Thrips Linnaeus

Masumoto, Masami & Okajima, Shûji, 2013, Review of the genus <i> Thrips </ i> and related genera (Thysanoptera, Thripidae) from Japan, Zootaxa 3678 (1), pp. 1-65 : 20-23

Thrips Linnaeus

Wings usually present, fully developed to small, rarely absent. Maxillary palpi 3-segmented. Compound eyes usually without pigmented ommatidia. Ocellar setae I absent; setae III variable in position and not shorter than setae II ( Figs. 54 , 62 ). Postocular setae six pairs. Antennae ( Fig. 55 , 63 ) 7- or 8-segmented, segment I without median dorsal apical setae, III and IV with sensoria forked, III to VI with some rows of microtrichia on both dorsal and ventral surfaces. Pronotum ( Figs. 54 , 69 ) usually with one or two pairs of long posteroangular setae, rarely no long setae; Mesonotum ( Fig. 111 ) with median pair of setae far from posterior margin. Metascutum ( Figs. 76 , 132 ) with median pair of setae at or behind anterior margin, when antennae 8-segmented usually at anterior margin. Prosternal ferna weakly connected at middle; basantra membranous, without setae. Spinula present on mesosternal endofurca but absent from metasternum. Fore wing first vein with various chaetotaxy; second vein with many setae equally narrow spaced; clavus usually with five (rarely six) veinal and one discal setae; posteromarginal fringe cilia wavy. Tarsi 2-segmented. Abdominal tergites and sternites without posteromarginal craspeda; tergites V to VIII ( Fig. 57 , 71 , 78 ) with paired ctenidia, each ctenidium mesad of spiracles on tergite VIII and usually end to base of S4 setae on tergites VI to VIII; tergite X with longitudinal median split almost complete; sternites III to VII with three pairs of posteromarginal setae, II usually with two pairs but rarely three pairs, all posteromarginal setae arising from posterior margin on II to VII except S1 setae on VII situated ahead of posterior margin. Ovipositor developed. In male, abdominal sternites III to VII (or V or VI or VII) ( Fig. 61 , 67 , 129 , 136 , 163 , 213 ) usually each with a pore plate.

Comments. This genus occurs throughout the world. However, all eight species known from the Neotropical region are introduced from other areas, in contrast to another large thripine genus, Frankliniella Karny , that is abundant in the Neotropical region. Mound (2005) recognized a species group, orientalis -group with 12 species from Southeast Asia to Australia. Thereafter, Mound & Masumoto (2005) added further two groups, seticollis - group with 6 Australian species and obscuratus -group with 8 species from New Zealand and New Caledonia. Within orientalis group, T. extensicornis , T. malloti and T. orientalis are distributed in Okinawa, Japan. Moreover, T. nonakai and T. syringae described here share some character states with orientalis -group discussed below.

Key to species of Thrips from Japan (adult female)

1 Abdominal sternites with discal setae ( Fig. 59 )............................................................... 2

- Abdominal sternites without discal setae................................................................... 17

2 Sternite VII without discal setae ( Fig. 229 ).................................................................. 3

- Sternite VII with discal setae ( Fig. 59 )...................................................................... 6

3 Pleurotergites with discal setae ( Fig. 159 ); metascutum with weak irregular reticulations at middle ( Fig. 157 ); tergite VIII with posteromarginal comb complete ( Fig. 160 )................................................................. 4

- Pleurotergites without discal setae ( Fig. 174 ); metascutum ( Fig. 173 ) with distinct equiangular reticulations; tergite VIII ( Fig. 175 ) at most with posteromarginal comb at each side only......................................................5

4 Antennal segments uniformly brown to dark brown; metascutum with CPS ( Fig. 225 ).................... syringae sp. n.

- Antennal segment III yellowish brown, IV–V brown with basal half yellowish brown; metascutum usually without CPS ( Fig. 157 ).................................................................................... nonakai sp. n.

5 Fore wings uniformly dark, first vein without long gap in setal row, setal row almost complete......... orientalis (in part)

- Fore wings pale at base, first vein with long gap in setal row, three setae at distal half.............. extensicornis (in part)

6 Pleurotergites with discal setae ( Fig. 57 )................................................................... 7

- Pleurotergites without discal setae ( Fig. 93 )................................................................ 10

7 Abdominal sternites III to VI with about 12 posteromarginal setae ( Figs. 73 , 216 ); metascutum distinctly reticulate at middle ( Fig. 215 )............................................................................................ 8

- Abdominal sternites III to VI with 6 posteromarginal setae ( Fig. 191 ); metascutum not reticulate ( Fig. 56 )................ 9

8 Pronotum with no long setae ( Fig. 69 ); metascutum without CPS.......................................... aspinus

- Pronotum with two pairs of posteroangular setae elongate ( Fig. 214 ); metascutum with CPS ( Fig. 215 ).......... subnudula

9 Antennae 8-segmented ( Fig. 55 ); fore wing first vein with a long median gap in setal row, seven basal and three distal setae; ocellar setae situated outside of ocellar triangle ( Fig. 54 ); cheeks longer than compound eye dorsal length; metascutum with narrow-spaced longitudinal lines of sculpture ( Fig. 56 ); body uniformly dark brown........................... alliorum

- Antennae 7-segmented ( Fig. 144 ); fore wing first vein with almost complete setal row; ocellar setae near fore ocellus within ocellar triangle ( Fig. 143 ); cheeks shorter than compound eye dorsal length; metascutum with wide-spaced longitudinal lines of sculpture ( Fig. 145 ); body pale brown.......................................................... minutissimus

10 Fore wing first vein without a long median gap in setal row, six or more setae on distal half; metascutum with distinct reticulations bearing internal wrinkles, reticulations narrow and longitudinal posteromedially ( Fig. 209 ); pleurotergites with numerous ciliate microtrichia along lines of sculpture ( Fig. 210 ).................................................... simplex

- Fore wing first vein with a median long gap in setal row, three setae on distal half; metascutal sculpture different; pleurotergites without ciliate microtrichia along lines of sculpture.......................................................... 11

11 Metascutum with irregular reticulations at middle ( Fig. 188 ); ocellar setae III at margin of ocellar triangle ( Fig. 186 ); head often with a longitudinal line of a few small tubercles in front of fore ocellus ( Fig. 190 )............................ pini

- Metascutum with longitudinal lines of sculpture ( Fig. 125 ); ocellar setae III outside ocellar triangle ( Figs. 123 , 260 ); head without tubercles in front of fore ocellus..................................................................12

12 Metascutum without CPS ( Fig. 125 ); fore wing uniformly shaded.............................................. 13

- Metascutum with CPS ( Fig. 132 ); fore wing pale in basal fifth ( Fig. 133 )........................................ 14

13 Abdominal tergite X ( Fig. 126 ) less than 68 (usually 53–63) microns long; X 1 +2X 2 +X 3 (X 1 =pronotal posteroangular setae length I, X 2 =S3 setae length on tergite IX, X 3 =tergite X length) usually 303–353 (range 286–390); male yellow..... griseus

- Abdominal tergite X ( Fig. 249 ) more than 70 (usually 72–80) microns long; X 1 +2X 2 +X 3 usually 397–425 (range 385–438); male dark..................................................................................... trehernei

14 All postocular setae same sized and much smaller than ocellar setae III ( Fig. 260 ); metanotal sculptures densely striate ( Fig. 262 ); posteromarginal comb on abdominal tergite VIII almost absent ( Fig. 263 )............................. vitticornis

- Postocular setae I much longer than setae II and subequal to ocellar setae III ( Figs. 90 , 130 , 168 ); metanotal sculpture lines widely spaced ( Fig. 132 ); posteromarginal comb on abdominal tergite VIII complete although microtrichia often short and irregular ( Figs. 94 , 134 , 167 )............................................................................ 15

15 Metascutum with median pair of setae at anterior margin ( Fig. 132 )..................................... hawaiiensis

- Metascutum with median pair of setae behind anterior margin ( Figs. 92 , 166 )...................................... 16

16 Body uniformly dark brown; abdominal sternite VII with S1 setae situated at or near posterior margin, almost as wide as diameter of base of S1 setae from posterior margin ( Fig. 168 ); male dark, abdominal tergite VIII with posteromarginal comb medially ( Fig. 169 )........................................................................ ogasawarensis sp. n.

- Body not uniformly dark brown, usually bicoloured, abdominal segments I to VII pale usually with median half of tergites dark brown ( Fig. 93 ) and segments VIII to X dark brown; abdominal sternite VII with S1 setae situated far from posterior margin, twice or more as wide as diameter of base of S1 setae from posterior margin ( Fig. 95 ); male yellowish white, abdominal tergite VIII without posteromarginal comb................................................................. coloratus

17 Abdominal tergite VIII without posteromarginal comb medially ( Figs. 140 , 175 ); metascutum with equiangular reticulations ( Figs. 100 ); fore wing first vein with complete setal row, rarely with long gap in setal row........................... 18

- Abdominal tergite VIII with posteromarginal comb complete ( Fig. 78 ); metascutal sculpture usually longitudinal striae, longitudinal or irregular reticulations, never equiangular reticulations ( Figs. 64 , 76 , 203 ); fore wing first vein with long gap in setal row................................................................................................ 20

18 Fore wing first vein with long gap in setal row..................................................... extensicornis

- Fore wing first vein with complete setal row............................................................... 19

19 Fore wing uniformly dark; metascutum without CPS ( Fig. 173 ).......................................... orientalis

- Fore wing pale at base; metascutum usually with CPS ( Fig. 139 )........................................... malloti

20 Pleurotergites with discal setae ( Fig. 77 )................................................................... 21

- Pleurotergites without discal setae ( Fig. 112 )............................................................... 24

21 Body uniformly yellow, with no any brown markings................................................. brevicornis

- Body brown......................................................................................... 22

22 Antennal segment VII 2.3–3.0 times as long as wide ( Fig. 195 ), segment III yellow, segment VI with 12 setae; in male antennal segment VI with almost same number of setae of female................................................. setosus

- Antennal segment VII less than 2.0 times as long as wide ( Fig. 246 ), segment III at least shaded, segment VI with 10 setae; in male antennal segment VI with more than 20 setae ( Fig. 250 ).................................................. 23

23 Fore wings uniformly pale or slightly shaded; femora and tibiae yellow; male yellow...................... typicus sp. n.

- Forewings pale brown to dark brown except base; femora and tibiae brown to dark brown; male dark............ brunneus

24 Abdominal tergite IX with one pair of CPS ( Fig. 236 )........................................................ 25

- Abdominal tergite IX with two pairs of CPS ( Figs. 113 , 182 ).................................................. 27

25 Pleurotergites with numerous ciliate microtrichia along lines of sculpture ( Fig. 235 ); fore wing first vein usually with four (sometime five to six, rarely three) distal setae.......................................................... tabaci

- Pleurotergites without ciliate microtrichia along lines of sculpture ( Fig. 256 ); fore wing first vein with three distal setae when macropterous....................................................................................... 26

26 Metascutum with CPS ( Fig. 255 ); pronotum with a pair of long setae near anterior margin ( Fig.253 ); abdominal tergites smooth between S1 setae ( Fig. 256 ); both sexes always macropterous; in male, abdominal tergite VIII with posteromarginal comb almost complete, microtrichia developed medially, tergite IX with S1 setae subequal length to and closer to S2 setae ( Fig. 258 ), sternal pore plates narrow ( Fig. 259 )......................................................... urticae

- Metascutum without CPS ( Fig. 151 ); pronotum without a pair of long setae near anterior margin ( Fig. 149 ); abdominal tergites with a few lines of sculpture between S1 setae ( Fig. 152 ); macropterous or micropterous; in male micropterous, abdominal tergite VIII with posteromarginal comb not complete, microtrichia short and irregular, tergite IX with S1 setae shorter than and equidistant to S2 setae ( Fig. 153 ), sternal pore plates broad ( Fig. 154 )................................... nigropilosus

27 Fore wing dark with basal fourth pale; body uniformly dark brown.............................................. 28

- Fore wing uniformly pale; body uniformly yellow........................................................... 29

28 Antennal segment IV dark brown; metascutum sculptured with narrowly spaced longitudinal striae ( Fig. 111 ); abdominal sternite VII always with three pairs of posteromarginal setae; abdominal tergites III to VII with lines of sculpture not reaching S1 setae ( Fig. 112 )................................................................................... floreus

- Antennal segment IV yellow; metascutum sculptured with longitudinal reticulations, intervals between striations medially wider than CPS ( Fig. 203 ); abdominal sternite VII usually with two pairs of posteromarginal setae ( Fig. 206 ); abdominal tergites III to VII with lines of sculpture reaching S1 setae ( Fig. 204 )................................ shiranesanus sp. n.

29 Ocellar setae III just behind fore ocellus ( Fig. 104 ); antenna7- or 8-segmented ( Fig. 105 )......................... flavus

- Ocellar setae III situated lateral to or posterolateral to fore ocellus ( Fig. 62 ); antenna 7-segmented ( Figs. 63 , 180 )........ 30

30 Mouth-cone very long and slender ( Fig. 218 ), reaching mesothorax; antennal segment VI brown with basal half pale... sukki

- Mouth-cone normal, not reaching mesothorax; antennal segment VI uniformly brown............................... 31

31 Metascutal sculpture converging to middle at posterior margin ( Fig. 181 ); abdominal tergites III to V usually with S2 setae darker than remaining tergal setae; in male, abdominal tergite VIII with well-developed posteromarginal comb ( Fig. 183 ) and sternites III to VII each with a transverse pore plate ( Fig. 184 )............................................... palmi

- Metascutal sculpture usually not converging to middle at posterior margin ( Fig. 64 ); abdominal tergites III to V with S2 setae same colour as remaining tergal setae; in male, abdominal tergite VIII with weak posteromarginal comb ( Fig. 66 ) and sternites III to VI each with a circular pore plate ( Figs. 67, 68 )....................................................... alni

Figures

FIGURES 51–61. Stenchaetothrips undatus 51–53: (51) Mesonotum & metascutum; (52) Tergite VII, left side; (53) Tergites VII–X, male, sculpture omitted at right side of tergites VII–VIII and tergite IX. Thrips alliorum, female 54–61: (54) Head & pronotum; (55) Antenna, right; (56) Metascutum; (57) Tergite VI & pleurotergite, left side; (58)Tergites VIII–X; (59) Sternite VII, sculpture omitted. T. alliorum, male 60–61; (60) Tergites IX–X; (61) Sternite VI.

FIGURES 62–73. Thrips species. T. alni, female 62–65: (62) Head & pronotum; (63) Antenna, right; (64) Metascutum; (65) Tergite VIII, right side. T. alni, male 66–68: (66) Tergites VIII–IX, sculpture omitted at right side of tergite IX; (67) Middle of sternites III–IV; (68) Sternite V, sculpture omitted. T. aspinus, female 69–73: (69) Head & pronotum, sculpture omitted at posterior half of head to pronotum; (70) Antennal segments III–VII, left; (71) Tergite VI & pleurotergite, right side, sculpture omitted; (72) Tergites VIII–X, sculpture omitted at right side of tergite VIII and tergite X; (73) Sternites VI–VII, sculpture omitted.

FIGURES 104–115. Thrips species. T. flavus, female 104–106: (104) Head & pronotum; (105) Antenna, right; (106). Metascutum. T. flavus, male 107–108: (107) Tergites VIII–IX, sculpture omitted: (108) Sternite VII, sculpture omitted. T. floreus, female 109–115: (109) Head & pronotum; (110) Antenna, right; (111) Mesonotum & metascutum; (112) Tergite V & pleurotergite, right side; (113) Tergites VIII–X. T. floreus, male 114–115: (114) Tergites VIII–IX; (115) Sternite VI.

FIGURES 74–89. Thrips species. T. brevicornis, female 74–78: (74) Head & pronotum; (75) Antenna, right; (76) Metascutum; (77) Tergite IV & pleurotergite, right side, female; (78) Tergites VIII–X. T. brevicornis, male 79–81: (79) Antennal segment VI, right; (80) Tergites VIII–IX; (81) Sternite V, sculpture omitted at right side. T. brunneus, holotype female 82–85: (82) Head & pronotum, sculpture omitted; (83) Antennal segments III–VII, left; (84) Metascutum; (85) Tergite V & pleurotergite, right side. T. brunneus. “allotype” male 86–89: (86) Head & pronotum; (87) Antenna, left; (88) Tergites VIII–IX, sculpture omitted; (89) Sternite VII.

FIGURES 130–142. Thrips species. T. hawaiiensis, female 130–134: (130) Head & pronotum; (131) Antenna, right; (132) Metascutum; (133) Fore wing, right; (134) Tergites VIII–X. T. hawaiiensis, male 135–136: (135) Tergites IX–X, sculpture omitted; (136) Sternite VI, sculpture omitted. T. malloti from Taiwan, female 137–142: (137) Head & pronotum; (138) Antennal segments III–VII, right; (139) Metascutum; (140) Tergite VIII. T. malloti from Taiwan, male 141–142: (141) Tergite IX, sculpture omitted; (142) Sternite VII, sculpture omitted.

FIGURES 116–129. Thrips species. T. fuscicornis, holotype male 116–122: (116) Head & pronotum; (117) Antennal segments III–VII, right; (118) Metascutum; (119) Tergite II, left side, sculpture omitted; (120) Tergites VIII–IX, sculpture omitted; (121) Sternite VI, sculpture omitted. (122) Pleurotergite V, right, sculpture omitted. T. griseus, female. 123–127: (123) Head & pronotum; (124) Antenna, right; (125) Metascutum; (126) Tergites VIII–X; (127) Sternite VII. T. griseus, male 128– 129: (128) Tergite IX; (129) Sternites VI–VII, sculpture omitted.

FIGURES 155–165. Thrips species. T. nonakai sp. n., female. 155–161: (155) Head & pronotum; (156) Antenna, right; (157) Mesonotum & metascutum; (158) Fore wing, right; (159) Tergite VI & pleurotergite, right side; (160) Tergites VIII–X; (161) Sternite VI. T. nonakai sp. n., male 162–163: (162) Tergites VIII–IX; (163) Sternites III–V, sculpture omitted. T. ogasawarensis sp. n., female 164–165: (164) Head & pronotum; (165) Antenna, right.

FIGURES 207–222. Thrips species. T. simplex, female 207–211: (207) Head & pronotum; (208) Antenna, right; (209) Metascutum; (210) Tergite V & pleurotergite, left side; (211) Tergite VIII. T. simplex, male 212–213: (212) Tergite IX; (213) Sternite VII, sculpture omitted at right side. T. subnudula, female 214–216. (214) Head & pronotum, sculpture omitted at left side of pronotum; (215) Metascutum; (216) Abdominal sternites VI–VII, sculpture omitted at right side. (217) T. subnudula, male, abdominal sternite VII, sculpture omitted. T. sukki, female 218–222: (218) Head & pronotum, sculpture omitted at right side of pronotum; (219) Antenna, right; (220) Metascutum. T. sukki, male 221–222: (221) Tergites VIII–IX; (222) Sternite VII.

FIGURES 223–238. Thrips species. T. syringae sp. n., female. 223–229: (223) Head & pronotum, sculptured omitted at left side of pronotum; (224) Antenna, left; (225) Metascutum; (226) Fore wing, right; (227) Tergite V & pleurotergite, left side; (228) Tergite VIII, sculpture omitted at right side; (229) Sternites VI–VII, sculpture omitted at VII. T. syringae sp. n., male 230–231: (230) Tergite IX; (231) Sternites III–IV. T. tabaci, male 232–238: (232) Head & pronotum; (233) Antenna, right; (234) Mesonotum & metascutum; (235) Tergite V & pleurotergite, right side; (236) Tergites VIII–X, female. T. tabaci, male 237–238: (237) Tergites VIII–IX; (238) Sternite III & pore plates of IV–V.

FIGURES 166–178. Thrips species. T. ogasawarensis sp. n., female 166–168: (166) Metascutum; (167) Tergite VIII; (168) Sternite VII, sculpture omitted. T. ogasawarensis sp. n., male 169––170: (169) Tergites VIII–IX, sculpture omitted; (170) Sternite VII, sculpture omitted. T. orientalis, female 171–176: (171) Head & pronotum; (172) Antenna, right; (173) Metascutum; (174) Tergite IV & pleurotergite, left side; (175) Tergite VIII; (176) Sternites V–VII, sculpture omitted. T. orientalis, male 177–178: (177) Tergite IX and left side of segment X; (178) Sternite VI, sculpture omitted.

FIGURES 90–103. Thrips species. T. coloratus, female 90–95: (90) Head & pronotum; (91) Antenna, left; (92) Metascutum; (93) Tergite VI, left side, median part between two longitudinal dot lines is dark area; (94) Tergites VIII–X; (95) Sternite VII, sculpture omitted. T. coloratus, male 96–97: (96) Tergite IX; (97) Sternite VI, sculpture omitted. T. extensicornis, female 98– 101: (98) Head & pronotum; (99) Antenna, right; (100) Metascutum; (101) Sternite V, sculpture omitted. T. extensicornis, male 102–103: (102) Tergite IX; (103) Sternite V.

FIGURES 179–193. Thrips species. T. palmi, female 179–183; (179) Head & pronotum; (180) Antenna, right; (181) Metascutum; (182) Tergites VIII–X. T. palmi, male 183–184: (183) Tergites VIII–IX; (184) Sternite VI, sculpture omitted. T. pini, female 185–193: (185) Head & pronotum; (186) Anteromedian area of head; (187) Antenna, right; (188) Metascutum; (189) Tergite VI & pleurotergite, right side; (190) Tergites VIII–X; (191) Sternite VI. T. pini, male 192–193: (192) Tergites VIII–IX; (193) Sternite V, sculpture omitted.

FIGURES 143–154. Thrips species. T. minutissimus, female 143–148: (143) Head & pronotum; (144) Antenna, right; (145) Metascutum; (146) Tergite VI & pleurotergite, right side; (147) Tergites VIII–X; (148) Sternite VII, sculpture omitted. T. nigropilosus, female 149–152: (149) Head & pronotum; (150) Antenna, right; (151) Metascutum; (152) Tergites II–III, right side. T. nigropilosus, male 153–154: (153) Tergites VII–IX; (154) Sternite VI.

FIGURES 253–266. Thrips species. T. urticae, female 253–257: (253) Head & pronotum; (254) Antenna, right; (255) Metascutum; (256) Tergite V & left pleurotergite, sculpture omitted at right side; (257) Tergites VIII–X. T. urticae, male 258– 259: (258) Tergites VIII–IX, sculpture omitted; (259) Sternite V. T. vitticornis, female 260–264: (260) Head & pronotum; (261) Antenna, right; (262) Metascutum; (263) Tergite VIII; (264) Sternite VII, sculpture omitted. T. vitticornis, male 265–266: (265) Tergite IX; (266) Sternite VII, sculpture omitted.

FIGURES 239–252. Thrips species. T. trehernei, female 239–242: (239) Head & pronotum; (240) Antenna, right; (241) Metascutum; (242) Tergites VIII–X. T. trehernei, male 243–244: (243) Tergites VIII–IX; (244) Sternite VI. T. typicus sp. n., female 245–249: (245) Head & pronotum; (246) Antenna, right; (247) Metascutum; (248) Tergite V & pleurotergite, right side; (249) Tergites VIII–X. T. typicus sp. n., male 250–252: (250) Antennal segment VI; (251) Tergites VIII–IX, sculpture omitted; (252) Sternite V, sculpture omitted.

FIGURES 194–206. Thrips species. T. setosus, female 194–198: (194) Head & pronotum; (195) Antenna, right; (196) Metascutum; (197) Tergite V & pleurotergite, right side; (198) Tergites VIII–X. T. setosus, male 199–200: (199) Tergites VIII– IX; (200) Sternite VI, sculpture omitted. T. shiranesanus sp. n., female 201–206: (201) Head & pronotum; (202) Antenna, right; (203) Metascutum; (204) Tergite VI & pleurotergite, right side; (205) Tergites VIII–X; (206) Sternite VII.