Cypselurus naresii ordinarius, Shakhovskoy & Parin, 2024

Shakhovskoy, Ilia B. & Parin, Nikolay V., 2024, A review of the flying fish genus Cypselurus (Beloniformes: Exocoetidae). Part 3. Revision of the subgenus Cypselurus sensu stricto with descriptions of one new species and four new subspecies and reinstatement of Cypselurus crockeri Seale and Exocoetus socotranus Steindachner, Zootaxa 5473 (1), pp. 1-125 : 61-64

Cypselurus naresii ordinarius subsp. nov.

Synonymy and bibliography.

Exocoetus naresii . Weber 1913: 128 (description of a juvenile; between Gebe and Fau Islands).

Cypsilurus naresi . Weber & de Beaufort 1922: 180, 188–189 (description; between Gebe and Fau).

Cypselurus naresii . Fowler 1928: 84 (short description [after Weber & de Beaufort 1922]).? Imai 1955: 99, 102–103 figs. 4–5 (in part: only a juvenile 53.0 mm SL; Yaku-shima, Japan).? Imai 1959: 73–74, pl. 35 (in part: only a juvenile 53.0 mm SL; Yaku-shima, Japan). Parin 1961a: 47–49, fig. 3 (description; Indo-Pacific; in part). Fedoryako 1982: 111 (juvenile listed as associated with drifted objects; Indian Ocean). Kovalevskaya 1982: 114–116, figs. 5–6 (early life history stages; Indo-West Pacific; in part). Kovalevskaya 1983d: 1–2 (early life history stages; in part). Parin 1984: EXOC Cyp 10 (description, figures, distribution; western Indian Ocean; in part). Chen 1993: 191, pl. 42 fig. 10 (short description; Taiwan; in part). Lakshminaraina 1993: 27–29, 51–58, 70–111, figs. 4b, 10a, 11, 14, 17, 20 (description, biology, distribution; “Indian Seas”). Parin & Lakshminaraina 1993: 54–56 (description, distribution; South-East India). Andrianov & Lakshminaraina 1994: 64–72 [12–25], figs. 3, 5, 8 (reproductive biology; South-East India). Parin 1999: 2166, 2174, (distribution, figure; in part: western Pacific and eastern Indian oceans). Barman et al. 2005: 111–114 (description, figure; Nagapattinam, India). Barman & Mishra 2006: 3, 11–13 (description, figure (after Parin 1961a); Nagapattinam, India). De Croos 2009: 5–6, 10 fig. 2 (fishery; NW Sri Lanka). Shakhovskoy & Collette 2022: 347–349 (short description, drawings, distribution; western Indian Ocean; in part).

Cypselurus opisthopus (non Bleeker).? Fowler 1928: 84 (short description; Shortland I., Solomon Is.). Parin 1961a: 49–52, fig. 4 (description; western Pacific; in part: only juveniles with long chin barbel).? Jinadasa 1971: fig. 12 ( Sri Lanka; in part).

Cypselurus naresi .? Breder & Nichols 1930: 3 (short description, comparison with C. monroei ; Indian Ocean). Seale 1935: 346, 348–349 (short description; Bellona I.).

Cypselurus comatus naresii . Parin 1960a: 223, 255, 256, 279 (description; western Pacific). Jinadasa 1971: 14 (short description; Sri Lanka; in part?). Jinadasa 1991: 109 (fishery; Sri Lanka).

Cypselurus oligolepis (non Bleeker). Jinadasa 1971: 15, fig. 11 (short description; Sri Lanka; in part).? Rajan 2003: 95 (Andaman and Nicobar Is.; in part: only photographed specimen 140 mm SL).

Cypselurus naressi .? Ray et al. 2020: 1560, 1562, fig. 4 (description; Shankarpur, western Bay of Bengal).

Material examined. One hundred and seventy three specimens 29–240 mm SL.

Western Pacific Ocean. Full morphological study. IORAS 04403 (1, 170 mm SL), 0°29’N 148°20’E, 29.12.1965 . IORAS 04423 (1, 163 mm SL), 13°26’N 119°43’E, 18- 19.03.1966 . IORAS 04424 (1, 171 mm SL), same place, 19.03.1966 . IORAS 04426 (1, 147 mm SL), same place, 18- 19.03.1966 . IORAS 04434 (1, 189.5 mm SL), 6°19’N 113°49’E, 20.02.1973 . IORAS 04143 (1, 183 mm SL), 7°32’N 116°37’E, 10.06.1971 . IORAS 04082 (1, 123 mm SL), same data . IORAS 04209 (6, 39–82.5 mm SL), 0°59’N 134°31’E, 25- 26.08.1957 . IORAS 04212 (2, 94–120 mm SL), 7°39’N 121°32’E, 28.02.1975 . IORAS 04214 (1, 115.5 mm SL), 1°30’S 140°01’E, 18.01.1966 . IORAS 04220 (1, 75.5 mm SL), 7°40’N 120°17’E, 19.02.1973 . IORAS 04223 (2, 69–78 mm SL), 6°20’N 122°36’E, 18.02.1973 . IORAS 04225 (1, 79 mm SL), 29°51’N 131°10’E, 9.07.1971 . IORAS 04226 (2, 47–53 mm SL), 7°50’S 120°25’E, 16.03.1975 . IORAS 04228 (1, 55 mm SL), 8°18’N 120°25’E, 21- 22.06.1971 . IORAS 04229 (1, 41 mm SL), 2°57’S 131°10’E, 22.03.1975 . IORAS 04237 (1, 133 mm SL), 6°16’S 153°44’E, 27- 28.07.1957 . IORAS 04239 (1, 126 mm SL), 6°16’S 153°45’E, 28.07.1957 . IORAS 04240 (1, 106 mm SL), ~ 2°N 132°E, 30- 31.03.1966 . IORAS 04244 (6, 51–141 mm SL), 5°38’S 147°04’E, 23- 24.05.1971 . IORAS 04246 (1, 112 mm SL), 2°28’S 130°39’E, 23.03.1975 . IORAS 04278 (1, 183 mm SL), 10°52’S 145°57’E, 16.01.1977 . IORAS uncat* (2, 185.5– 196 mm SL), 3°06’N 128°09’E, 1.09.1957 . SOSC uncat. (1, 131.5 mm SL), south coast between Port Moresby and Samarai ( Papua New Guinea), June 1979 . ZMUC 1407 (1, 173.5 mm SL), 5°26’S 130°58’E, 22.09.1951 . ZMUC P34910 (1, 188 mm SL), 7°05’S 132°46’E, 22.03.1929 . ZMUC P34924 (1, 218 mm SL), 3°10’N 126°03’E, 10.08.1929 . ZMUC uncat. (2, 74–102 mm SL), 2°54’N 120°04’E, 20.08.1954 .

Partial morphological study. IORAS 04139 (1, 56 mm SL), 1°45’S 128°42’E, 24.03.1975 . IORAS 04217 (1, 109 mm SL), ~ 7°N 135°E, 3- 4.06.1971 . IORAS 04232 (1, ~ 62 mm SL), 1°57’N 135°14’E, 16.05.1958 . IORAS 04233 (2, 48–50.5 mm SL), 7°44’S 120°05’E, 15.03.1975 . IORAS 04238 (1, 74 mm SL), ~ 7°N 135°E, 30.05.1971 . IORAS 04249 (2, 62–70 mm SL), ~ 4°S 145°E, 7.04.1966 . IORAS 04250 (2, 79–84 mm SL), 8°18’N 120°25’E, 26.06.1971 . IORAS 04252 (1, 71 mm SL), 7°45’N 120°25’E, 4- 5.04.1961 . IORAS uncat* (1, 163 mm SL), Danang, Vietnam, April 1981 . IORAS uncat* (1, 203.5 mm SL), 6°16’S 153°44’E, 28.07.1957 . BSKU 15543 * (1, 111 mm SL), 8°13’N 118°00’E, 26.05.1972 . CAS 5718 * (1, 146 mm SL), Bellona I., 22.06.1933 . CAS 81158 * (1, 140 mm SL), 13°58’N 113°22’E, 14- 15.09.1960 . CAS 81180 * (1, 92 mm SL), 14°58’N 113°04’E, 29.02.1960 . CAS 81192 * (1, 40 mm SL), 13°34’N 110°37’E, 2.06.1960 . CAS 81844 * (1, 49 mm SL), 13°26’N 120°18’E, 21.01.1949 . CAS 81856 * (3, 34.5–48 mm SL), Apo Reef, South China Sea, 7.12.1949 . CAS 81998 * (1, 84 mm SL), 10 mi W of Aro Point, Mindoro , 18.02.1949 . CAS 129104 ( CAS-SU ( ICH) 69749)* (1, 187 mm SL), Ternate, Indonesia, 11.06.1929 . CAS 129515 ( SU29575 )* (1, 36 mm SL), Lembech Strait, N end of Sulawesi I., 13.06.1929 . CAS B-259* (1, 66 mm SL), 8°43’N 122°40’E, 17.06.1948 . Institute of Marine Research ( Vietnam) 11184* (1, 216 mm SL), no data. Institute of Marine Research ( Vietnam) 51786* (2, 201– 202 mm SL), Can Bong. Institute of Marine Research ( Vietnam) 51793* (4, 160– 205 mm SL), Can Bong, 20.07.1976 . Institute of Marine Research ( Vietnam) B.S. 174* (2, 177– 197 mm SL), Tuy hoa . USNM 175104 * (1, 210 mm SL), Sablayan Bay , Mindoro I., 12.12.1908 . USNM uncat. (prereg No. 5211)* (1, 140 mm SL), ~ Indonesia — Oceania .

Eastern Indian Ocean. Full morphological study. IORAS 04428 (1, 194 mm SL), 9°07’S 104°39’E, 1.03.1973 . IORAS 04146 (1, 240 mm SL), 7°17’S 105°07’E, 16.06.1962 . IORAS 04154 (1, 161 mm SL), 7°23’S 102°41’E, 19.11.1959 . IORAS 04158 (1, 197 mm SL), 8°10’S 104°39’E, 23.03.1961 . IORAS 04174 (1, 179.5 mm SL), 10°18’S 110°23’E, 1- 2.11.1959 . IORAS 04179 (1, 151 mm SL), 9°01’S 105°30’E, 10.11.1959 . IORAS 04194 (1, 163 mm SL), 10°18’S 110°23’E, 31.10- 1.11.1959 . IORAS 04210 (1, 92 mm SL), 4°04’S 100°44’E, 17.03.1961 . IORAS 04219 (1, 110 mm SL), 10°18’S 110°23’E, 31.10- 1.11.1959 . IORAS 04222 (2, 51.5–59 mm SL), 10°48’S 104°38’E, 2.03.1973 . IORAS 04241 (1, 103.5 mm SL), 10°03’S 108°00’E, 4- 5.11.1959 . IORAS 04245 (2, 134– 144 mm SL), 9°00’S 105°24’E, 16- 17.07.1962 . IORAS 04256 (1, 110 mm SL), 7°56’S 104°36’E, 23.03.1961 . ZMMU P-24607 (holotype, 176 mm SL), 9°20’S 111°53’E, 11- 12.02.1965 . ZMUC P34927 (1, 159 mm SL), 7°39’S 105°55’E, 3.09.1929 . ZMUC P34928 (1, 159 mm SL), same data .

Partial morphological study. IORAS 04230 (1, 39 mm SL), 10°48’S 104°38’E, 2.03.1973 . IORAS 04234 (2, 29–49 mm SL), same data . IORAS 04253 * (1, 168 mm SL), 9°24’S 114°06’E, 25.10.1959 . IORAS uncat* (1, 95 mm SL), 8°10’S 104°39’E, 23.03.1961 . IORAS uncat* (1, 104 mm SL), 4°05’S 100°18’E, 16.03.1961 .

Bay of Bengal and Andaman Sea. Full morphological study. IORAS 04274 (1, 202 mm SL), 13°03’N 83°09’E, 10.04.1977 . IORAS 04275 (1, 192.5 mm SL), 6°33’N 82°18’E, 18.04.1977 . IORAS 04276 (1, 193 mm SL), 13°03’N 83°09’E, 10.04.1977 . IORAS 04277 (1, 207 mm SL), 6°33’N 82°18’E, 18.04.1977 . IORAS 04138 (1, 150 mm SL), 12°59’N 82°25’E, 19.09.1962 . IORAS 04140 (2, 96–107 mm SL), 9°36’N 90°53’E, 13- 14.02.1961 . IORAS 04155 (1, 177 mm SL), 11°48’N 82°49’E, 27.01.1961 . IORAS 04156 (1, 159 mm SL), 14°11’N 82°53’E, 28.01.1961 . IORAS 04167 (1, 199 mm SL), 11°48’N 82°49’E, 27.01.1961 . IORAS 04169 (1, 179 mm SL), 14°11’N 82°53’E, 28.01.1961 . IORAS 04173 (1, 202.5 mm SL), 11°48’N 82°49’E, 27.01.1961 . IORAS 04182 (1, 201 mm SL), same data . IORAS 04183 (1, 169 mm SL), 14°11’N 82°53’E, 28.01.1961 . IORAS 04196 (1, 172 mm SL), 11°48’N 82°49’E, 26- 27.01.1961 . IORAS 04204 (1, 163 mm SL), 10°03’N 95°04’E, 24- 25.10.1964 . IORAS 04441 (1, 85 mm SL), 6°04’N 98°29’E, 22.01.1979 . IORAS 04206 (1, 41.5 mm SL), 6°04’N 98°28’E, 22.01.1979 . IORAS 04216 (1, 112 mm SL), 7°48’N 95°11’E, 7.03.1961 . IORAS 04227 (5, 41–48.5 mm SL), 5°00’N 90°52’E, 11- 12.02.1961 . IORAS 04242 (1, 130 mm SL), 13°37’N 86°53’E, 2- 3.02.1961 . IORAS 04255 (2, 68–85 mm SL), 9°29’N 89°54’E, 30.03.1977 . IORAS 04260 (5, 191– 206 mm SL), Coromandel Coast , India, July 1990 or June 1991. IORAS 04261 (1, 173 mm SL), same data . IORAS 04262 (1, 208 mm SL), same data . IORAS 04263 (1, 182.5 mm SL), same data . IORAS 04264 (1, 192 mm SL), same data . IORAS 04265 (1, 200 mm SL), same data . IORAS 04269 (3, 184– 212 mm SL), same data . IORAS 04270 (5, 198.5– 208 mm SL), same data . ZMUC G21 (1, 184 mm SL), 17°10’N 84°30’E, 24.04.1951 . ZMUC uncat (1, 60.5 mm SL), 6°06’N 96°00’E, 10.05.1951 .

Partial morphological study. IORAS 04248 (2, 80–90 mm SL), 13°37’N 86°53’E, 23.02.1961 . IORAS 04260 (2, 193– 206.5 mm SL), Coromandel Coast , India, July 1990 or June 1991. IORAS 04266 (1, 190.5 mm SL), same data . IORAS 04267 (1, 197 mm SL), same data . IORAS 04268 (1, 203.5 mm SL), same data . IORAS 04269 (3, 188– 203 mm SL), same data . IORAS 04270 (2, 196– 203 mm SL), same data . IORAS uncat* (1, 166 mm SL), 14°11’N 82°53’E, 28.01.1961 . IORAS uncat* (1, 44 mm SL), 12°20’N 80°34’E, 26.09.1962 . IORAS uncat* (1, 47 mm SL), 8°58’N 87°04’E, 4.02.1961 . IORAS uncat* (2, 63–66 mm SL), 5°18’N 86°55’E, 5- 6.02.1961 . IORAS uncat* (1, 148 mm SL), 5°06’N 91°32’E, September 1962 . IORAS uncat* (1, 166 mm SL), 14°11’N 82°53’E, 28.01.1961 . USNM 193274 * (1, 101 mm SL), Strait of Malacca November–December 1961 . USNM 193294 * (2, 202– 215 mm SL), 8°10’N 92°00’E, November–December 1961 .

Holotype ( Fig. 19e ). ZMMU P-24607, R / V Vityaz, Cruise 36, Sta. 5342, 9°20’S 111°53’E, 11–12 February 1965, captured with dip-net and night-light near surface, time: 23.00–03.30. Length 176 mm SL (immature male). D 10, A 8, P I 13, Spred 29?, Str 7½, Sp.br 23? (6? + 17), Vert 43 (28 + 15). Measurements (in % SL): aA 80.6, aD 74.4, aV 62.1, cV 36.8, pV 36.3, c 25.5, po 11.4, o 7.8, ao 5.7, io 9.3, Hc 17.6, H 18.5, h 7.3, Dc 23.9, lP 70.4, lP 1 49.0, lV 30.5, lD 15.4, lA 8.6, HD 11.5 , HA 8.0, p 14.7. Body dark dorsally, silvery ventrally. Chin barbel absent. Pectoral fins dark brown to 9th ray with a pale tip and very narrow pale posterior edging. Tip of pectoral fin protruding beyond middle of caudal peduncle but not reaching origin of caudal-fin upper lobe. Pelvic fins dark brown between 3rd–5th rays distally, their tip reaching middle of caudal peduncle. Dorsal fin pale-brownish, tip of its last ray nearly reaching origin of caudal-fin upper lobe. Anal fin pale, its first ray beneath 5th dorsal-fin ray. The 2nd dorsal- and anal-fin ray longest. Caudal fin brown. Lower jaw shorter than upper jaw. Jaw teeth very small (not visible to the naked eye), conical; lower jaw teeth arranged in 2 rows (in 3 rows near symphysys). Palatine teeth present.

Paratypes. ZMUC P 34924, 218 mm SL, 3°10’N 126°03’E, 10 August 1929 . USNM 193294, 215 mm SL, 8°10’N 92°00’E, November–December 1961 .

Differential diagnosis. Cypselurus n. ordinarius differs from other subspecies in chin barbel morphology and pigmentation ( Figs. 18–19 , 22 ): barbel long with two lateral triangular flaps basally, its end widened; pigmentation usually dark with a paler median keel (though occasional juveniles from Indian Ocean8 with a pale streak like in C. n. albitaenia). Also, juveniles of C. n. ordinarius have darker pigmentation of body and head ( Fig. 21 ) and pectoral fins pigmented usually to 7th–8th vs. 9th–10th ray (see above), and more elongate body at length of 40–70 mm SL ( Fig. 20b ). Cypselurus n. ordinarius also differs from all subspecies except C. n. socotranus in fewer vertebrae (40–44, usually <43 vs. 42–45, usually ≥ 43), and from C. n. albitaenia in fewer predorsal scales (27–35, usually ≤ 31 vs. 29–37, usually ≥ 31) and shorter pelvic fins (see Fig. 20c ).

Intrasubspecies variation. There is a slight variation in characters of Cypselurus n. ordinarius suggesting isolation of some populations ( Table 6): fish from western Pacific Ocean have on average fewer vertebrae than fish from eastern Indian Ocean (mostly Vert 42, Vert.c 14 vs. mostly Vert 43, Vert.c 15), and fish from Bay of Bengal and Andaman Sea have fewer precaudal vertebrae than fish from eastern Indian and western Pacific oceans (Vert.pc usually ≤ 27 vs. usually ≥ 28). Also, pectoral fins in Pacific juveniles usually pigmented to 7th ray while in Indian Ocean juveniles usually to 8th ray (see above).

Etymology. Cypselurus n. ordinarius is the most widespread and it is this subspecies that the majority of authors describing C. naresii have dealt with. This is reflected in its name (from Latin “ ordinarius ”—common, ordinary).

Common name. The name “common pharao flying fish” (Russian: “обыкновенный стрижехвост-фараон”) is proposed here for C. n. ordinarius.

Distribution. Cypselurus n. ordinarius occurs mainly in neritic waters, but, like C. opisthopus , it avoids areas with wide continental shelves ( Fig. 24 ). The subspecies is distributed from Coromandel Coast of India (IORAS 04260) and Sri Lanka (IORAS 04277) to Bellona I. (CAS 5718) and from off South Java (IORAS 04222) to Tonkin Bay (Institute of Marine Research 51786). Occasional stray juveniles may drift as far north as the range of C. n. septentrionalis (IORAS 04225, 29°51’N 131°10’E)9. Early life history stages also captured west of Mariana Islands ( Kovalevskaya 1982: fig. 5).

Figures

FIGURE 18. Cypselurus naresii ordinarius. (A)—42 mm SL, IORAS 04227, 5°00’N 90°52’E (drawing by G.N. Pokhilskaya); (B)—68 mm SL, IORAS 04232, 1°57’N 135°14’E (after Parin 1961a); (C)—196 mm SL, IORAS uncat., 3°06’N 128°09’E (after Parin 1961a).

FIGURE 19. Cypselurus naresii ordinarius. (A)—47.5 mm SL, IORAS 04209, 0°59’N 134°31’E; (B)—68 mm SL, IORAS 04255, 9°29’N 89°54’E; (C)—103.5 mm SL, IORAS 04241, 10°03’S 108°00’E; (D)—144 mm SL, IORAS 04245, 9°00’S 105°24’E; (E)—176 mm SL (flipped horizontally), ZMMU P-24607 (holotype), 9°20’S 111°53’E; (F)—207 mm SL, IORAS 04277, 6°33’N 82°18’E.

FIGURE 21. Ventral side of head in juveniles of Cypselurus naresii. (A)—C. n. ordinarius, 55 mm SL, IORAS 04228, 8°18’N 120°25’E; (B)—C. n. albitaenia, 56 mm SL, IORAS 04224, 4°30’S 75°00’E.

FIGURE 22. Chin barbel of Cypselurus naresii ordinarius (A–C) and C. n. albitaenia (D–F) (ventral view of head). (A)—51.5 mm SL, IORAS 04222, 10°48’S 104°38’E; (B)—78 mm SL, IORAS 04223, 6°20’N 122°36’E; (C)—121 mm SL, IORAS 04244, 5°38’S 147°04’E; (D)—53 mm SL, IORAS 04224, 4°30’S 75°00’E; (E)—86 mm SL, IORAS 04247, 7°10’S 67°39’E; (F)—168 mm SL, IORAS 04211, 6°44’S 59°16’E.

FIGURE 24.Distribution of Cypselurus naresii (∆—C.n.naresii, —C.n. septentrionalis (our data), —C. n. septentrionalis (data of Imai 1959, Tsukahara 1959 and Chen 1987), ○—C. n. ordinarius, ◊—C. n. albitaenia, □—C. n. socotranus). Filled symbols indicate capture location for fishes ≤ 100 mm SL, open symbols indicate capture location for fishes> 100 mm SL; holotype position marked with asterisk.

FIGURE20.Sizevariationofmorphometriccharacters(in%SL)inCypselurusnaresii:x—C.n.naresii;◊—C.n.septentrionalis; □—C. n. socotranus; Δ—C. n. ordinarius (lilac—western Pacific Ocean, red—eastern Indian Ocean, orange—Bay of Bengal and Andaman Sea); ○—C. n. albitaenia (dark blue—Indian Ocean, light blue—Arabian Sea). (A)—preventral distance (aV); (B)—greatest body depth (H); (C)—pelvic-fin length (lV); (D)—length of chin barbel (Lcir).