Anatidae, Leach, 1820

Somenzari, Marina, Amaral, Priscilla Prudente do, Cueto, Víctor R., Guaraldo, André de Camargo, Jahn, Alex E., Lima, Diego Mendes, Lima, Pedro Cerqueira, Lugarini, Camile, Machado, Caio Graco, Martinez, Jaime, Nascimento, João Luiz Xavier do, Pacheco, José Fernando, Paludo, Danielle, Prestes, Nêmora Pauletti, Serafini, Patrícia Pereira, Silveira, Luís Fábio, Sousa, Antônio Emanuel Barreto Alves de, Sousa, Nathália Alves de, Souza, Manuella Andrade de, Telino-Júnior, Wallace Rodrigues & Whitney, Bret Myers, 2018, An overview of migratory birds in Brazil, Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 58, pp. 1-66 : 23-24

Anatidae

Dendrocygna bicolor (MPR) : occurs from California to Argentina, in all of Brazil and also in Africa and India. It is, however, rare or it appears only occasionally in many places ( Sick, 1997). There are populations residing in CE, MG, SP, PR, SC and RS, as suggested by occurrence records (WikiAves, 2016) distributed throughout the year, as well as in the Araguaia River region (L.F. Silveira, pers. obs.). In RS, part of the population remains in the state all year round, but another part migrates ( Belton, 1984) following the same pattern as Netta peposaca : it flies to the lower Paraná River region in Argentina, which is its main breeding area according to banding and recapture records ( Antas, 1994; Nascimento et al., 2003). Its movement inside the Brazilian territory is not fully understood, but it was suggested that it moves because of local droughts and floods ( Antas, 1994; Sick, 1997). There are records of breeding activity for SP (between September and March), SC (December), and RS in May (WikiAves, 2016) and in October and December ( Belton, 1984). In BA, this species is present on lagoons and wetlands during winter (P.C. Lima, pers. obs.).

Coscoroba coscoroba (MPR) : occurs in South America from central Chile, Pantanal, and southern Brazil south to Tierra del Fuego. In Brazil, it can be found in PR, SC, RS ( Grantsau, 2010) and Mato Grosso do Sul (MS) ( Conservation International, 2009). It breeds in RS ( Belton, 1984; Nascimento et al., 2001; Maurício et al., 2013), where the Taim wetlands and Ecological Station are the most important breeding sites in Brazil. Part of its population departs from the Station between December and February and returns between late June and September, but most return in August and remain for at least 60 days, during which they molt. Built nests are seen in late June and chicks begin to appear in the first week of August,though most of them appear only in September. The exit route from Brazil to Argentina is the natural corridor composed of rivers, lakes and wetlands in the central plains of RS from the flood plains of the Ibicuí, Butuí, Santa Maria, Vacacaí and Jacuí Rivers ( Calabuig et al., 2010). Individuals that reach southern Brazil seem to fly up to 1,700 km in a straight line and the only route is through extreme western RS, which is evidence of the connection between southern Brazil and northeastern Argentina ( Calabuig et al., 2010). However, available photographic records on WikiAves confirm its year-round presence in RS, which corroborates the fact that its migration to Argentina is only partial ( Calabuig et al., 2010). Data on WikiAves also suggests the presence of this species during almost the entire year in SC (except for February and June), in PR (except January, March, May and November) and in MS between June and October,which is the northern limit of its distribution. This way, geolocation studies should be performed to investigate how regular this movement to the south (to Uruguay and Argentina) made by the population that breed in Brazil is.

Neochen jubata (MPR) : occurs from Venezuela to Bolivia, Paraguay, Argentina and Brazil, both in the Amazon and in Central Brazil ( Sick, 1997). It is considered sedentary in most of its distribution, but there are records of small movements. It exhibits migratory behavior in the Amazon: there is a large breeding population in the Juruá River between June and October,after which disperses widely in the Amazon Basin ( Carboneras, 1992a; Endo et al., 2014). Photographic and sound records available on WikiAves corroborate literature data and show that this species is present in the Amazon Basin only during the dry season (July to October), with records of breeding activity in November and December for Roraima (RR) (WikiAves, 2016). In Mato Grosso (MT) it is present between March and August (WikiAves, 2016; MZUSP), and in Goiás (GO) and Tocantins (TO) it is resident and there are records of breeding activity between April and September (WikiAves, 2016).

Callonetta leucophrys (MPR) : occurs from northern Argentina to Bolivia, Paraguay, and Brazil in MT, RS, SP, Distrito Federal (DF) and MG ( Sick, 1997). Literature data suggests that it is a migratory species that originates from extreme southern South America ( Chesser, 1994; Sick, 1997; Nunes & Tomas, 2004). The direction and amplitude of its movements are not well defined, but there certainly is dispersal after breeding, which expands its distribution near to the coast and in lower latitudes ( Carboneras, 1992a). However, photographic records available on WikiAves show that the species is present all year round in RS and that there are even records of breeding activity between November and February ( Belton, 1994; Maurício et al., 2013; WikiAves, 2016). It is also recorded for Mato Grosso do Sul (MS) from May to November, SP in August, PR in May, MT in September and SC from February to May and from October to December ( Straube et al., 2006; WikiAves, 2016). Such data suggests that there are resident populations in RS and at least some migration to other states.

Anas georgica (MPR) : occurs from extreme southern Colombia to Tierra del Fuego, including the Malvinas /Falklands, South Georgia, Argentina, Paraguay, Uruguay and Brazil as far as SP ( Carboneras,1992a), with occasional records for RR and CE ( Sick,1997). Individuals banded in Argentina were recovered in RS ( Olrog, 1971) and one individual banded in RS was recovered on the Pacific coast of Chile,which suggests east-west movements ( Silva,1987). The main breeding site in Brazil is the coastal region and the highlands of RS.Thousands of individuals have been recorded near the border with Uruguay, where they molt between January and March ( Antas, 1994). The wetlands of RS are used in migration routes ( Antas, 1994), as well as its Central Depression ( Nascimento et al., 2000). Photographic records show the presence of the species all year round in RS and SC, and records of breeding activity between June and December. It seems to occur in SP between July and October, and in Rio de Janeiro (RJ) in January and October (WikiAves, 2016).

Anas versicolor (MPR) : occurs from Chile and Argentina to Paraguay, Bolivia and Brazil ( Sick, 1997). Populations that breed further south of the distribution migrate north during winter and reach southeastern Brazil ( Carboneras, 1992a). Banding data proves the west-east migration between Argentina and Brazil ( Belton, 1984; Antas, 1994; Sick, 1997; SNA, 2016). The species seems to move in RS through a main corridor formed by coastal wetlands and the Central Depression, similar to Netta peposaca ( Nascimento et al., 2000) . Part of its population is present throughout the year from RS to SP, and there are records of breeding activity in September and October for RS,SC, PR (WikiAves, 2016), SP (F. Schunck, pers. comm.), and occasionally in RJ ( Sick, 1997).

Anas platalea (MPR) : occurs from southern South America to Peru, Bolivia, Paraguay and RS in Brazil, occasionally as far as RJ ( Sick, 1997). Populations that breed further south of the general distribution migrate to lower latitudes during winter ( Carboneras, 1992a). In RS, it occurs mainly as a winter visitor,though breeding has been confirmed in the state ( Belton, 1984; FZBRS, 2013). Presents irregular records for MS, SP and PR (WikiAves, 2016).

Netta peposaca (MPR) : occurs in the Southern Cone of South America and, in Brazil, in wetlands and floodplains in RS and in the coastal zone of PR, SC, SP and RJ ( Nascimento et al., 2000). Individuals from RS, where there is a resident population, come from different areas in Argentina and fly from the Paraná River delta near Buenos Aires almost to the Paraná and Paraguay Rivers junction ( Belton, 1984; Antas, 1987; Sick, 1997), and then fly to the south coast of Brazil ( Antas, 1994).The species flies along coastal lagoons in RS and reaches lower Paraná, which is its main breeding site, through eastern Uruguay or through the Central Depression of the state ( Antas et al., 1990; Antas, 1994; Nascimento et al., 2000). The migration after breeding occurs from April to September and occasionally some individuals arrive in the Pantanal in MS ( Nascimento et al., 2000). There are also historic records for RJ (J.F. Pacheco, pers. obs.). In SP, it has been recorded for the Tanquã region in the municipality of Piracicaba all year round, and there is also evidence of breeding activity (WikiAves, 2016).

Heteronetta atricapilla (MPR) : occurs from Chile and Argentina to southern Brazil, Paraguay and Bolivia ( Sick, 1997). Populations that breed further south of the distribution fly north during winter ( Carboneras, 1992a). Calabuig et al. (2010) suggest that this species presents the same pattern as Coscoroba coscoroba , in which part of the population migrates and the rest remain in one area throughout the year. Individuals that were banded in Santiago del Estero in June and then recovered in RS in August ( Olrog, 1974) proved migration between Argentina and Brazil (RS).This species breeds in RS between October and December ( Maurício et al., 2013).