( James 1977: 530), “… as Cayenne is certainly an error, doubt must also attach to the Australian record” ( Farrow & Dear 1978).]

Bengalia lateralis Macquart, 1844: 277 [120] [http://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/15977005], Tab. 14, fig. 7 [http:// biodiversitylibrary.org/page/15977255]. LecToType ♀, by indirecT fixaTion by Townsend (1931b: 371) (MNHN; examined from photographs; discussed below under “ Type material examined”) [only one specimen under the name, but Macquart did not state he saw only one]. Type locality: India ( Puducherry or Pondicherry, as “ Pondichery ”). [NB: This name is catalogued as Anisomyia lateralis in the Oriental Catalog ( James 1977) and Systema Dipterorum (Thompson & Pape 2013), but this is an error.]

Ochromyia quadrinotata BigoT, 1888: 608 . HoloType ♂ (OUMNH; as “ ♀ ”, for deTails see “Typer maTerial examined”), by monotypy (“ 1 spécimen ”). Type locality: Sri Lanka (as “ Ceylan ”).

Bengalia jejuna: Bezzi (1913: 74) . [His fig. A on p. 74 (“ Beng. Jejuna Fabr. ”) is clearly an illustration of the fore tibia of B. torosa , with two groups of spinous setae; misidentification, not jejuna Fabricius, 1787 .]

Bengalia quadrinotata: Bezzi (1913: 75) . [“Die Bewaffnung der Vorderschienen ist ganz ähnlich denen der vorigen Art ( Fig.1 , A)”.]

Bengalia lateralis: Surcouf (1920: 37) . [Surcouf associated the female type of B. lateralis Macquart with Bengalia males having a 5+2 pattern of fore tibial setosity.]

Bengalia jejuna: Senior-White (1923a: 302) ( India, various localities). [“… male fore tibiae armed 5: 2”; misidentification, not jejuna Fabricius, 1787 .]

Bengalia jejuna: Senior-White (1924: 104) ( India, various localities). [“…front tibia spined 5:3 instead of 5:2 as usual”; misidentification, not jejuna Fabricius, 1787 .]

Bengalia jejuna: Senior-White (1926: 137) . [“Front tibia armed 5:2”; misidentification, not jejuna Fabricius, 1787 .]

Bengalia jejuna var. quadrinotata: Senior-White (1924: 104) . [“…front tibia armed 5:1”.]

Bengalia jejuna: Senior-White et al. (1940: 88) . [Misidentification, not jejuna Fabricius, 1787 .]

Bengalia lateralis: Séguy (1946: 83) . [“ Laos ( Ban Sen Sourane ; Ban Nam Mo, 11-IV-18; Muong Hai, 2-IV-18) (Coll J. Hervé- Bazin)”.]

Bengalia (Anisomyia) lateralis: Fan (1965: 193) ( China) .

Bengalia lateralis: James (1966: 466) ( Philippines) .

Bengalia torosa: James (1977: 530; catalogue entry) .

Bengalia torosa: Farrow & Dear (1978: 234) ( Australia; rare there, or a recent introduction).

Bengalia torosa: Rueda (1985: 345) ( Philippines) .

Bengalia torosa: Fan (1992: 534) ( China) .

Musca torosa: Thompson & Pont (1994: 127) . [Type depository given erroneously as “ UZMUC ” (= NHMD) assuming single name-bearing type, instead of NHMD + NMW.]

Bengalia torosa: Kurahashi & Thapa (1994: 219) (new record from Nepal).

Bengalia torosa: Kurahashi (1997: 40; in key only) (no records from Malaysia and Singapore).

Bengalia torosa: Fan (1997: 453) ( China, Laos, Thailand).

Bengalia torosa: Feng et al. (1998: 1377) ( China) .

Bengalia torosa: Kurahashi & Magpayo (2000: 49) ( Philippines) .

Bengalia torosa: Kurahashi & Chowanadisai (2001: 203) ( Vietnam) .

Bengalia torosa: Kurahashi & Afzal (2002: 221) ( Pakistan) .

Ochromyia jejutora Lehrer, 2005: 143 . HoloType ♂ (BPBM; examined), by original designaTion. Type localiTy: India (Nilgiri [as “Niggiri”] Hills, Devala”. [Unavailable name, proposed in synonymy (cf. Rognes 2006: 468); synonymy proposed by Rognes (2006).]

Ochromyia jejutora: Lehrer (2005: 144–145) . [List of type material from India, Indochina, Philippines, Laos, Taiwan.]

Bengalia torosa: Verves (2005: 240; catalogue entry).

Ochromyia jejutora: Lehrer (2006a: 10) ( India, Myanmar [as “ Burma ”]).

Sindhigalia jejutora: Lehrer (2006b: 13) .

Bengalia torosa: Kurahashi (2010: 74) ( Japan) .

Bengalia torosa: Kurahashi & Bunchu (2011: 264) ( Thailand) .

Bengalia torosa: Yang et al. (2014: 89) (Taiwan) .

Bengalia torosa: Kurahashi (2014: 807) ( Japan) .

Ochromyia jejutoria: Evenhuis et al. (2016: 90) . [Incorrect subsequent spelling of Ochromyia jejutora Lehrer. ]

Bengalia torosa: Szpila et al. (2016) . [Description of eggs and first instar larva.]

Diagnosis. Male. Length: 9.0– 14.5mm (n=6). Frons at vertex / head width ratio 0.28–0.32 (mean 0.30, n=6). Posterior margin of eye with a distinct concavity in profile ( Fig. 207 ). Distance between vibrissae equal to or less than distance of either from eye (both distances measured in their longest aspect). Vibrissa separated from lower facial margin by a distance greater than width of first flagellomere ( Fig. 208 ). Clypeus strongly projecting below lower facial margin ( Fig. 208 ). Thorax with broad greyish bands laterally, also on scutellum ( Figs 228 , 230 ).

Anepimeron with pale setulae only ( Fig. 212 ). Legs usually all yellow. Fore tibia with two ventral groups of spinous setae in a 5+2 pattern ( Figs 209 , 234 ). No strong erect marginal setae on T4. Abdomen usually with narrow dark bands on tergites ( Fig. 228 , 230, 233 ). T3 and T4 often with a median dark stripe. ST5 flap almost circular ( Figs 210 , 215 ), deeply concave on upper side ( Figs 211 , 235 ). Cerci with long, slightly converging prongs in posterior view, distally denticulate ( Figs 213–214 ). Cercus with a deep incision in upper margin in lateral view ( Fig. 214 ). Proximal surstylus appearing as a narrow sclerite in posterior view ( Fig. 213 ). Distal surstylus rather long, bent and with a shallow excavation on lower margin basally ( Fig. 214 ). Bacilliform sclerite process very long, narrow, backward curved, originating from the lower end of the upper bacilliform sclerite ( Fig. 214 ). The latter with a long, low, rounded process above the origin of the bacilliform sclerite process ( Fig. 214 ). Distiphallus as in Figs 216–218, 220 . Semidomes prominent. Distal lip process bifurcate in dorsal view ( Fig. 216 ), with wings that bend downwards in lateral view ( Fig. 217 ), appearing almost circular in apical view ( Fig. 220 ). Pre- and postgonite as in Fig. 219 . No rugose area on the pregonite. Distal half of postgonite broader than proximal part, the posterior margin of the distal part forming a kind of step at the junction with the proximal part ( Fig. 219 ).

Female. Length: 12–14.5 (n=6). Frons at vertex / head width ratio 0.29–0.31 (mean 0.30, n=6). Posterior margin of eye with a distinct concavity in profile, as in the male ( Fig. 207 ), which makes the female of this species easy to identify.

Discussion. Sometimes the femora are darkened. I have also seen specimens from Laos (in BPBM) with a very dark abdomen, especially posteriorly. Likewise, 9 males collected while hunting termites in Cambodia (KR, ZMUM) also have a very dark abdomen, with yellow colour only showing through on T3. Sometimes there is a dark longitudinal stripe middorsally on T3 and T4.

Biology. Bequaert (1922: 278–279) cited observations of “ B. jejuna ” (also as “ B. obscuripennis ”) hunting winged termites flying at night in India (by K. E. Nangle) and Sri Lanka (by E. E. Green); of the same species “trying to take her burden from a large ant ( Lobopelta species)” (by J. W. Yerbury); and similar reports of this species seen to “swoop down on any ant carrying an ‘egg’ or larva, take it from the ant, carry it away a short distance and proceed to suck it” (by F. W. Thomson). Bequaert was citing from papers by Poulton (1907: 394–396; 1914: cxxviii–cxxix). According to Poulton’s informant E. E. Green, “ Ochromyia jejuna ” was “abundant” in Sri Lanka, but he collected only a single female on an occasion when these flies were “pouncing upon the termites” that were crawling upon a screen lit by a powerful acetylene lamp for the capture of moths. According to Poulton, his informant K. E. Nangle had captured four females of “ Ochromyia jejuna ” among several flies “hunting … flying ants, regularly hawking them in the air”. Thus, only females had been collected. Poulton’s (1907) work was also cited by Bezzi (1913: 74–75), whose “ B. jejuna ” is the modern-day B. torosa . The identity of species named “ B. jejuna ” [or “ B. obscuripennis ”] by the sources cited by Bequaert (1922) is now impossible to check. The specimens were identified by J. W. Yerbury. Most likely they refer to B. torosa , which is much more frequent, but we cannot know for sure.

Oleg Kosterin (Novosibirsk, Russia) observed B. torosa swarming during rainfall and capturing termites also swarming during rainfall. Here is Oleg Kosterin’s own account, modified by both of us from the version published in http://www. diptera .info/forum/viewthread.php?forum_id=5&thread_id=59771:

“In the town of Ban Lung, Ratanakiri Province, Cambodia, on June 1, 2013 there was a strong downpour at about 17.00- 17.30 hrs, during which several large flies were observed flying very fast in a very loose aggregate by a tree crown touching the roof of a two-floor building. They flew in different directions but within several metres of the roof. They disappeared when the downpour stopped. In the twilight, at about 18.00 hrs, I observed many large flies resting on leaves of a certain small bush in a garden. The rain resumed and numerous winged termites flew into the air from under that bush, for the termites fly during rain. The flies started flying under the rain as well. To my surprise, they flew to hunt for termites: a fly captured a flying termite, returned to the bush and started to suck it with its proboscis. The termites were smaller than the flies and very soft. Most probably they were damaged while being grasped by the flies, offering them an opportunity to suck their interiors. The flies collected on that occasion appeared to be exclusively males. It is noteworthy that there were some smaller flies on that bush, perhaps of other genera, which probably had the same predatory behaviour. It is difficult to say if the large flies flying by the tree and roof during the earlier strong downpours were just swarming males or if they expected to catch termites (absent at that moment) as well.”

The nine specimens collected on that occasion were sent to me for identification. Seven specimens are deposited in ZMUM and two are in KR.

The morphology of the eggs and first instar larvae of Bengalia torosa and Bengalia varicolor (Fabricius) was described by Szpila et al. (2016).

Distribution. Australia, Cambodia *, China, India *, Indonesia (Jawa *), Japan, Laos *, Myanmar *, Pakistan *, Philippines *, Sri Lanka *, Taiwan *, Thailand *, Vietnam *.

Type material examined. Musca torosa Wiedemann, 1819 . Wiedemann (1819: 21) described Musca torosa on the basis of an unstated number of “ ♀ ” from “ Bengalia . Maio”. “ Bengalia ” includes the area around Calcutta ( India, West Bengal) where the Danish merchant Bernt Wilhelm Westermann lived and collected insects from 1801 to 1811 (see Pont 1995: 151). All the species described by Wiedemann in his 1819 paper were based on Westermann’s material. Wiedemann (1830: 386) synonymized M. torosa under M. jejuna Fabricius, 1794 [as “Fabr. Ent.syst. 312.1.”]. By way of explanation for this act, he added this note on the bottom of p. 386:

“Anmerk. Ein Stück in der Fabricischen Sammlung ist aus Tranquebar und sehr abgeblichen; es zeigt die weisslichen Brustschildseiten viel deutlicher und verleitete mich früher, die besser erhaltenen Stücke aus Bengalen, in Westermann’s und meiner Sammlung, für eigene Art zu halten.”. [Note. A specimen in the collection of Fabricius is from Tranquebar and very bleached; it shows the whitish thoracic lateral areas much more clearly and misled me earlier [Wiedemann (1819)] into considering the better preserved specimens from Bengal, in Westermann’s and my own collection, to be a separate species [i.e., Musca torosa ].]

This remark provides evidence that Musca torosa was based on more than one specimen, thus syntypes, all from “ Bengalen ”. Surcouf (1920: 36) gave a French translation of this note, but a comparison of the original with Surcouf’s version reveals that he made several mistakes in the translation and missed some of the points conveyed by Wiedemann in the note. Westermann’s collection is in NHMD, whereas Wiedemann’s own collection was sold to Wilhelm von Winthem a few years before his death in 1840, and ultimately ended up in NMW ( Pont 1995). Zimsen (1954) was unable to trace any type specimens in NHMD for Musca torosa Wiedemann , so there is no entry in her work on the Wiedemann types in Copenhagen.

Syntype of Musca torosa Wiedemann in NHMD. After examination of all the unit trays of Bengalia jejuna and Bengalia torosa in NHMD, I believe I have located one syntype of Musca torosa Wiedemann there.

There are 16 specimens in the Bengalia torosa unit tray in NHMD, 15 of which are modern acquisitions. One male specimen (the first) carries an old handwritten (not by Westermann) label with a black double-lined frame reading “Bengala / Galatea / Lateralis / Macq.” ( Fig. 226 ). It is not a syntype of Bengalia torosa but has been identified as this species by Kurahashi ( Figs 226, 228–229 ). “ Galatea ” refers to the ship of that name that took part in the first Danish Galathea expedition 1845–47. For more details on the expedition, see above under B. jejuna . [This specimen has been selected by me to be proposed as neotype of Musca torosa Wiedemann , see below.]

There are seven specimens in the Bengalia jejuna unit tray in NHMD. Four are old specimens from the Westermann collection. A fifth specimen has an old handwritten (not by Westermann) label with a black doublelined frame reading “Madras / Galatea / Jejuna / F.”. ( Fig. 129 ). [The label and handwriting are similar to the “Bengala / Galatea / Lateralis / Macq.” label cited above.] This is the specimen I will propose as neotype of Musca jejuna , see above under jejuna . The last two are modern acquisitions from the Noona Dan Expedition to the Philippines in 1962–63. Of the four Westermann specimens, only two carry combined identity and locality labels in Westermann’s elaborate handwriting in addition to a printed “Mus. / Westerm.” label. The other two carry only the second label.

Only one Westermann specimen in the B. jejuna unit tray in NHMD has a label with words corresponding to those employed by Wiedemann (1819) when describing M. torosa , i.e., “ Bengalia . Maio”, thus providing a link from the specimen to Wiedemann’s description. The specimen is a male and is the first specimen in the Bengalia jejuna unit tray in NHMD. The labels read (1) Mus. / Westerm. [printed]; (2) M: jejuna / Fab: / Bengal / May 1809. ( Figs 222–223 ). I conclude that this is a syntype, i.e., one of the specimens Wiedemann had before him when describing Musca torosa . Even though the sex is wrong I accept it as a syntype. It was not unusual for old authors to treat male Bengalia specimens as females because of the wide frons (cf. Rognes 2009a: 96) and without a close examination of genital features. I have dissected this male. The terminalia, including the ST5 flap, reveal that it is a specimen of Bengalia martinleakei Senior-White, 1924 . I have labelled it as such and have added a red syntype label (as in Fig. 221 ).

Syntype of Musca torosa Wiedemann in NMW. As reported above, Wiedemann (1830) claimed that M. torosa was also present in his own collection (“meiner Sammlung”), now in NMW ( Pont 1995). Eight specimens are placed under Bengalia lateralis in NMW. An old female, labelled (1) Bengalia [handwritten]; (2) jejuna F. [a very long and thin letter] Wd. [handwritten] / Coll. Winthem [printed], is placed as the first specimen in the series and is the only candidate for a second syntype of Musca torosa ( Figs 224–225 ). The labels are curatorial labels, the handwriting is not by Wiedemann or Westermann, and there is no direct evidence of who identified the specimen. However, the word “ Bengalia ” on the uppermost label most likely refers to the same word used by Wiedemann (1819: 21) for the geographical provenance of the species and not to the name of the genus, in which the species was placed subsequently. The “ jejuna F. Wd ” label suggests that the specimen was identified by Wiedemann in accordance with his 1830 view. The specimen belongs to Winthem’s collection, as demonstrated by the words “Coll. Winthem” printed on the label. This is the only specimen with a “Coll. Winthem” label in the series. Since Winthem purchased Wiedemann’s Diptera and other insects ( Pont 1995), it is likely that the specimen stems from Wiedemann’s own collection and, if this is so, that any original label with Wiedemann’s handwriting, if it ever existed, is now lost. According to Pont (1995), Wiedemann studied material from both Westermann’s and Winthem’s collections during his work as a dipterist. However, Winthem never collected in the Far East, and Wiedemann did not mention Winthem’s name in connection with his treatments of Musca torosa or Musca jejuna (Wiedemann 1819, 1830). Thus, it is almost certain that this is the specimen mentioned by Wiedemann as being in his own collection.

The NMW specimen has broad dark bands across the posterior half of T3–4, a black tergite 5 ( Fig. 225 ), and seems to be conspecific with the NHMD male (similar anepimeron vestiture, colour of the abdomen, etc.; Fig. 223 ). However, being a female, one cannot be sure of its identity, although it certainly does not belong in Bengalia torosa (Wiedemann) as currently understood, since it lacks the concavity in the hind margin of the eye as seen in profile. The specimen is on the same type of pin (pin head, thickness, length, colour) and was possibly given to Wiedemann as a duplicate from Westermann’s collection, a favour of usual occurrence ( Pont 1995). It is placed in the NMW collection under “ Bengalia lateralis ” and not under Bengalia jejuna Fabricius , in spite of the text on the label. I accept it as the second syntype of Musca torosa Wiedemann , and I have labelled it as such.

Additional remarks. Since the male syntype of Musca torosa Wiedemann (in NHMD) belongs to the taxon Bengalia martinleakei and not to the taxon currently denoted by the name Bengalia torosa , application of ICZN priority rules (Article 23.1.) would upset a stable nomenclature and create confusion. The name Bengalia martinleakei would have to be replaced by the senior name Bengalia torosa and the name Bengalia torosa of authors would have to be replaced by Bengalia lateralis Macquart, 1842 , the next oldest in the synonymy of the current concept of Bengalia torosa .

The transfer of the senior name Bengalia torosa to the taxon currently known as Bengalia martinleakei would result in tremendous confusion. The last taxon is relatively rare, has hardly been understood correctly, occurs only in India, and is connected to a small body of literature. On the other hand, the taxon currently known as B. torosa is common, widely distributed in the Oriental Region, and connected to a large body of literature. However, a change of its valid name to B. lateralis , which it has carried in the past for a long time, would likely not cause much confusion.

Similarly, since the female syntype of Musca torosa in NMW also does not belong to the taxon currently denoted by the name Bengalia torosa , the threats to nomenclatural stability remains.

Proposed neotype of Musca torosa Wiedemann in NHMD. In order for nomenclatural stability to be preserved, I will, in a forthcoming paper and in accordance with Article 75.6 of the Code, “Conservation of prevailing usage by a neotype ” ( ICZN 1999), ask the ICZN Commission to maintain prevailing usage of the name Musca torosa , in the combination Bengalia torosa , by setting aside the known male and female syntypes and designating a neotype in conformity with the current concept of Musca torosa Wiedemann, 1819 ( James 1977, in Bengalia ) as a senior synonym of Bengalia lateralis Macquart, 1844 . The specimen I will propose as neotype for Musca torosa Wiedemann is the old male specimen in NHMD ( Fig. 228 ) that carries an old handwritten (not by Westermann) label with a black double-lined frame reading “Bengala / Galatea / Lateralis / Macq.” ( Fig. 226 ). It has been identified as Bengalia torosa by Kurahashi ( Fig. 229 ). I have given it a neotype label ( Fig. 227 ). [“ Galatea ” refers to the ship of that name that took part in the first Danish Galathea expedition in 1845–47; for more details about this expedition, see above under B. jejuna .] The head shows the concavity on the hind margin of the eye in profile, the high position of the vibrissa above the lower facial margin, and a strongly projecting clypeus below the lower facial margin. The thorax shows the typical pale lateral margins of the mesonotum and scutellum ( Fig. 228 ), and the pale-only setulae of the anepimeron. The fore tibia shows the two groups of short ventral spinous setae. The abdomen is pale brown with narrow, dark posterior bands ( Fig. 228 ) and the ST5 flap is visible. It was collected in November 1845 in “Bengala” (now represented by the West Bengal province of India and Bangladesh), i.e., during the visit of the ship Galathea to Calcutta, the purpose of which was to transfer sovereignty of the Danish colony “Frederiksnagore” to the British East India Company. This locality is precisely where Westermann, who lived there from 1801–1811, collected the male syntype of Musca torosa Wiedemann, 1819 ( Pont 1995) in May 1809. Thus, the selection of the “Bengala / Galatea / Lateralis / Mcq” specimen as neotype ensures conformity with Article 75.3.6 of the Code by satisfying the provision that the “ neotype came as nearly as practicable from the original type locality …”.

Bengalia lateralis Macquart, 1844 (“1843”): 277 (120), Tab. 14, figs 7 [habitus from above], 7a [head in profile]) [links given in synonymy above]. LECTOTYPE ♀ (MNHN), labelled (1) TYPE [light red print on white label]; (2) … Pondichery [handwritten by Macquart]; (3) No. 12. / Bengalia / lateralis . [handwritten by Macquart]. (4) MNHN, Paris / ED6435 [printed label with a thin black frame]; (5) HOLOTYPE [black print on red label] ( Figs 230–232 ). [NB: Macquart described Bengalia lateralis on the basis of an unknown number of females (“ ♀ ”) in the “Muséum” from “ Pondichery ” (a French colony at the time, now Puducherry or Pondicherry in India); “Thorace fusco, lateribus albidis. … Thorax d’un brun grisâtres; côtés blanchâtres; écusson testacé, egalement bordé de blanchâtre … [… Thorax brownish grey; sides whitish; scutellum testaceous, likewise with whitish border …]”; he did not state that the specimen in MNHN was the only one; I have examined photographs from MNHN, of which some are shown ( Figs 230–232 ); Macquart’s illustration of the fly in dorsal view shows very clearly the pale bands on the mesonotum and scutellum, but the illustration of the head in profile is peculiar in showing, as noted by James (1966: 467), a vibrissa “set low [obviously with respect to the lower facial margain]”; this was interpreted as an “inaccuracy on the part of Macquart” by James (1966: 467); Surcouf (1920: 37, 32 fig. 2, Plate II fig. 1) saw and illustrated the Macquart type and associated the female type with males having the strong setae on the fore tibia arranged in two groups, one near the base (with 5 setae) and another near the middle (with 2 setae); Townsend (1931b: 371) examined the type in Paris during his travels in Europe in 1928 (cf. Townsend 1931a), writing under the entry for Musca favillacea : “ Musca favillacea, Wlk. —Female Ht in London, from Macassar, is Bengalia lateralis, Macq. , female Ht in Paris, from Pondicherry.”; I interpret the phrase “ Bengalia lateralis, Macq. , female Ht in Paris from Pondicherry ” as an indirect lectotype fixation (cf. Rognes et al. 2015), “Ht” referring unambiguously to the single specimen of Bengalia lateralis Macquart in MNHN; Townsend’s identification of Musca favillacea Walker was, however, wrong (see below).]

Ochromyia quadrinotata Bigot, 1888: 608 . HOLOTYPE ♂ (as “♀”, “Ceylan. 1 spécimen.”) (OUMNH), labelled (1) Holo- / type [circular label with a red rim]; (2) O. quadrinotata / EX. COLL. BIGOT [first line handwritten by A.C. Pont, second line printed] [The drawer label reads: “ O. quadrinotata ♀ [the symbol is unusual] / Ceylan J. Bigot” [Bigot’s handwriting; label with 3 printed lines and a black frame] ( Fig. 236 ); a label beside the specimen reads: “Described from /a single ♀ specimen / from Ceylon. This is a male / B. torosa Wied. / Almost certainly the holotype [handwritten by Dear] / det. J.P. Dear 1977 [printed]”; I follow Dear and accept the specimen as the holotype; the specimen is somewhat dirty, the head is lost, the pin is corroded, partly expanding the thorax ( Fig. 233 ); the ST5 flap is clearly visible ( Fig. 235 , arrow); the chaetotaxy of the fore tibiae is also visible and conforms to the B. torosa pattern of 5+2 strong setae on the ventral side ( Fig. 234 )].

Ochromyia jejutora Lehrer, 2005: 143 . HOLOTYPE ♂ (BPBM), labelled (1) SOUTH INDIA: / Nilgiri Hills / Devala, 960 m / V.1962 [printed, except parts of date]; (2) Collector / P. S. Nathan [printed]; (3) Bengalia ♂ / torosa / (Wied.. 1819) / Det. H.Kurahashi [printed]; (4) HOLOTYPUS [black print on red label]; Ochromyia ♂ / jejutora Lehrer n. sp. / Det. Dr. A.Z.LEHRER / 2005 [printed, pin hole near middle]; (5) Ochromyia ♂ / jejutora Lehrer n. sp. / Det. Dr. A.Z.LEHRER / 2005 [printed, pin hole near right hand margin] [Specimen in fair condition, with genitalia exposed]. PARATYPES (BPBM): India: 2 ♂, labelled (1) SOUTH INDIA / Madras State / Coimbatore / 420m, XI-1958; (2) Collector / P.S. Nathan; (3) Bengalia ♂ / torosa / Wied. 1819) / Det. H. Kurahashi [all labels printed, except date on uppermost label] [One of the males has a transparent gelatine capsule pinned below it, containing a female Bengalia sp. with a pair of discal setae on T5 and thus not conspecific with the male, possibly a prey]; Laos: 1 ♂, labelled (1) LAOS: / Vientiane Prov. / Ban Van Eue / 31.VII, 1965; (2) Native Collector / RONDON-BISHOP MUS. / COLLECTION / Malaise Trap; (3) Bengalia ♂ / torosa / Wied. 1819) / Det. H. Kurahashi [all labels printed]; • 1 ♂, labelled (1) LAOS: / Sedone Province / Pakse / 31.V.1967; (2) Native Collector / RONDON-BISHOP MUS. / COLLECTION / Light Trap; (3) Bengalia ♂ / torosa / Wied. 1819) / Det. H. Kurahashi [all labels printed]. PARATYPES (MSNM): India: 1 ♂, labelled (1) INDE MÉRIDIONALE / TRICHINOPOLY / F. CAIUS 1911; (2) lateralis / Macq. [old handwritten label, possibly by Bezzi]; (3) Bengalia lateralis / Macquart / nec B. jejuna Fabricius [handwritten by Surcouf on label with three black lines and a black frame]; (4) lateralis [modern, printed label]; (5) Bengalia ♂ / jejuna (Fabricius) / Det. Dr.A.Z.LEHRER / XII.2004 [pin hole in middle]; (6) Bengalia ♂ / jejuna (Fabricius) / Det. Dr.A.Z.LEHRER / XII.2004 [pin hole near right margin] [A big plastic vial with dried out terminalia was placed between the two last labels; the contents, still dry, have been moved by me to a smaller glass microvial with glycerol]. [NB: This is the specimen “in meiner Sammlung” referred to by Bezzi (1913: 74), and found to be identical with B. lateralis Macquart (“ein Männchen aus Trichinopoly … welches die Beschreibung der aus Pondichery stammenden B. lateralis Macquart vollständig entspricht”).]; • 1 ♂, labelled (1) Ind. Mus. / Shillong, / Khasi Hills, / Assam, / 500-6400 ft. / 29.VIII-5.IX.15. / S.W.Kemp [printed; collector’s name written vertically along left side of label]; (2) lateralis [printed]; (3) Bengalia ♂ / jejuna (Fabricius) / Det. Dr.A.Z.LEHRER / XII.2004 [printed; pin hole near middle] [Terminalia exposed]; Indochina (modern country unknown): 1 ♂, labelled (1) Indocina [sic] / Vitaki [old handwritten label]; (2) jejuna [modern printed label]; (3) Bengalia ♂ / jejuna (Fabricius) / Det. Dr.A.Z.LEHRER / XII.2004 [pin hole in middle] [Terminalia exposed and in situ]; Philippines: 1 ♂, labelled (1) Alabang / Rizal / Filipp … [illegible] [handwritten]; (2) jejuna [modern printed label]; (3) Bengalia ♂ / jejuna (Fabricius) / Det. Dr.A.Z.LEHRER / XII.2004 [pin hole in middle] [Dried terminalia in big plastic vial transferred to glass microvial in glycerol by me]. [NB: Lehrer did not use his own name jejutora for the MSNM material, but jejuna .] PARATYPES (NHMUK): India: 1 ♂, labelled (1) UNITED PROVINCES. [= Uttar Pradesh + Uttarakhand] / Jhansi. / 2.viii.1905. / ex coll. Brunetti. / Brit.Mus.1927—184 [handwritten except last two lines, which are printed]; (2) Bengalia / jejuna Fb. / det. R. Senior White 1938. [handwritten, except last line]; (3) Ochromyia ♂ / jejutora Lehrer n.nom. / Det. Dr. A. Z. LEHRER / 2005 [printed] [Both hind legs lost; dissected by Lehrer; terminalia in glycerol, transferred to glass microvial by me]; • 1 ♂, labelled (1) Siruvāni–Muthiko- / lam, 1,700–3,000' / Coimbatore Dt. / S. India, / 23 & 26– IX–38 [printed], [underside:] B.M.–C.M. Expdn. / to S. India, / Sept.–Oct., 1938. [printed]; (2) Ochromyia ♂ / jejutora Lehrer n.nom. / Det. Dr. A. Z. LEHRER / 2005 [printed] [Dissected rather crudely by Lehrer; I re-treated the dissected parts in hot KOH and finished the dissection; terminalia in glycerol, transferred to a glass microvial by me]; • 2 ♂, labelled (1) Dohnavur, 350' / Tinnevelly Dt. / S. India 10 – X – 38 [printed, except date], [underside:] B.M.–C.M. Expdn. / to S. India, / Sept.–Oct., 1938. [printed]; (2) Ochromyia ♂ / jejutora Lehrer n. nom. / Det. Dr. A. Z. LEHRER / 2005 [printed] [Dissected by Lehrer; terminalia in glycerol, transferred to glass microvial by me]; Pakistan: 1 ♂, labelled (1) Cherat / Veradalu / 23·5 1921 / ♂ / Casling coll. [handwritten, except last line]; (2) Bengalia jejuna, Fabr. / det. R.Senior White [handwritten, except last line]; (3) Purchd. From / R. Senior White / B.M.1938-460. / (4) Ochromyia ♂ / jejutora Lehrer n.nom. / Det. Dr. A. Z. LEHRER / 2005 [printed] [Dissected by Lehrer; terminalia in glycerol, transferred to glass microvial by me].

Other material examined. BPBM. Laos: 1 ♀, labelled (1) LAOS: / Vientiane Prov. / Ban Van Eue / 30.VI.1966; (2) Native Collector / RONDON-BISHOP MUS. / COLLECTION; (3) Bengalia ♀ / torosa / (Wied. 1819) / Det. H. Kurahashi [all labels printed]; • 1 ♀, labelled (1) LAOS: / Vientiane Prov. / Ban Van Eue / 30.IX.1967; (2) Native Collector / RONDON-BISHOP MUS. / COLLECTION; (3) Bengalia ♀ / torosa / (Wied. 1819) / Det. H. Kurahashi [all labels printed]; • 1 ♂, labelled (1) LAOS: / Vientiane Prov. / Ban Na Pheng / 19.v.1965; (2) Native Collector / BISHOP MUS; (3) Bengalia ♂ / torosa / (Wied. 1819) / Det. H. Kurahashi [all labels printed, except parts of date and locality name on uppermost label]; • 4 ♂ [one without its abdomen], 4 ♀, labelled (1) LAOS: / Vientiane Prov. / Ban Na Pheng / 19.v.1968; (2) Native Collector / BISHOP MUS; (3) Bengalia ♂ [or ♀] / torosa / (Wied. 1819) / Det. H. Kurahashi [all labels printed, except parts of date and locality name on upper label]; • 1 ♂, labelled (1) LAOS: / Wapikhamthong / Prov., / Wapi / 31.V.1967, (2) Native Collector / RONDON-BISHOP MUS. / COLLECTION / Light Trap; (3) Bengalia (m) / torosa / (Wied., 1819 / K. Rognes det. 2016 [all labels printed; lacked a Kurahashi label, undoubtedly an oversight]; Philippines: 1 ♂, labelled (1) Los Banos / Philippine Ids [printed]; (2) Coll. F. Muir / IX.15 [printed except last line, which is handwritten]; (3) Bengalia ♂ / torosa / (Wied. 1819) / Det. H. Kurahashi [printed]; • 1 ♂, labelled (1) P.I., MINDANAO / Z. DEL SUR, 3.2 km / NW of Nilbuk, 150m / 4.VIII.1958; (2) Light Trap / in Jungle; (3) H.E. Milliron / Collector; (4) Bengalia ♂ / torosa / (Wied. 1819) / Det. H. Kurahashi [all labels printed]; • 1 ♀, labelled (1) P.I., PALAWAN / Tarumpitao Pt. / 1.VI.1958; (2) Light Trap / H. E. Milliron; (3) Bengalia ♀ / torosa / (Wied. 1819) / Det. H. Kurahashi [all labels printed]; • 1 ♀, labelled (1) P.I., MINDANAO / COTABATO, Kalaong / 12.VIII.1958; (3) H.E. Milliron / Collector; (3) Bengalia ♀ / torosa / (Wied. 1819) / Det. H. Kurahashi [all labels printed]; • 1 ♀, labelled (1) P.I. MINDANAO / Agusan, S. Fransisco / 10 km. SE, 14-XI-1959; (2) C.M. Yashimoto / Collector; (3) Bengalia ♀ / torosa / (Wied. 1819) / Det. H. Kurahashi [all labels printed]; Vietnam: 1 ♀, labelled (1) VIET NAM: Chute de / Bourg, 37km SE of / Dalat, 780 m / 25.IV.1960; (2) R.E. Leech / Collector / BISHOP; (3) Bengalia ♀ / torosa / (Wied. 1819) / Det. H. Kurahashi [all labels printed]; • 1 ♀, labelled (1) VIET NAM: Fyan / 900–1000m m / 11.VII. - 9.VIII. ’61; (2) N. R. Spencer / Collector, (3) Bengalia ♀ / torosa / (Wied. 1819) / Det. H. Kurahashi [all labels printed]. CMNH. Taiwan: 1 ♂, labelled (1) TAIWAN: Kaohsiung / Shanping. 640 m. / 21–30 April 1988 / C.Young, R.Davidson / J.Rawlins; (2) Bengalia ♂ / torosa / (Wied., 1819) / Det. H.Kurahashi [both labels printed]; • 2 ♀, labelled (1) TAIWAN: Kaohsiung / Shanping. 640 m. / 1–10 April 1988 / R.Davidson, J.Rawlins / C.Young; (2) Bengalia ♂ / torosa / (Wied., 1819) / Det. H.Kurahashi [both labels printed]. CNC. India: 1 ♂, labelled (1) Coimbatore / S. INDIA / X 1951 / PS.Nathan [printed except month, which is partly handwritten]; (2) Bengalia / jejuna (F.) / Det. / G. E.Shewell ’53 [handwritten, except determiner’s name]; • 1 ♂, labelled (1) Kurumbagaram / Karikal Terr. / S. INDIA XI 1951 / P. S. Nathan [printed, except parts of date]; • 1 ♂, labelled (1) Barrmer, INDIA / Thar Desert. / ix 1955 / P.S.Nathan [printed, except parts of date]. [All the CNC males have a longitudinal dark stripe on T3 and T4]. KR. Cambodia: 1 ♂, labelled (1) CAMBODIA, Ratanakiri pr. / Ban Lung, 13.74N 106.98E / 29-31.V. 2013, O. Kosterin [printed]; (2) Bengalia (m) / torosa Wied., 1819 / K. Rognes det. 2014; (3) KR0000000489 [printed]; • 1 ♂, labelled (1) CAMBODIA, Ratanakiri pr. / Ban Lung, 13.74N 106.98E / 29-31.V. 2013, O. Kosterin [printed]; (2) Bengalia (m) / torosa Wied., 1819 / K. Rognes det. 2014; (3) KR0000000490 [printed] [The date on the uppermost label is wrong: it should be 29.V.–2.VI.2013; O. Kosterin in litt.]; Philippines: 1 ♂, labelled (1) Philippines, Palawan / Brookes Point / Uring Uring / 8 August 1961 / Noona Dan Exp. 61-62. [printed]; (2) Caught by / light from / Petromax [printed]; (3) lateralis [handwritten by James]; (4) Bengalia / lateralis Macq / K. Rognes det. 92 [handwritten, except name and “det.” in third line] [Dissected by me; dried T1+2–5 glued to card above labels on pin; terminalia in glycerol in glass microvial on pin]. MNHN. India: 1 ♂, labelled (1) MUSEUM PARIS / INDE (BELLARY) / CHAPER 1883 [printed]; (2) 1178/ 83 [circular label, handwritten]; (3) Bengalia / lateralis / Macq. [Villeneuve’s handwriting] [ST5 flap visible]; • 2 ♀, labelled (1) INDE MÉRIDIONAL / TRICHINOPOLY / F (or P) CAIUS 1911 [printed]; • 1 ♀, labelled (1) Kuttapuli.18.13 / Cap Comorin / P. Caius [handwritten by Caius] [I interpreted the place name and handwriting erroneously in my Caiusa paper (Rognes 2015: 36, paralectotype female of Caiusa indica Surcouf ), where I assumed the handwriting was Séguy’s and the spelling was “Kattapuli”; Kuttapuli = Kootapuli, 8°9′0″N, 77°36′0″E]; • 1 ♂, labelled (1) Inde Anglaise / Madras (Guindy) [The specimen is staged on a piece of cork and the pin is heavily corroded]; Laos: 1 ♂, labelled (1) LAOS / Muong Hai / le 2-IV 191... / R. Vitalis de Salvaza [dark paper label with black frame; second line and day and month on third line handwritten; year given as 1918 in Séguy (1946: 83), but the number 8 is not on the label] [Very corroded pin, which has forced thorax to split; all legs intact; ST5 flap visible]; • 1 ♂, labelled (1) LAOS / Ban Nam Mo / le 4-IV 1918 / R. Vitalis de Salvaza [dark paper label with black frame; second line and day and month on third line handwritten] [Very corroded pin, which has forced thorax to split; all legs intact; ST5 flap visible]; Vietnam: 1 ♂, labelled (1) MUSEUM PARIS / TONKIN / LAO-KAY / D r. CHEVALIER 1902 [printed] [Very mouldy, but ST5 flap visible]. NHMD. India: 1 ♀, labelled (1) Mus. / Westerm. [printed]; (2) M. jejuna var. / Tranquebar [handwritten by Westermann] [specimen # 2 in NHMD unit tray for Bengalia jejuna ]; • 1 ♂, labelled (1) Bengala / Galatea / Lateralis / Macq. [handwritten, not by Westermann] [ Fig. 226 ]; (2) Bengalia ♂ / torosa / (Wied. 1819) / Det. H. Kurahashi [printed]. [NB: This specimen will be proposed as neotype for Musca torosa Wiedemann , see above.]; Philippines: 1 ♂, labelled (1) Philippines, Palawan / Mantalingajan / Tagembung 1150 meter / 17. Sept. 1961 / Noona Dan Exp. 61-62 [printed]; (2) Caught in / Malaise- / traps [printed]; (3) Sensu Surcouf / nec. S.W. et al. / Bengalia / lateralis Macq. / det James 65. [handwritten by James] [Dried terminalia glued to corner of uppermost label]; • 1 ♂, labelled (1) Philippines, Palawan / Brookes Point / Uring Uring / 18 August 1961 / Noona Dan Exp. 61-62. [printed]; (2) Caught by / Mercury-light / 20.00-23.30 [printed]; (3) lateralis [handwritten by James]; • 1 ♂, labelled (1) Philippines, Palawan / Brookes Point / Uring Uring / 18 August 1961 / Noona Dan Exp. 61-62. [printed]; (2) Caught by / Mercury-light / 20.00-23.30 [printed]; (3) lateralis [handwritten by James]; • 1 ♂, labelled (1) Philippines, Palawan / Brookes Point / Uring Uring / 25 August 1961 / Noona Dan Exp. 61-62. [printed]; (2) Caught in / Malaise- / traps [printed]; (3) lateralis [handwritten by James]; • 1 ♀, labelled (1) Philippines, Palawan / Brookes Point / Uring Uring / 18 August 1961 / Noona Dan Exp. 61-62. [printed]; (2) Caught in / Malaise- / traps [printed]; (3) lateralis [handwritten by James]; • 1 ♀, labelled (1) Philippines, Palawan / Brookes Point / Uring Uring / 18 August 1961 / Noona Dan Exp. 61-62. [printed]; (2) Caught by / Mercury-light / 20.00-23.30 [printed]; (3) Caught by / Mercury-light / 20.00-23.30 [printed]; (4) lateralis [handwritten by James]; • 1 ♀, labelled (1) Philippines, Palawan / Brookes Point / Uring Uring / 18 August 1961 / Noona Dan Exp. 61-62. [printed]; (2) Caught by / Mercury-light / 20.00-23.30 [printed]; (3) lateralis [handwritten by James]; • 1 ♀, labelled (1) Philippines, Palawan / Brookes Point / Uring Uring / 19 August 1961 / Noona Dan Exp. 61-62. [printed]; (2) Caught in / Malaise- / traps [printed]; (3) Bengalia / lateralis / Macq. / det James 65 [handwritten by James]; • 1 ♀, labelled (1) Philippines, Palawan / Brookes Point / Uring Uring / 21 August 1961 / Noona Dan Exp. 61-62. [printed]; (2) Caught by / Mercury-light / 20.00-21.00 [printed]; (3) lateralis [handwritten by James]; • 1 ♀, labelled (1) Philippines, Balabac / Dalawan Bay / 5 Oct. 1961 / Noona Dan Exp. 61-62. [printed]; (2) Caught by / Mercury-light / 19.30-04.00 [printed]; (3) lateralis [handwritten by James]. Thailand: 2 ♂, labelled (1) Thailand, Doi Suthep-Pui / natn. Park, Konthathan / waterfall area, 600 m / 20.- 27. X. 1979 / Zool. Mus. Copenhagen Exped. [printed]; (2) Bengalia ♂ / torosa / (Wied. 1819) / Det. H. Kurahashi [printed]; • 3 ♀, labelled (1) Thailand, Doi Suthep-Pui / natn. Park, Konthathan / waterfall area, 600 m / 20.- 27. X. 1979 / Zool. Mus. Copenhagen Exped. [printed; one of the specimens with a yellow label]; (2) Bengalia ♀ / torosa / (Wied. 1819) / Det. H. Kurahashi [printed]. NHMUK. India: 1 ♂, labelled (1) Dohnavur, 350' / Tinnevelly Dt. / S. India 4- X-38 [printed, except date] [Dissected by me in 1985; beside the specimen is a pin with a piece of card on which the abdomen (now lost) had been glued, and the terminalia are in a glass microvial below it; this second pin is labelled (1) Bengalia ♂ / torosa Wied. / K. Rognes prep. 85 [handwritten]; (2) S. India / 4.x.38 [handwritten]]; • 1 ♂, labelled (1) Deesa, / Bombay / Presidency. India. / Aug. 1897. / Capt. C. G. Nurse [handwritten]; (2) Ochromyia ♂ / jejutora Lehrer n. sp. / Det. Dr. A. Z. LEHRER / 2004. [printed] [Both forelegs and both antennae lost; terminalia exposed]; • 1 ♂, labelled (1) INDIA: / Bihar. / Banhar. / 24.vi.1920 [handwritten, except first line]; (2) Bengalia / jejuna, Fabr. / var. quadrinotata, Big. / det. R.Senior White. [handwritten, except last line]; (3) Purchd. from / R. Senior White / B.M. 1938-460. [printed]; (4) Ochromyia ♂ / jejutora Lehrer n. sp. / Det. Dr. A. Z. LEHRER / 2004 [printed, pin hole in middle] [Mouldy, femora dark, terminalia visible]; • 1 ♂, labelled (1) N.W.INDIA: / Deesa. / August 1897. / C.G.Nurse. / B.M.1934-8 [printed, except third line]; (2) TOROSA [handwritten in blue ink]; (3) Deesa / 8.97. [type-writer print]; (4) Ochromyia ♂ / jejutora Lehrer / Det. Dr. A. Z. LEHRER / 2005 [printed, pin hole in middle]; (5) Ochromyia ♂ / jejutora Lehrer / Det. Dr. A. Z. LEHRER / 2005 [printed, pin hole near right hand margin] [Left fore leg and both mid legs lost; terminalia exposed]; • 1 ♂ [staged on rectangular celluloid plate], labelled (1) ♂ [handwritten]; (2) N.W. INDIA: / Deesa. / July 1897. / C.G.Nurse / B.M.1934-8. [printed, except third line]; (3) Deesa / 7.97. [typewritten] [Good condition, all legs preserved]; Myanmar: 1 ♂, labelled (1) Burma / Mt. Victoria / Chinhills 1400 - / m IV.38 / leg. G. Heinrich [mostly printed, label yellow]; (2) Ochromyia ♂ / jejutora Lehrer n. sp. / Det. Dr. A. Z. LEHRER / 2004 [printed, pin hole in middle]; (3) Ochromyia ♂ / jejutora Lehrer n. sp. / Det. Dr. A. Z. LEHRER / 2004 [printed, pin hole near right hand margin] [Right fore and mid legs lost; terminalia exposed]. NMW. Indonesia (Java): 1 ♀, labelled (1) Schiner / 1869 [printed]; (2) Java / Alte Sammlung [first line handwritten, second line printed]; (3) quadri- / notata / det. B.B. [handwritten, last line printed]; (4) Bengalia / ( Ochromyia ) / lateralis / Mcq. / Det. / JRMalloch [handwritten label with black frame, last two lines printed]; • 1 ♀, labelled (1) Java / Alte Sammlung [first line handwritten, second line printed]; (2) quadri- / notata / det. B.B. [handwritten, last line printed]. WSU. India: 1 ♂, labelled (1) S. Malibar. S. / India / PSNathan [printed]; (2) Walayar Forest / 1600ft. 12.viii.46 [printed, except date]; (3) LOAN / MTJ [pink label]; (4) Bengalia / quadrinotata / (Big.) / det James ’50 [handwritten on label with black frame]; • 1 ♂, labelled (1) Walayar Forest / 1600ft. 13.viii.46 [printed, except date]; (2) S. Malibar S. / India PSNathan [printed]; (3) LOAN / MTJ [print on pink label]; (4) Bengalia / lateralis / Macq. / det. James 65 [handwritten on label with black frame]; • 1 ♀, labelled (1) Coimbatore. S. / India PS Nathan / MazuKarui / 1500' 28-x-39 [first two lines printed]; (2) 16 [written in pencil on yellow label]; • 1 ♀, labelled (1) Coimbatore. S. / India PS Nathan / IX-46 [printed, except date]; (2) LOAN / MTJ [printed on pink label]; (3) 12 [written in pencil on yellow label]; • 1 ♂, 1 ♀, labelled (1) SOUTH INDIA / Coimbatore / VII 1948 / P.S.Nathan [printed, except most of date]; (2) LOAN / MTJ [printed on pink label] [The male has its terminalia extruded and clearly visible; the female has an additional yellow label with “15” handwritten in pencil]; • 5 ♂, 2 ♀, labelled (1) MADRAS, S. INDIA / Coimbatore / 1400' XI-63 / P. S. Nathan [printed, except date] [The five males have their terminalia extruded and clearly visible; they each have an additional yellow label, respectively with “3”, “4”, “7”, “9” and “10” handwritten in pencil; the females have similar labels reading “14” and “17”, respectively; the male with the “7” label has its head glued to a piece of card on the same pin, below the labels]; • 3 ♂, labelled (1) Coimbatore / MADRAS S. / INDIA 1400' [handwritten]; (2) XI 1963 / P.S. Nathan [handwritten] [All have their terminalia extruded and clearly visible; two of them have an additional yellow label, respectively with “6” and “10” handwritten in pencil]; • 1 male ♂, 2 ♀, labelled (1) Coimbatore / MADRAS S. / INDIA 1400' [handwritten]; (2) XI 1964 / P.S. Nathan [handwritten] [The male has its terminalia extruded and clearly visible, and carries an additional yellow label with “19” handwritten in pencil; the two females have similar additional labels reading “18” and “20”, respectively]; Philippines: 1 ♂, 1 ♀, labelled (1) Philippines, Palawan / Brookes Point / Uring Uring / 17 August 1961 / Noona Dan Exp. 61–62 [printed]; (2) Caught in / Malaise traps [printed]; (3) lateralis [handwritten by James] [Both have an additional yellow label, respectively with “1” and “13” handwritten in pencil]. ZMHB. Sri Lanka: 1 ♀, labelled (1) Ceylon / Nietner S. [printed on yellow label]; (2) 6347 [printed]; (3) jejuna / Fab.Wied. [handwritten, old style, on yellow label]; (4) Zool. Mus. / Berlin [printed]. ZMUM. Cambodia: 7 ♂, labelled (1) CAMBODIA, Ratanakiri pr. / Ban Lung, 13.74N 106.98E / 29-31.V. 2013, O. Kosterin [printed]; (2) Bengalia (m) / torosa Wied., 1819 / K. Rognes det. 2014 [the date on the uppermost label is wrong: it should be 29.V.–2.VI.2013; O. Kosterin in litt.].

Figures

FIGURES 207–212. Bengalia torosa (Wiedemann) (207, 212: male from Uring Uring, Brookes Point, Palawan, Philippines, KR; 208–209: male from Cambodia, KR; 210–211: male from Wapikhamthong, Laos, BPBM). 207. Head, left lateral view. 208. Detail of head, frontal view. 209. Left fore leg, outside view. 210. ST5 flap. 211. ST5 flap (arrow), apical view. 212. Left anepimeron.

FIGURES 213–220. Bengalia torosa (Wiedemann) (male from Uring Uring, Brookes Point, Palawan, Philippines, KR). 213. Epandrial complex, posterior view. 214. Epandrial complex, left lateral view (slightly skewed dorsally). 215. ST5 flap (from inside, slightly ruptured distally). 216. Distiphallus, dorsal view. 217. Distiphallus, left lateral view. 218. Distiphallus, ventral view. 219. Pre- and postgonites. 220. Distiphallus, apical view. Scale bars: 0.5mm (Figs 213–215); 0.25mm (Figs 216–220). Abbreviations: bsp = bacilliform sclerite process; dlp = distal lip process; dsur = distal surstylus (surstylus); e = external hypophallic lobe; i = internal hypophallic lobe; lf = lateral finger; pog = postgonite; prg = pregonite; psur = proximal surstylus; sd = semidomes.

FIGURES 221–229. Bengalia torosa (Wiedemann) (222–223: male syntype of Musca torosa Wiedemann, NHMD; 224–225: female syntype of Musca torosa in NMW; 226–229: proposed neotype of Musca torosa Wiedemann, NHMD). 221. Label similar to the one added to the two syntypes of Musca torosa. 222. Labels. 223. Abdomen, dorsal view (before dissection). 224. Labels. 225. Abdomen, dorsal view. 226. Label. 227. Proposed neotype label. 228. Head, thorax and parts of abdomen, dorsal view. 229. Label.

FIGURES 230–236. Bengalia torosa (Wiedemann) (230–232: lectotype of Bengalia lateralis Macquart, MNHN; 233–236: holotype of Ochromyia quadrinotata Bigot, OUMNH). 230. Habitus, dorsal view. 231. Head, frontal view. 232. Labels. 233. Specimen with labels. 234. Left fore leg, inside view. 235. Tip of abdomen with ST5 flap. Arrow pointing towards hind edge. 236. Drawer label.

FIGURES 1–14. Bengalia chekiangensis Fan (1–10, 12–14: male from Taiwan, CNC; 11: male from Taiwan, CMNH). 1. Epandrial complex, posterior view. 2. Epandrial complex, left lateral view. 3. Head and thorax, dorsal view. 4. Abdomen, dorsal view. 5. Head, left lateral view. 6. Head from front. 7. Left fore leg, outside view. 8. Left fore leg, inside view. 9. Base of right wing showing basicosta and tegula. 10. ST5 flap and much of ST5. 11. ST5 flap; scale bar = 0.25mm. 12. Left anepimeron. 13. Labels. 14. Right wing, dorsal view. Abbreviations: bsp = bacilliform sclerite process.

FIGURES 126–130. Bengalia jejuna (Fabricius) (126: syntypes of Musca jejuna Fabricius, “Habitat Tranquebariae Dom. Lund”, NHMD; 127–130: male proposed as neotype for Musca jejuna, NHMD). 126. The three specimens with their original Fabricius label. 127. Abdomen in situ, dorsal view. 128. Detached abdomen, ventral view. 129. Label. 130. Proposed neotype label.