Thraupidae, Cabanis, 1847

Somenzari, Marina, Amaral, Priscilla Prudente do, Cueto, Víctor R., Guaraldo, André de Camargo, Jahn, Alex E., Lima, Diego Mendes, Lima, Pedro Cerqueira, Lugarini, Camile, Machado, Caio Graco, Martinez, Jaime, Nascimento, João Luiz Xavier do, Pacheco, José Fernando, Paludo, Danielle, Prestes, Nêmora Pauletti, Serafini, Patrícia Pereira, Silveira, Luís Fábio, Sousa, Antônio Emanuel Barreto Alves de, Sousa, Nathália Alves de, Souza, Manuella Andrade de, Telino-Júnior, Wallace Rodrigues & Whitney, Bret Myers, 2018, An overview of migratory birds in Brazil, Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 58, pp. 1-66 : 22-23

Thraupidae

Sporophila beltoni (MGT) : endemic to Brazil. Occurs in the Cerrado from BA (bordering GO) to RS ( Repenning & Fontana, 2013). Sexually active individuals start to arrive at the breeding site (from northeastern PR to northeastern RS) in mid-October and depart in late January, disappearing completely in the first week of March. There is evidence suggesting that individuals of this population arrive with others from the same genus in southern MG and surrounding states, which are possibly wintering sites.The center of the state of SP seems to be a passing or resting area during migration ( Repenning & Fontana, 2013). Photographic records confirm this pattern and present the first record of this species for BA (WikiAves, 2016).

Sporophila palustris (MGT) : breeds in northeastern Argentina, extreme southern Brazil, Uruguay and possibly southeastern Paraguay during austral spring and summer. It migrates to the Central-West and Southeast regions of Brazil and eastern Paraguay ( Jaramillo, 2011c; Rising, 2011). It has been recorded in flocks with other species from the same genus from the Amazon and Central Brazil ( Sick, 1997), and has been observed in flocks of more than 1,000 individuals foraging in pastures in the Araguaia River basin in southeastern PA in mid-September 2009, 2010 and 2013 ( Cavarzere et al., 2015). Photographic records are scarce and distributed between PA, MT, TO, MS, GO, MG, SP and RS, as well as DF, between September and April (WikiAves, 2016).The northern limit of its wintering site is in Bico do Papagaio/northern TO ( Dornas et al., 2013) and the breeding population from Brazil is restricted to RS. It is definitely a migratory species, but details of its movements are not fully known.

Sporophila hypochroma (MGT) : occurs in northeastern and eastern Bolivia, in the North, Central-West and South regions of Brazil, central Paraguay and northeastern Argentina ( Rising, 2011). Its wintering area reaches the central eastern portion of Bolivia and northern and central Brazil ( Ridgely & Tudor, 2009). In Brazil, recent records for RS are distributed between October and February, and for MT and MS between June and November (WikiAves, 2016). For GO, it was recorded for the Emas National Park in October ( Sick, 1997). For the North region of the country, it was recorded for tributaries of the Mamoré River in RO in June ( Whittaker, 2004), and for TO, in the municipalities of Filadélfia (inside the boundaries of the Fossil Trees Natural Monument) and Dueré ( Dornas et al., 2013) in July and October respectively.

Sporophila cinnamomea (MGT) : breeds during spring and austral summer in the Pampas in southeastern South America ( Azpiroz et al., 2012), which includes RS ( Maurício et al., 2013), and flies north right after that period ( Jaramillo, 2011d). It has been recorded for Paraguay, Argentina and Uruguay in August and from October/November to May. Monospecific gatherings of tens of individuals were observed in late February before the migration. This species is rare in PR, especially during spring and summer, and it is likely that only localized records occur during its migration, as well as in MT and central SP, where it flies through Dourados and Itirapina heading south during spring. In the region of the Triângulo Mineiro, this species has been observed in mid-September with other seedeaters that also migrate south, such as S. palustris , S. melanogaster , S. hypoxantha and S. pileata ( Krügel et al., 2013) . Photographic records confirm the distribution pattern from the literature, in which the species is recorded in Brazil from September to May, namely in TO, GO, MT, MS, MG, SP, PR, SC, RS, and evidence of breeding activity exists for MS and RS in January and February (WikiAves, 2016; MZUSP 88533 [SC, 2009, December]).

Sporophila melanogaster (MGT) : endemic to Brazil, and occurs from the Central-West east to the Southeast and South regions ( Jaramillo & de Juana, 2016). All breeding population is confined to the campos de altitude in SC and RS ( Rovedder et al., 2013). It reaches its breeding site between October and November, and between February and March ( Rising, 2011) it flies north searching for hotter, more humid regions ( Azpiroz et al., 2012).The Jaguariaíva region/ PR seems to be used as a stopover ground during migration ( Carrano & Ribas, 2000). Photographic records suggest that this species’ presence is restricted to the period between September and March in TO, GO, MG, SP, PR, RS and SC (WikiAves, 2016). There are also collected specimens from SC in December (MZUSP). Its occurrence during winter remains unknown and needs to be studied further.