Broscus punctatus (Dejean), 1828

Kavanaugh, David H. & Liang, Hongbin, 2021, Inventory of the Carabid Beetle Fauna of the Gaoligong Mountains, Western Yunnan Province, China: Species of the Tribe Broscini (Coleoptera: Carabidae)., Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences 67 (4), pp. 85-182 : 155-161

14. Broscus punctatus (Dejean), 1828

Figures 5b , 36 , 37 , 46b , 47-50

Cephalotes punctatus Dejean, 1828:431. Holotype, a female, deposited in MNHN. Type locality: Egypt, Mt.

Sinai. Percus nepalensis Hope, 1831:21 . Type deposited in OUMNH. Type localiy: Nepal. Broscus limbatus Ballion, 1871:327 . Type locality: Tajikistan, Mogol-Tau.

Broscus davidianus Fairmaire, 1888:7. Types deposited in MNHN. Type areas: China, Yunnan and Hong Kong.

Broscus batesi Semenov, 1891:276. Holotype, a female, deposited in ZIN. Type locality: India, Assam.

Diagnosis. Fig. 36a . Because B. punctatus is the only species of the genus in the region, the generic diagnosis serves also to distinguish members of this species.

Habitat distribution. Within the study area, members of this species were collected in daytime from under stones, logs and other cover in open roadside and disturbed waste areas, in heavily grazed meadows with scattered grasses and shrubs ( Fig. 46b ), at the edges of agricultural fields, including wet and dry rice paddies, and on the upper open sandy banks of large streams. At night, beetles were found active on the bare substrate surface in these same habitats.

Within the Gaoligong Shan region, this species occurs at relatively low to moderate elevations, with our records documenting its occurrence in the 1185 to 2506 m range ( Fig. 49 ).

Geographical distribution within the Gaoligong Shan. Fig. 36b . We examined a total of 466 specimens (250 males and 216 females) from the following localities: Fugong County: LumadengTownship (Nu Jiang at Yaping Bridge, 27.12957°/98.87596°, 1250 m, 30 April 2004, H.B. collector [one male and one female; CAS; IOZ]); Maji Township ( Majimi village , 27.39828°/98.82650°, 1350 m, 23 April 2004, H.B. Liang, X.Y. Li & M. Xie collectors [two males; CAS, IOZ]; Pihe Township ( Zhiziluo village , 26.54657°/98.915731° to 26.54415°/98.92677°, 1990-2285m, 20 August 2005, D.H. Kavanaugh & H.B. Liang collectors [one female; CAS]); Shangpa Township (west bank of Nu Jiang, 1185 m, 26.90668°/98.86339°, 13 October 2002, D. H. Kavanaugh, P. E. Marek, H.-B. Liang, & D.-Z. Dong collectors [one female; IOZ], (Nu Jiang, along road on west bank south of vehicle bridge, 26.88952°/98.86539°, 1223 m, 22 April 2004, D.H. Kavanaugh & C. E. Griswold collectors [one female; CAS], 27 April 2004, D.H. Kavanaugh & C. E. Griswold collectors [one female; CAS], 12 May 2004, D.H. Kavanaugh collector [one male; CAS]); Shibali Road (above Shilajia village , North Fork of Yamu He , 27.13419°/98.82641° to 27.13947°/98.82184°, 1800-1900 m, 25 April 2004, D.H. Kavanaugh & C. E. Griswold collectors [one female; CAS]). Gongshan County : (10-20 May 2001, W.D. Ba collector [one male; IOZ]); Bingzhongluo Township (Bingzhongluo, 28.01986°/98.62297°, 1749 m, 7 October 2002, H.-B. Liang & W.-D. Ba collectors [one male and five females; CAS, IOZ]), (34 km N of Cikai at junction of Shuangla He and Nu Jiang, 27.96606°/98.66092°, 1550 m, 24 September 2002, H.-B. Liang & W.-D. Ba collectors [one male; IOZ], 25 September 2002, H.-B. Liang collector [one female; IOZ], 27.96918°/98.66198°, 1550 m, 9 October 2002, D. H. Kavanaugh, H.-B. Liang, & W.-D. Ba collectors [one male and two females; CAS; IOZ], 22 October 2004, D. H. Kavanaugh & D.-Z. Dong collectors [one female; CAS]), (Gongdangshenshan, 27.99725°/98.662003°, 2489 m, 12 November 2004, H.-B. Liang collector [one male; IOZ]), (Gongdong, 2506 m, 27.99858°/98.61933°, 9 October 2002, P. E. Marek & D.-Z. Dong collectors [one female; CAS]); Cikai Township (Heiwadi, 15 km W of Cikai on Dulong Valley Road, 2022 m, 27.79584°/98.58443°, 4 October 2002, H.-B. Liang, W.-D. Ba, & C.-G. Jin collectors [one male; IOZ], 10 October 2002, D. H. Kavanaugh, P.E. Marek, H.-B. Liang, & D.-Z. Dong [one male; CAS]), (15 km W of Cikai on Dulong Valley Road at Heiwadi Nature Reserve Managing Station , 2018 m, 27.79433°/98.58908°, 4 October 2002, H.-B. Liang & C.-G. Jin collectors [one female; IOZ]), (Heiwadi, 16.8 km W of Cikai on Dulong Valley Road, 27.79584°/98.58443°, 2020-2150 m, 23 September 2002, D. H. Kavanaugh, P.E. Marek, & D.-Z. Dong collectors [one male; CAS]), ( Nu Jiang in Cikai , 27.73845°/98.67092°, 1430 m, 8-9 October 2002, D. H. Kavanaugh & P. E. Marek collectors [four males and three females; CAS, IOZ]), (Nu Jiang at Dashaba, 27.73845°/98.67092°, 1430 m, 10 November 2004, H.-B. Liang collector [one male; IOZ]), (Pula He, 3.0 airkm N of Cikai, 1510 m, 27.76883°/98.65325°, 21 September 2002, H.-B. Liang collector [one male; IOZ]), (Pula He just above Nu Jiang Road, 27.74861°/98.66675°, 1440 m, 23 October 2004, D.H. Kavanaugh, H.-B. Liang & D.-Z. Dong collectors [four males and two females; CAS, IOZ], 11 November 2004, D.H. Kavanaugh, G. Tang, H.-B. Liang & D.-Z. Dong collectors [one female; IOZ]). Longling County : Longjiang Township ( Xiaoheishan Forest Reserve , Guchengshan, 24.82888°/98.76001°, 2020 m, 26 May 2005, D.H. Kavanaugh, C.E. Griswold & H.B. Liang collectors [three males and one female; CAS, IOZ], 27 May 2005, D.Z. Dong collector [six males and five females; CAS, IOZ]), (small stream along road below Xiaoheishan Forest Reserve , Guchengshan, 24.82888°/98.76001°, 2020 m, 25 May 2005, D.H. Kavanaugh, H.B. Liang & D.Z. Dong collectors [seven males and four females; CAS, IOZ]). Longyang County : Lujiang Township ( Dasheyao Forestry Station , Km 39.9 on Baoshan-Tenchong Road, 24.92994°/98.75850°, 2325 m, 3 June 2005, D.H. Kavanaugh & D.Z. Dong collectors [two males and one female; CAS, IOZ], Km 40, 24.92944°/98.75861°, 2320 m, 6 June 2005, J.J. Yang collector [two males; CAS, IOZ]), (Baoshan-Tenchong Road Km 24, 24.83917°/98.75000°, 2008 m, 29 October 2003, N.D. Penny, T.S. Briggs, H.B. Liang, D.Z. Dong, R. Li, & G. Tang [three males and two females; CAS, IOZ]), (Baoshan-Tenchong Road Km 29-35, 24.92916°/98.75861°, 2000-2350 m, 12 October 2003, D.Z. Dong collector [one female; IOZ]), (Baoshan-Tenchong Road Km 36- 37, 24.93417°/98.76667°, 2150 m, 12 October 2003, H.B. Liang & X.C Shi collectors [three males and two females; CAS, IOZ]), (Baoshan-Tenchong Road KM 40, 24.92944°/98.75861°, 2320 m, 16 October 2003, H.B. Liang & X.C Shi collectors [three males and one female; CAS, IOZ]), (Baoshan-Tenchong Road Km 40-41 (24.92694°/98.75000°, 2404 m, 12 October 2003, H.B. Liang & X.C Shi collectors [five males and three females; CAS, IOZ]), (Baoshan-Tenchong Road Km 41, 24.93194°/98.76111°, 2440 m, 15 October 2003, H.B. Liang & X.C Shi collectors [two males and two females; CAS, IOZ]); Luoshuidong area (24.94833°/98.75667°, 2300 m, 26-31 October 1998, D.H. Kavanaugh, C.E. Griswold, C.-L. Long & H.X. He collectors [two females; CAS, IOZ], 30 May 2005, D.Z. Dong collector [two females; CAS, IOZ]), (24.93278°/98.75333°, 2300-2480 m, 13 October 2003, D.Z. Dong collector [one female; IOZ]), (Sancha He, 24.94865°/98.75193°, 2350 m, 30 May 2005, H.B. Liang & J.J. Yang collectors [two males and one female; CAS, IOZ]); Mangkuan Township ( Baihualing Nature Reserve work station, 25.29560°/98.80298°, 1520 m, 9- 12 October 2007, H. B. Liang collector [one female; IOZ]; Nankang Forest Station (24.82444°/98.77889°, 2085 m, 27 October 2003, H.B. Liang & X.C. Shi collectors [four males and one female; CAS, IOZ]), (24.82284°/98.78207°, 2060 m, 23 May 2005, D.H. Kavanaugh, C.E. Griswold, H.B. Liang, D.Z. Dong, H. M. Yan & K.J. Guo collectors [one female; CAS]); Nankang Yakou (24.83167°/98.76667°, 2130 m, 4-7 November 1998, D.H. Kavanaugh, C.E. Griswold, C.- L. Long, R. Li, & H.-X. He collectors [48 males and 33 females; CAS, IOZ]), (24.82583°/ E098.77222°, 2130 m, 26 October 2003, H.B. Liang & X.C. Shi collectors [four males and two females; CAS; IOZ], 26 October 2003, D.Z. Dong collector [one male and two females; CAS, IOZ]), (24.81944°/98.77111°, 2130 m, 27 October 2003, D.Z. Dong collector [one male; IOZ], 31 October 2003, D.Z. Dong collector [one female; IOZ]), (24.82587°/98.76832°, 2148 m, 22 May 2005, H.B. Liang collector [four males and two females; CAS, IOZ]), (just N of Nankang Yakou, 24.83178°/98.76472°, 2180 m, 22 May 2005, D.H. Kavanaugh, C.E. Griswold & D.Z. Dong collectors [four males; CAS, IOZ]), (mountain near Nankang , 24.83250°/98.76667°, 2245 m, 27 October 2003, H.B. Liang & X.C. Shi collectors [one male and one female; CAS, IOZ]). Lushui County : Luzhang Township ( Langbazhai , Lusai He , 25.96378°/98.770321°, 1873 m, 20 May 2005, D.Z. Dong & H.B. Liang collectors [five males and three females; CAS, IOZ]; Pianma Township ( Gangfang village , 26.10403°/98.58059°, 1563 m, 13 May 2005, D.Z. Dong collector [two males and three females; CAS, IOZ]), ( Gangfang He at Gulang village , 26.10321°/98.58094°, 1590 m, 13 May 2005, H.B. Liang & Y.H. San collectors [one male and two females; CAS, IOZ]), ( Gangfang Yakou , 7 km N of Pianma, 26.03672°/98.62026°, 2250 m, 12 May 2005, H.B. Liang collector [two males; CAS, IOZ], ( Gangfang Sancha Lukou (26.12167°/98.57500°, 1500 m, 12 October 1998, D. H. Kavanaugh collector [three males; CAS, IOZ]; 14-15 October 1998, D.H. Kavanaugh, C.E. Griswold, C. Ferraris, & C.-L. Long collectors [14 males and seven females; CAS, IOZ]), ( Gulang village , 26.09028°/98.58584°, 1535 m, 14 May 2005, D.Z. Dong, H.B. Liang & Y.H. San collectors [one male; IOZ]), (0 to 4.0 km E of Sancha Lukou, 26.12218°/98.57546° to 26.11750°/98.59509°, 1625-1785 m, 16 May 2005, D.H. Kavanaugh, C.E. Griswold, D.Z. Dong & K.J. Guo collectors [13 males and 15 females; CAS, IOZ], ( Xiapianma village , 26.01137°/98.61788°, 1850 m, 13 May 2005, H.B. Liang collector [one female; IOZ]). Tengchong County : Beihai Township (15.2 airkm NNE of Tengchong at Qing Hai (lake), 25.13408°/98.57144°, 1842 m, 7 June 2006, D.H. Kavanaugh, R.L. Brett, H.B. Liang, Z.C. Liu, & D.Z. Dong collectors [one male; CAS]); Houqiao Township (5.9 airkm NE of Houqiao near Guyong Forestry Station , 25.36562°/98.31610°, 2030 m, 27 May 2006, D.H. Kavanaugh, R.L. Brett, H.B. Liang, Z.C. Liu, & D.Z. Dong collectors [two males and two females; CAS, IOZ]), (3.5 airkm NW of Houqiao at Xiajie village , 25.34885°/98.25266°, 1720 m, 28 May 2006, D.Z. Dong collector [one male; IOZ]); Jietou Township ( Dahetou Lingganjiao , 25.73947°/98.69630°, 2010 m, 14- 15 May 2006, D.H. Kavanaugh, R.L. Brett, & H.B. Liang collectors [18 males and nine females; CAS, IOZ], 16 May 2006, D. H. Kavanaugh collector [seven males and three females; CAS, IOZ], 25.67125°/98.68016° to 25.73947°/98.69630°, 1838 - 2010 m, 14 May 2006, D.Z. Dong & X.P. Wang collectors [one male and one female; CAS, IOZ], along Longtang He , 25.73947°/98.69630°, 2010 m, 18 May 2006, D.H. Kavanaugh & R.L. Brett collectors [seven males and one female; CAS, IOZ], 19 May 2006, D.H. Kavanaugh, R.L. Brett, & D.Z. Dong collectors [four males and seven females; CAS, IOZ]), (0.75 km N of Dahetou Lingganjiao at Longtang He , 25.74622°/98.69612°, 2030 m, 18 May 2006, D.H. Kavanaugh & R.L. Brett collectors [one female; CAS]), (0.3 km S of Dahetou Lingganjiao in valley of Longchuan Jiang , 25.73678°/98.69639°, 2005 m, 18 May 2006, D. Z. Dong collector [six males and 11 females; CAS, IOZ], 20 May 2006, D. Z. Dong collector [one female; IOZ]), ( Datang Village , Maluchong , 25.58194°/98.67583°, 1740 m, 24 October 2003, H.B. Liang collector [one female; IOZ]), ( Jietou , stream 0.7 km N, 25.43128°/98.64773°, 1564 m, 22 May 2006, D.H. Kavanaugh, R.L. Brett, H.B. Liang, & D.Z. Dong collectors [three females; CAS, IOZ]), ( Shaba Village , 25.39639°/98.70000°, 1850 m, 23 October 2003, H.B. Liang & X.C. Shi collectors [one male and one female; CAS, IOZ], Cha He at Shaba village , 25.39256°/98.70488°, 1840 m, 25 May 2006, D.H. Kavanaugh, R.L. Brett, & D.Z. Dong collectors [one female; CAS]), ( Shabadi , 25.39416°/98.64686°, 1500 m, 25 October 1998, D.H. Kavanaugh collector [one male; CAS]), ( Yong’anqiao , 25.32556°/98.60944°, 1500 m, 22 October 2003, H.B. Liang & X.C. Shi collectors [two males and two females; CAS, IOZ]), ( Zhoujiapo Village , 25.33222°/98.67611°, 1740 m, 24 October 2003, D.Z. Dong collector [one female; IOZ], 25.53476°/98.66897°, 1610 m, 13 May 2006, H.B. Liang, R.L. Brett, & D.Z. Dong collectors [one male and three females; CAS, IOZ]); Qushi Township ( Longchuan Jiang at Longkou village , 25.28175°/98.59246°, 1500 m, 6 June 2006, D.H. Kavanaugh, R.L. Brett, H.B. Liang, & D.Z. Dong collectors [one male; CAS]), ( Xiaojiangqiao , 25.23944°/98.62722°, 1445 m, 21 October 2003, H.B. Liang & X.C. Shi collectors [six males and two females; CAS, IOZ]; Shangying Township ( Baoshan-Tenchong Road Km 42 at Sanchawa , 2300 m, 24.93278°/98.75333°, 14 October 2003, H.B. Liang & X.C Shi collectors [two females; CAS, IOZ]), ( Baoshan-Tenchong Road Km 42-46, 24.95361°/98.73333°, 2290 m, 14 October 2003, H.B. Liang & X.C. Shi collectors [five males and six females; CAS, IOZ], 17 October 2003, H.B. Liang collector [one male and six females; CAS, IOZ]), ( Baoshan-Tenchong Road Km 46-51 near Dahaoping Forest Station , 24.95722°/98.73333°, 2220 m, 17 October 2003, H.B. Liang & X.C Shi collectors [two males and three females; CAS, IOZ], D.Z. Dong collector [one female; IOZ], 18 October 2003, H.B. Liang & X.C Shi collectors [one male; IOZ]), ( Baoshan-Tenchong Road Km 63, 25.02917°/98.66667°, 1360 m, 19 October 2003, H.B. Liang X.C. Shi and G. Tang collectors, [one male; IOZ]), ( Km 65, 25.04167°/98.66667°, 1335 m, 19 October 2003, H.B. Liang & X.C. Shi collectors [one male and one female; CAS, IOZ]), (small road near Dahaoping Forest Station , 24.95722°/98.73333°, 2170 m, 18 October 2003, H.B. Liang & X.C. Shi collectors [one male; IOZ]), ( Longwen Bridge at Baoshan-Tengchong Road , 25.02222°/98.66667°, 1290 m, 19 October 2003, D.Z. Dong collector [four females; CAS, IOZ], 20 October 2003, H.B. Liang & X.C. Shi collectors [one male and one female; CAS, IOZ]); Tengyue Township ( Laifeng Shan, 25.01734°/98.47719°, 1920 m, 1 June 2006, D.H. Kavanaugh, R.L. Brett, H.B. Liang, & D.Z. Dong collectors [two females; CAS, IOZ]); Wuhe Township (1 km S of Picaohe Village, 24.86972°/98.70000°, 1600 m, 28 October 2003, N.D. Penny collector [one female; CAS]), ( Xiaodifang Village , 24.85722°/98.75917°, 2150 m, 29 October 2003, H.B. Liang & X.C. Shi collectors [one female; IOZ], D.Z. Dong collector [three males and three females; CAS, IOZ]), ( Xiaoheishan Forest Station , 24.82889°/98.76000°, 2025 m, 29 October 2003, H.B. Liang & X.C. Shi collectors [four males and three females; CAS, IOZ]); ( Zhengding Forestry Station , Km 28.8 on Route S 317, 24.85450°/98.73761°, 1834 m, 23 May 2005, D.Z. Dong & H. M. Yan collectors [two females; CAS, IOZ]).

Members of this species were collected in all parts of the study area except for Core Area 1, in the northwestern part of the study area ( Fig. 48 ). However, the relatively broad geographical range of this species overall (see below) suggests that it probably occurs in that core area as well but has not yet been recorded there.

Overall geographical distribution. Fig. 47 . The geographical range of this species spans nearly the entire Asian mainland, from eastern Egypt to eastern China, in a band more or less between about 15° and 40° North latitudes, with the most southly part of the range in the Middle East and the northernmost part in central Asia. The species has been recorded from the following areas: Afghanistan, China (Fujian, Guangxi, Hong Kong, Sichuan, Yunnan), Egypt (Mt. Sinai), India (Assam, Uttarakhand), Iraq, Iran, Kyrgyzstan, Kuwait, Myanmar, Nepal, Saudi Arabia, Tajikistan, United Arab Emirates, Uzbekistan, Vietnam, and Yemen ( Häckel et al 2010). Its occurrence in the study area is about at the eastern one-fourth of it known east/west range and near the center of its north/south geographical range.

Geographical relationships with other Broscus species. Representatives of no other Broscus species have been recorded from within the study area or in any adjacent areas at similar elevations ( Fig. 50 ). The nearest other Broscus species occur in the Himalayan ranges and typically at higher elevations (Schmidt and Arndt 2000).

Figures

FIGURE 5. Forebody of broscine carabids, dorsal aspect. a. Eoboscus bhutanensis Morvan (CASENT1019340; Lishadi Township, Fugong County, Yunnan, China); b. Broscus punctatus (Dejean) (CASENT1011066; Heiwadi, Cikai Township, Gongshan County, Yunnan, China); c. Broscodera chukuai sp. nov. (CASENT1026168; NNE of Chukuai Lake, Bingzhongluo Township, Gongshan County, Yunnan, China); d. Broscodera gaoligongensis sp. nov. (CASENT1020104; South Fork of Yamu He, Lumadeng Township, Fugong County, Yunnan, China).

FIGURE 36. Broscus punctatus (Dejean). a. Habitus (CASENT1010276; Heiwadi, Cikai Township, Gongshan County, Yunnan, China), dorsal aspect, scale line = 1.0 mm; b. Map showing locality records (blue circles) for this species in the Gaoligong Shan region, scale line = 100 km.

FIGURE 37. Male genitalia, Broscus punctatus (Dejean) (CASENT1011066; Heiwadi, Cikai Township, Gongshan County, Yunnan, China). a. Right paramere, lateral aspect; b. Left paramere, lateral aspect; c. Median lobe, left lateral aspect; d. Median lobe, ventral aspect; scale line = 1.0 mm.

FIGURE 46. Photographs of habitats for broscine species in the Gaoligong Shan region. a. Siran Wang, 0.2 km above confluence with Dulong Jiang, 1720 m, 28.013°/ E098.321º, Dulongjiang Township, Gongshan County, Yunnan (habitat for Broscosoma resbecqi sp. nov.); b. Nankang Yakou, 2130 m, 24.828°/98.767°, Longyang County, Yunnan (habitat for Broscosoma ribbei Putzeys and Broscus punctatus (Dejean). Photos by David H. Kavanaugh.

FIGURE 47. Map showing approximate known overall geographical distributions of broscine species occurring in the Gaoligong Shan region as well as outside the study area. a. Broscus punctatus (Dejean); b. Eobroscus bhutanensis Morvan; c. Broscosoma ribbei Putzeys; d. Broscosoma holomarginatum sp. nov. Modified from Wikimedia Commons, World Atlas of the World, at URL: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8f/Whole_world_-_land_and_oceans_12000.jpg. Scale line = 500 k

FIGURE 48. Chart showing the representation of broscine species in project-designated Core Areas (see Fig. 3) in the Gaoligong Shan region.

FIGURE 49. Chart illustrating the altitudinal ranges of broscine species represented in the Gaoligong Shan region. Green bars mark the elevational range recorded for each species.

FIGURE 50. Chart illustrating the co-occurence (syntopy) of broscine species in samples from the same habitats and at the same sites in the Gaoligong Shan region. Incidents of syntopy marked in black represent confirmed co-occurrence, those marked in grey not confirmed by records but likely.