Parapontophilus Christoffersen, 1988

Komai, Tomoyuki, 2008, A world-wide review of species of the deepwater crangonid genus Parapontophilus Christoffersen, 1988 (Crustacea, Decapoda, Caridea), with descriptions of ten new species, Zoosystema 30 (2), pp. 261-332 : 264-271

Genus Parapontophilus Christoffersen, 1988

Pontophilus – Kemp 1916: 355. — Barnard 1950: 805. — Crosnier & Forest 1973: 239 (in part). — Chace 1984: 45 (in part). Not Pontophilus Leach, 1817 .

Parapontophilus Christoffersen, 1988: 46 , 48. — Holthuis 1993: 295.

TYPE SPECIES. — Pontophilus gracilis Smith, 1882 , original designation by monotypy.

GENDER. — Masculine.

SPECIES INCLUDED. — Eighteen species arranged in two informal species groups: Parapontophilus gracilis group (11 species): P. abyssi ( Smith, 1884) , P. cornutus n. sp., P. cyrton n. sp., P. difficilis n. sp., P. geminus n. sp., P.gracilis ( Smith, 1882) , P. junceus ( Bate, 1888) , P.longirostris n. sp., P. occidentalis ( Faxon, 1893) , P. profundus ( Bate, 1888) and P. talismani ( Crosnier & Forest, 1973) .

P. modumanuensis group (seven species): P. caledonicus n. sp., P. demani ( Chace, 1984) , P. juxta n. sp., P. modumanuensis ( Rathbun, 1906) , P. psyllus n. sp., P. sibogae n. sp. and P. stenorhinus n. sp.

DIAGNOSIS. — Rostrum acuminate, with 1 or 2 pairs of lateral teeth; dorsal surface slightly concave in proximal part. Cephalothorax subcylindrical or slightly depressed dorsoventrally; carapace with 1-3 middorsal teeth, of them anterior 1 or 2 teeth situated on gastric region (= anterior and posterior epigastric teeth), posteriormost tooth, if present, situated posterior to midlength (= cardiac tooth); middorsal ridge usually present; postorbital suture extending from just mesial to base of antennal tooth to midlength of carapace; lateral surface with hepatic tooth and occasionally with 1 epibranchial tooth; orbital margin evenly concave, with distinct notch. Cornea not reduced in size. Second maxilliped with podobranch. First pereopod with rudimentary exopod; pollex immovably attached to palm. Second pereopod chelate, short, not reaching distal margin of merus of first pereopod. Dactyli of fourth and fifth pereopods slender, usually flattened dorsoventrally. One arthrobranch above base of third maxilliped; pleurobranchs above first to fifth pereopods (fourth to eighth thoracic somites); ventral apices of pleurobranchs directed backwards. Male second pleopod with appendix masculina shorter than appendix interna; second to fifth pleopods each with appendix interna in both male and female.

GENERAL DESCRIPTION

Body slender for crangonids. Integument of body not firm.

Rostrum acuminate, not exceeding beyond second segment of antennular peduncle, armed with 1 or 2 pairs of lateral teeth; dorsal surface usually shallowly concave at least in basal part; ventral surface with blunt median ridge. Carapace always longer than wide postorbitally, subcylindrical or slightly depressed dorsoventrally; surface smooth or with scattered very short setae; middorsal line usually sharply or bluntly carinate, with 1 or 2 epigastric teeth; cardiac tooth, if present, arising from 0.60-0.70 of carapace length; orbital margin evenly concave, with distinct notch posteriorly; anterolateral margin terraced anteriorly, with small antennal tooth, weak to moderately strong branchiostegal tooth and tiny pterygostomial tooth; antennal tooth directed forward; branchiostegal tooth also directed forward, usually falling short of or reaching dorsodistal margin of antennal basicerite, supported by blunt ridge extending to level of posterior margin of orbit; lateral surface of carapace always with hepatic tooth accompanied by shallow hepatic groove and very low, frequently obsolescent, postorbital ridge; postorbital tooth arising somewhat posterolateral to orbital notch, often reduced to minute tubercle or absent; epibranchial tooth, if present, usually followed by blunt epibranchial ridge; postorbital suture extending from mesial to base of antennal tooth to level of midlength of carapace.

Thoracic sternum widened posteriorly; in males ( Fig. 15A ) and non-spawning females, sternal plates on fifth to eighth thoracic somites each composed of convex median lobe with small anterior tooth or tubercle and rather flattened posterolateral lobes; posterolateral lobes of seventh somite prominent. In spawning females, thoracic sternum concave, lobes less clearly delimited.

Pleon with anterior four somites usually rounded on dorsal surface; fifth somites rounded dorsally or with low plateau; sixth somite rounded or with trace of submedian ridges and median sulcus. Pleura of anterior four somites broadly rounded, that of fifth somite usually with small posterolateral tooth. Sixth somite more than twice length of fifth somite, tapering posteriorly in lateral view; posterolateral process terminating in sharp tooth; posteroventral angle blunt or with small tooth; ventral surface rounded in anterior part, shallowly convex in posterior part. Telson ( Fig. 11E ) slender, tapering to sharply pointed posteromedian projection from anterior 0.25, armed with 2 pairs of dorsolateral spines on posterior half; dorsal surface shallowly sulcate medially; posterior margin with 1 lateral pair of minute spinules and 2 pairs of long, slender spines, flanking posteromedian projection.

Pleonal sternum narrow, first to third sternites unarmed, fourth to fifth sternites each with low median tubercle.

Eye rounded generally; cornea not reduced in size, but development of faceted structure on surface and pigmentation considerably varying according to species; mesial part of eye-stalk extended anteriorly, thus boundary between cornea and eye-stalk strongly oblique in dorsal view; no dorsal tubercle on eye-stalk, but with small, papilla-like projection on ventromesial face in P. gracilis group; such papilla-like projection absent in P. modumanuensis group.

Antennular peduncle not reaching midlength of antennal scale. First segment longer than distal two segments combined, dorsal surface deeply excavate to receive ophthalmic appendage; ventral surface armed with small tooth on ventromesial ridge and slightly proximal to posterior margin of incision between basal segment and stylocerite respectively ( Fig. 15B ); stylocerite reaching or slightly overreaching distal margin of first segment, terminating in sharp tooth, with notably sinuous lateral margin. Second segment longer than wide, subcylindrical. Third segment shorter than second segment.Flagella sexually dimorphic as in other crangonids, lateral flagellum much stouter and longer and bearing much more numerous aesthetascs in males than in females (cf. Figs 12A, B ; 18 ; 19A ); both flagellum composed of more than 15 articles in both sexes, basal-most articles longest, occupying about 0.30 lengths of flagella.

Antenna ( Fig. 15C ) with second segment (= basicerite) stout, always with tooth at ventolateral distal angle, dorsolateral distal margin occasionally with minute denticle; fifth segment (= carpocerite) subcylindrical, reaching midlength of antennal scale. Antennal scale well-developed, exceeding half length of carapace, bearing distinct distolateral tooth and broadly rounded distal lamella; dorsal surface with broad ridge along lateral margin and short, oblique median ridge extending from base of antennal scale.

Mandible ( Fig. 15D ) slender, divided distally in 2 principal teeth, margins of principal teeth minutely denticulate. Maxillule ( Fig. 15E ) with small, flat, subovate coxal endite bearing few long setae distally; basial endite somewhat curved mesially,with6-8 long spines arranged in double row on truncate mesial margin; endopod directed laterally, nearly straight, bearing some bristle-like setae terminally. Maxilla ( Fig. 15F ) with rudimentary endites represented by broadly rounded lobe; palp relatively stout, weakly curved mesially; scaphognathite broad, anterior lobe triangular, posterior lobe subtriangular but not particularly elongate, fringed with setae noticeably elongate posteriorly.First maxilliped ( Fig. 15G ) with endites poorly developed; endopod not reaching distal margin of exopod, with row of sparse setae on mesial margin; exopod with narrow caridean lobe, and with well-developed flagellum; epipod large, subtriangular. Second maxilliped ( Fig. 15H ) with endopod composed of seven segments, but basis and ischium partially fused; dactylus small, obliquely articulated to propodus, armed with 2 long spines and some spinules; propodus elongate; exopod far overreaching carpus of flexed endopod, bearing welldeveloped flagellum; epipod elongate subrectangular, bearing well-developed podobranch consisting of 2 series of lamellae. Third maxilliped ( Fig. 16B, C ) rather slender, apparently 4-segmented (but fusion between ischium and basis incomplete, as suture visible on dorsal surface), overreaching antennal scale by half length of ultimate segment; distal two segments flattened dorsoventrally; ultimate segment tapering distally to blunt tip, with numerous setae on lateral margin and row of long spines partially obscured by setae on mesial margin; carpus subequal in length to ultimate segment, also with long setae on lateral margin and long spines and setae on mesial margin; antepenultimate segment subequal in length to distal 2 segments combined,sinuously curved, with subdistal spinule on lateral surface ventrally and oblique row of long setae on dorsal surface subterminally; coxa with rounded lateral process presumably originated from epipod; exopod reaching midlength of antepenultimate segment, bearing well-developed flagellum.

First pereopod ( Fig. 16D ) overreaching antennal scale; palm somewhat depressed dorsoventrally, distomesial spine (= pollex) always fixed, cutting edge oblique;carpus armed with 1or 2teeth on distolateral margin (dorsal tooth, if present, smaller than ventral tooth); merus with dorsodistal tooth, unarmed on ventral surface, distolateral margin occasionally with 1 denticle; exopod greatly reduced to rudimentary bud ( Fig. 16E ). Second pereopod ( Fig. 16F ) chelate, short, not reaching distal margin of merus of forwardly extended first pereopod; fingers ( Fig. 16G ) slightly longer than palm, somewhat curved, thus leaving broad hiatus between them, each terminating in long, slender unguis (unguis of fixed finger longer than that of dactylus); cutting edges of fingers with row of sparse, short setae; carpus distinctly shorter than palm; merus subequal in length to chela and carpus combined;ischium longer than merus,strongly curved mesially;coxa devoid of lateral process.Th ird pereopod ( Fig. 16H ) very slender, overreaching antennal scale by length of dactylus, propodus and half of carpus; dactylus 0.50-0.60 length of propodus, apparently lacking terminal tuft of setae; carpus longer than distal 2 segments combined; merus slightly shorter than carpus; ischium slightly shorter than merus; coxa without lateral process. Fourth and fifth pereopods ( Fig. 16I, J ) similar, slender; dactyli usually flattened dorsoventrally, subspatulate, terminating in 2 unequal, slender unguis flanking microscopic spinule ( Fig. 16K, L ); dorsal surface convex, both lateral and mesial margins sharply edged, ventral surface concave; propodi with short setae distally; carpi shorter than propodi, lacking dorsodistal projection; meri longer than ischia.

Gill formula summarized in Table 1. One arthrobranch above base of third maxilliped; pleurobranchs above first to fifth pereopods (fourth to eighth thoracic somites); ventral apices of pleurobranchs directed backwards.

Male first pleopod ( Fig. 15I, J ) with endopod about half length of exopod, sinuously curved, distally divided in 2 rounded lobes (mesial lobe with cincinnuli); female first pleopod ( Fig. 15K ) with endopod about 0.60 length of exopod, occasionally curved mesially, tapering to blunt or subacute point. Male second pleopod with appendix masculina stout, shorter than appendix interna, bearing several spines at rounded or subtruncate tip ( Fig. 15L ). Appendices internae on second to fifth pleopods well-developed in both male and female, tapering distally, each with cluster of cincinnuli at distomesial portion ( Fig. 15L ). Protopods of first to fifth pleopods each with 2 or 3 curved spines at distomesial and proximomesial angle in females ( Fig. 15K ), unarmed in males ( Fig. 15I ). Uropod ( Fig. 15M ) with endopod narrower than exopod; endopod with shallow depression bearing setae on dorsal surface proximally; exopod not reaching endopod, lateral margin nearly straight, terminating in small tooth; diaeresis on exopod clearly defined on dorsal surface, but obscure on ventral surface; protopod with small posterolateral tooth.

Eggs small, numerous.

REMARKS

Christoffersen (1988) proposed a new classification of Crangonidae based on an inferred phylogenetic pattern derived from a cladistic analysis of morphological and reproductive characters. He proposed a new genus, Parapontophilus , for eight taxa, which were placed in a sister group of an assemblage containing three species of Pontophilus s.s. Christoffersen (1988) did not identify autapomorphic features for Parapontophilus , although three homoplastic characters were indicated. My attempt to find out autapomorphic features for Parapontophilus has not been successful too. Nevertheless, Parapontophilus can be clearly distinguished from Pontophilus by a number of morphological characters. In Parapontophilus , the carapace bears at most one middorsal tooth posterior to the level of the midlength and one or two teeth on the lateral face (including a hepatic tooth and one epibranchial tooth, if the latter present), while it is armed with two middorsal teeth posterior to the level of the midlength and more than three or four teeth on the lateral face (including a hepatic tooth and two or three epibranchial teeth) in Pontophilus . The sixth pleonal somite is dorsally rounded, faintly sulcate medially, or at most provided with blunt submedian ridges on the dorsal surface in Parapontophilus , but that somite has two sharp submedian ridges in Pontophilus . The appendix masculina of the male second pleopod is shorter than the appendix interna in Parapontophilus , rather than distinctly longer in Pontophilus . Therefore, Parapontophilus is regarded as a good genus in this study, although its monophyly remains to be fully assessed.

As Chace (1984) indicated, the genus Parapontophilus can be divided into two parts: the first is characterized by the possession of cardiac and epibranchial teeth, including P. gracilis and 10 closely related taxa, P. abyssi , P. cornutus n. sp., P. cyrton n. sp., P. difficilis n. sp., P. geminus n. sp., P. junceus , P. longirostris n. sp., P. occidentalis , P.profundus and P. talismani ( P. gracilis species group); the second is characterized by the lack of cardiac or epibranchial teeth, including P. demani , P. modumanuensis , P. caledonicus n. sp., P. juxta n. sp., P. psyllus n. sp., P. sibogae n. sp. and P. stenorhinus n. sp. ( P.modumanuensis species group). In addition to the characters of the carapace armature, the two informal species groups differ from each other in the following respects: in the P. gracilis group, the sixth pleonal somite is slightly constricted at the middle, and thus the profile of the lateral margin in dorsal view is concave, but in the P. modumanuensis group, the somite is hardly constricted with parallel lateral margins in dorsal view; the eye-stalk is provided with small papilla-like process on the ventromesial surface in the P.gracilis group, whereas such a process is absent in the P. modumanuensis group. At present, it is also difficult to confirm the monophyly of each group, because the assessment of the character polarity is not easy because of possible homoplasy (carapace armature and shape of the sixth pleonal somite) or of scarce information (process on the eye-stalk).

Developmental changes of the thoracic and pleonal sternites, which have been widely reported in Crangonidae (e.g., Chan 1996) are also seen in Parapontophilus .

Chace (1984) decided to adopt the suggestions by Faxon (1895) to treat Parapontophilus gracilis and its related taxa as a single species composed of geographical races (as Pontophilus ), even though some of the resultant subspecies are sympatric geographically if not bathymetrically. Nevertheless, he suggested that the accumulation of additional collections might eventually lead to an alternative conclusion. Analysis of the present extensive material confirms the suggestion by d’Udekem d’Acoz (1999) that Chace’s subspecies should be raised to full species. Geographical distributions of the taxa sometimes overlap for each other (for example, P. abyssi , P. gracilis and P. talismani ). Therefore, the subspecies concept is not fully warranted in the case of P. gracilis and its related taxa.

Taxa of both species groups are distinguished by a number of minor or subtle morphological differences. Particularly useful are characters of the rostrum (shape, length and armature), carapace (size and development of the anterior epigastric teeth), third pleonal somite (shape of the tergite and of the posterodorsal margin), fifth somite (conformation of the tergum), sixth pleonal somites (shape and conformation of the tergum), cornea and eye-stalk (size of cornea and structure of the corneal surface and of the eyestalk), antennal scale (shape of the distal lamella), palm of the first pereopod (shape and size of the pollex), and dactyli of the fourth and fifth pereopods (length and structure). Colour of the cornea is also diagnostic in the P. gracilis species group, and it is particularly useful in identifying material recently preserved. However, this character should be used with caution because the pigmentation can be easily faded away due to the preservation condition.

The following key should be used with caution, because of the variability involved and of the fact that P. modumanuensis and P. profundus are represented only by the holotype, respectively.

Key to the species of Parapontophilus Christoffersen, 1988

1. Carapace with cardiac and epibranchial teeth ...................... ( P. gracilis species group) 2 — Carapace without cardiac or epibranchial teeth ... ( P. modumanuensis species group) 12

2. Cornea very large, its greatest width 0.25-0.30 of carapace length; corneal surface distinctly faceted ........................................................................................................................ 3

— Corneal width not exceeding 0.25 of carapace length; corneal surface distinctly faceted or non-faceted ............................................................................................................ 4

3. Anterior epigastric tooth greatly reduced to microscopic denticle or completely absent; antennal scale less than 4.00 times longer than wide, lateral margin less concave ......... ........................................................................................................ P. gracilis (p. 271)

— Anterior epigastric tooth small, but distinct; antennal scale 4.10 times longer than wide, lateral margin strongly concave ..................................................... P. profundus (p. 285)

4. Fifth pleonal somite with broad dorsal plateau depressed medially; sixth pleonal somite with distinct submedian ridges flanking shallow median sulcus; dactyli of fourth and fifth pereopods subconical, less than half of propodi in length; [cornea of eye always darkly pigmented, corneal surface distinctly faceted] ........................ P. cornutus n. sp. (p. 292)

— Fifth pleonal somite rounded on dorsal surface; sixth pleonal somite rounded or with trace of submedian ridges; dactyli of fourth and fifth pereopods more than half of propodi in length ......................................................................................................................... 5

5. Posterodorsal margin of third pleonal tergite strongly produced posteriorly, thus abdomen strongly geniculate; [anterior epigastric tooth small, but conspicuous; eye white or opaque, corneal surface not faceted] ...................................................... P. cyrton n. sp. (p. 295)

— Posterodorsal margin of third pleonal tergite moderately produced, abdomen not notably geniculate ................................................................................................................................ 6 6. Rostrum overreaching distal margins of corneas; sixth pleonal somite 3.00-3.30 times longer than deep; [cornea small, 0.12-0.13 of carapace length, distinctly faceted, pigmented with yellow or light brown; palm of first pereopod 4.00-4.80 times longer than wide] ........... .......................................................................................... P. longirostris n. sp. (p. 305)

— Rostrum not reaching or reaching distal margins of corneas ....................................... 7

7. Cornea darkly pigmented with black or dark gray in preservative, distinctly faceted entirely;

anterior epigastric tooth absent or reduced to microscopic tubercle or denticle ..............

......................................................................................................... P. junceus (p. 279) — Cornea white or opaque, surface faceted or non-faceted; anterior epigastric tooth usually conspicuous ............................................................................................................... 8

8. Anterior epigastric tooth much smaller than posterior epigastric tooth, occasionally reduced to very small denticle; corneal surface faceted, partially with trace of pigmentation posterolaterally; palm of first pereopod 3.80-4.50 times longer than wide .................. 9

— Anterior epigastric tooth subequal to or slightly smaller than posterior epigastric tooth; corneal surface not faceted; palm of first pereopod 3.50-3.80 times longer than wide ... 10

9. Cornea small, its maximum width 0.14-0.16 of carapace length ... P. geminus n. sp. (p. 302) — Cornea moderately large, its maximum width 0.18-0.21 of carapace length ..................

............................................................................................... P. difficilis n. sp. (p. 297)

10. Rostrum falling short of distal margins of corneas, always armed with 1 pair of lateral teeth; cornea elongate longitudinally; sixth pleonal somite 3.00-3.20 times as long high. ........ ....................................................................................................... P. talismani (p. 289)

— Rostrum falling short of or reaching distal margins of corneas, usually armed with 2 pairs of lateral teeth; cornea of eye hemispherical, not elongate longitudinally; sixth pleonal somite 2.30-2.90 times as long as high ..................................................................... 11

11. Rostrum nearly reaching to slightly overreaching distal margins of corneas; postorbital ridge on carapace obsolescent ............................................................. P. abyssi (p. 274) –– Rostrum far falling short of distal margins of corneas; postorbital ridge on carapace conspicuous ............................................................................... P. occidentalis (p. 287)

12. Rostrum overreaching distal margins of corneas; antennal scale about 5.00 times longer than wide, distolateral tooth distinctly overreaching distal lamella ................................ ............................................................................................ P. modumanuensis (p. 309)

–– Rostrum not overreaching distal margins of corneas; antennal scale 2.50-3.50 times longer than wide, distolateral tooth falling short of distal lamella ........................................ 13

13. Rostrum with 1 lateral tooth on either side .............................................................. 14 –– Rostrum with 2 lateral teeth at least on one side ....................................................... 15

14. Anterior epigastric tooth conspicuous ................................ P. caledonicus n. sp. (p. 313) –– Anterior epigastric tooth absent or rudimentary ....................... P. psyllus n. sp. (p. 319)

15. Rostrum with anterior pair of lateral teeth arising at about midlength or posterior to it ... 16 –– Rostrum with anterior pair of lateral teeth arising anterior to midlength .................. 17

16. Rostrum overreaching tips of antennal teeth on carapace ............ P. juxta n. sp. (p. 316) –– Rostrum not reaching or reaching tips of antennal teeth on carapace ............................

.......................................................................................... P. caledonicus n. sp (p. 313). 17. Rostrum with tiny, blunt lateral teeth; branchiostegal tooth short, not reaching dorsodistal margin of antennal basicerite; cornea 0.20-0.21 of carapace length ............................... .......................................................................................... P. stenorhinus n. sp. (p. 324)

–– Rostrum with moderately small, sharp lateral teeth; branchiostegal tooth nearly reaching or reaching dorsodistal margin of antennal basicerite; cornea 0.13-0.15 of carapace length ................................................................................................................................. 18

18. Rostrum 0.17-0.20 of carapace length, with relatively large lateral teeth ( Fig. 22D ); antennal scale 0.60-0.65 of carapace length, 2.90-3.10 times longer than wide, with distal lamella slightly overreaching distolateral tooth ( Fig. 22H ) ............................ P. demani (p. 310)

–– Rostrum less than 0.15 of carapace length, with relatively small lateral teeth ( Fig. 30C ); antennal scale 0.44-0.52 of carapace length, 2.50-2.60 times longer than wide, with distal lamella distinctly overreaching distolateral tooth ( Fig. 30G ) .... P. sibogae n. sp. (p. 322)

Figures

FIG. 15. — Parapontophilus difficilis n. sp.: A, thoracic sternum, ventral view (setae omitted); B, first segment of left antennular peduncle, ventral view; C, left antenna, ventral, view; D, left mandible, inner view; inset, details of distal part; E, left maxillule, outer view; F, left maxilla, outer view; G, left first maxilliped, outer view; H, left second maxilliped, outer view; I, K, left first pleopod, ventral view; J, endopod of left first pleopod, ventral view; L, appendix masculina and appendix interna of left second pleopod, mesial view; M, left uropod, dorsal view; A, I, J, L, ♂ 9.8 mm, paratype, Solomon Islands (SALOMON 1, stn CP 1807) (MNHN-Na 16192); B-H, K, M, ♀ 11.1 mm, paratype, same lot. Scale bars: A, B, F-I, K, 1mm; C, M, 2 mm; D, E, J, L, 0.5 mm.

FIG. 11. — Parapontophilus cornutus n. sp.: A, carapace and cephalic appendages, dorsal view; B, anterior part of carapace and eyes, dorsal view; C, rostrum, dorsal view; D, fifth and sixth pleonal somites, dorsal view; E, telson, dorsal view; F, subchela of left first pereopod, ventral view; G, left fourth pereopod, lateral view (setae omitted); H, same, dactylus and distal part of propodus, lateral view;I, dactylus, propodus and carpus of right fifth pereopod, lateral view; J, appendices masculina and interna of left second pleopod, mesial view; A, B, D-I, ♀ 9.7 mm, holotype, off Tubuai Island, Austral Islands, French Polynesia (BENTHAUS, stn CP 1965) (MNHN-Na 16159); C, ♀ 7.6 mm, paratype, same data as holotype (MNHN-Na 16161); J, ♂ 8.0 mm, paratype, same lot. Scale bars: A, D-G, I, 2 mm; B, C, 1 mm; H, J, 0.5 mm.

FIG. 12. — Parapontophilus cornutus n. sp.: anterior part of carapace and cephalic appendages, lateral view (setae partially omitted): A, ♂ 8.0 mm, paratype, Tubuai Island, Austral Islands, French Polynesia (BENTHAUS, stn CP 1965) (MNHN-Na 16160); B, ♀ 7.6 mm, paratype, same locality (BENTHAUS, stn CP 1966) (MNHN-Na 16161). Scale bar: 2 mm.

FIG. 18. — Parapontophilus longirostris n. sp., habitus, lateral view, ♂ 7.8 mm, non-type, off Réunion Island, western Indian Ocean (MD 32, stn DS 139) (MNHN-Na 16215). Scale bar: 5 mm.

FIG. 19. — Parapontophilus longirostris n. sp., ♀ 8.5 mm, holotype, Tubuai Island, Austral Islands, French Polynesia (BENTHAUS, stn CP 1965) (MNHN-Na 16210):A, carapace and cephalic appendages,dorsal view;B, carapace,lateral view;C, anterior part of carapace, cornea and basal part of antennae, lateral view; D, anterior part of carapace and eyes, dorsal view; E, fifth and sixth pleonal somites, dorsal view;F, sixth pleonal somite, lateral view; G, eye,ventromesial view; H, subchela of left first pereopod, ventral view; I, dactylus, propodus and carpus of left fourth pereopod, lateral view. Scale bars: A, B, E, F, 2 mm; C, D, G-I, 1 mm.

FIG. 16. — Parapontophilus difficilis n. sp., ♀ 11.1 mm, paratype, Solomon Islands (SALOMON 1, stn CP 1807) (MNHN-Na 16192): A, left eye, ventromesial view; B, left third maxilliped, lateral view; C, same, dorsal view (most setae omitted); D, right first pereopod, lateral view;E, rudimentary exopod of third maxilliped;F, right second pereopod,lateral view; G, same,chela and carpus,lateral view; H, right third pereopod, lateral view;I, right fourth pereopod,lateral view; J, right fifth pereopod,lateral view;K, dactylus of right fourth pereopod, dorsal view; L, same, details of tip. Scale bars: A, 1 mm; B-D, F, H-J, 2 mm; E, G, K, L, 0.5 mm.

FIG. 22. — Parapontophilus demani (Chace, 1984), ovig. ♀ 5.1 mm, holotype,Selat Roti, Lesser Sunda Islands,Indonesia (Siboga, stn 297) (ZMA): A, carapace and cephalic appendages, dorsal view (right antennal scale missing); B, carapace, lateral view; C, anterior part of carapace and eyes, dorsal view; D, rostrum, dorsal view; E, anterior part of carapace, cornea and basal part of antennae, lateral view;F, third to sixth pleonal somites,lateral view;G, fourth to sixth pleonal somites,dorsal view;H, left ophthalmic appendage, ventromesial view; I, left antennal scale, dorsal view. Scale bars: A-C, E-H, 1 mm; D, 0.5 mm.

FIG. 30. — Parapontophilus sibogae n. sp., ovig. ♀ 5.9 mm, holotype, Pulu Kaniungan Ketjil, Indonesia (Siboga, stn 89) (ZMA): A, carapace and cephalic appendages, dorsal view; B, carapace, lateral view; C, rostrum dorsal view; D, anterior part of carapace, eye and basal part of antennae, lateral view; E, third to sixth pleonal somites, lateral view; F, fifth and sixth pleonal somites, dorsal view; G, left antennal scale, dorsal view. Scale bars: A, B, E, F, 2 mm; C, D, G, 1 mm.