Blepharoneura femoralis, Wulp, 1899, Wulp, 1899

Hernández-López, Mónica & Hernández-Ortiz, Vicente, 2024, Descriptions of six new Mexican species of the genus Blepharoneura (Diptera, Tephritidae) belonging to the femoralis species-group, Zootaxa 5448 (2), pp. 225-247 : 241-246

Key to species of the femoralis group

(Modified from Norrbom & Condon 2010)

Figures of this paper are indicated with asterisk (*)

1. Anepisternum mostly brown or at least with medial spot extended dorsally to level of anterior seta (Fig. 106). Hind femur with apical 1/2–1/4 entirely dark brown (Fig. 110) ( B. femoralis rarely with only elongate anteroventral and posteroventral brown marks).............................................................................................. 2

- Anepisternum entirely yellow (Fig. 108) or at most with small dark brown spot dorsal or posterodorsal to anterior seta (Fig. 107). Hind femur usually entirely yellow or at most with elongate anteroventral and posteroventral brown marks apically (Figs. 109, 111–112) (more extensively brown in B. nigriapex and wasbaueri)......................................... 13

2. Cell r 2+3 with solid dark band along costal margin (Figs. 9, 53–54, 63–65). Cell r 1 with 1 well defined inverted hyaline triangle.............................................................................................. 3

- Cell r 2+3 with 2 hyaline marginal spots (Figs. 13–14, 27–29). Cell r 1 with 2–3 hyaline marks.......................... 7

3. Cell dm distal to crossvein r-m with isolated hyaline spot in anterior half distinctly distal to hyaline posterior spot or band (Figs. 9, 53–54). Pterostigma with distinct subapical hyaline or yellow spot. Aculeus tip with steps shallow, lobes not strongly produced and relatively blunt (Figs. 136, 181)............................................................... 4

- Cell dm distal to crossvein r-m usually without isolated hyaline spot in anterior half, if present narrowly separated from and aligned with hyaline posterior spot or band (Figs. 63–65). Pterostigma usually without subapical hyaline spot (occasionally present in splendida ). Aculeus tip with steps deeper and lobes more pronounced and acute (Figs. 144, 184–187).......... 6

4. Subapical hyaline area in cells r 2+3 and r 4+5 usually constricted or interrupted along vein R 4+5 (Fig. 53–54). Cell dm often with 2 separate hyaline areas in basal 3/4. Aculeus (Fig. 181) with acute scales medially, with lobed apical part 0.41–0.45 times as long as wide, with third lobe from middle larger than second lobe. Mexico to Costa Rica..................................................................................................... punctistigma Norrbom & Condon

- Subapical hyaline area in cells r 2+3 and r 4+5 not constricted along vein R 4+5 (Fig. 9). Cell dm with single very long and broad hyaline area in basal 3/4. Cell bm always with two hyaline spots [#19, #20]; Aculeus (Fig. 136) without acute scales medially. ................................................................................................... 5

5. Oviscape short (1.05 mm); overall shape of aculeus more or less acute, moderately triangular; aculeus tip with lobed part 0.55x as long as wide, with second and third lobes of similar size; interlobular margins separated by shallow gaps, lobes weakly developed (* Fig. 2H ). Mexico =................................................ aspiculosa Norrbom & Condon

- Oviscape longer than preceding (1.5 mm); overall shape of aculeus elongate, aculeus tip with lobed part 0.74x as long as wide; interlobular margins separated by deep gaps, lobes sharply pointed (* Figs. 2F–G ). Mexico........... martyae , new species

6. Submedial scutal vittae usually separate from spots on posterior margin, if connected at least narrowed near dorsocentral setae. Aculeus tip short triangular, less than half as long as wide, with gaps between lobes wider than long (Figs. 184–187). Mexico to Ecuador........................................................................... splendida Giglio-Tos

- Submedial scutal vittae uninterrupted, connected to spots on posterior margin. Aculeus tip elongate triangular, slightly more than half as long as wide, with gaps between lobes longer than wide (Fig. 144). Costa Rica..................................................................................................... sinepuncta Norrbom & Condon

7. Cell r 4+5 with two fused subbasal hyaline marks [#14+#15], across cell width, apically with a single marginal hyaline spot non bilobate; cell m with a subbasal hyaline spot present [#49] (* Fig. 5D ); thorax mostly microtrichose (* Fig.5A ). Mexico........................................................................................ zapoteca , new species

- Cell r 4+5 with two separate small subbasal hyaline subbasal spots [#14, #15], never extending across cell width, rarely absent ( B. cyclantherae ), costal margin often with two isolated or partially merged spots; cell m without subbasal hyaline spot [#49]; thorax usually non-microtrichose (except in B. nigrifemur ).................................................... 8

8. Aculeus tip with lateral margin straight or slightly tapered proximal to well-developed lateral lobe, lobed part no more than 0.5 times as long as wide (Figs. 137, 145, 176–180)............................................................. 9

- Aculeus tip with lateral margin rounded proximal to lateral lobe or with lateral lobe weak or absent, lobed part often more than 0.5 times as long as wide (Figs. 143, 173–174, 183–183)..................................................... 11

9. Aculeus tip with lateral lobe large, usually blunt or forming nearly 90° angle, sublateral lobe distinctly larger than submedial lobe (Figs. 145, 176–180). Medial membrane of aculeus with acute scales extending almost to tip.................... 10

- Aculeus tip with lateral lobe small and acute, sublateral lobe similar in size to submedial lobe (Fig. 137). Medial membrane of aculeus with relatively few acute scales extending only about midway to tip. Mexico..... cyclantherae Norrbom & Condon

10. Aculeus tip with medial lobe convex, gaps between lobes deeply concave (Figs. 176–180). Mexico to Brazil..................................................................................................... femoralis Wulp

- Aculeus tip with medial lobe truncate or slightly notched, gaps between lobes shallow (Fig. 145). Costa Rica....................................................................................... zumbadoi Norrbom & Condon

11. Cell cu 1 with subapical marginal hyaline spot moderately large, reaching vein Cu 1 (Figs. 13, 52). Medial membrane of aculeus with scales acute or polygonal (Figs. 173, 182–183)......................................................... 12

- Cell cu 1 with subapical marginal hyaline spot small, not reaching vein Cu 1 (Fig. 51). Medial membrane of aculeus with scales acute (Figs. 143). Bolivia..................................................... nigrifemur Norrbom & Condon

12. Medial membrane of aculeus with acute scales dorsally and ventrally (Fig. 173). Lobed part of aculeus tip short triangular, 0.43–0.54 times as long as wide, part distal to sublateral lobe about half as long as wide (Figs. 173–174). Mexico.................................................................................................. biseriata Wulp

- Medial membrane of aculeus ventrally without scales, dorsally with scales mostly polygon-shaped, acute only proximally (Figs. 182–183). Lobed part of acuelus tip slender and elongate, 0.63–0.66 times as long as wide, part distal to sublateral lobe almost as long as wide. Mexico.............................................. osmundsonae Norrbom & Condon

13. Wing with oblique subapical hyaline band more or less parallel to costa, extending from wing margin in cell r into cell r 2+3, cell r2+3 without marginal hyaline marks except very rarely subapical band very narrowly touching margin near apex of vein R 2+3 ( Figs. 4 , 15–22, 35–37). Cell r1 without subapical marginal hyaline spots........................................ 14

- Wing with subapical spots or bands, subapical band, if present, usually with concave apical margin, cell r 2+3 with at least 1 hyaline mark broadly reaching margin (Figs. 10–12, 23–24, 30–34, 43–44, 70). Cell r 1 often with subapical marginal hyaline spot or spots........................................................................................ 28

14. Pterostigma with subapical hyaline spot (Figs. 17, 20–22, 41)................................................. 15

- Pterostigma without subapical hyaline spot ( Figs. 4 , 15–16, 18–19, 35–37)....................................... 17

15. Cell c with single diffuse hyaline or subhyaline area, or at least without distinct brown medial mark (Figs. 17–20). Scutum posterior margin with 1 broad brown mark (Figs. 96–97). Costa Rica to Peru..... brevivittata Norrbom & Condon (in part)

- Cell c with 2 subrectangular hyaline marks separated by distinct brown medial mark (Figs. 21–22, 41). Scutum posterior margin with 0 or 2 brown spots............................................................................... 16

16. Scutum without postsutural brown markings, with only pair of submedial vittae presuturally. Wing with apical brown band much narrower in cell r 2+3 than in cell r (Figs. 21–22). Proximal posterior hyaline spot in cell m reaching posterior margin, distal spot not extending into cell r 4+5. Peru, northern Brazil........................................... sp. nr. brevivittata

- Scutum with pair of brown spots on posterior margin and 2 pairs of brown vittae extending posterior to transverse suture (similar to Figs. 103–104). Apical brown band about as wide in cell r 2+3 as in cell r (Fig. 41). Proximal posterior hyaline spot in cell m isolated from margin, distal spot extending into cell r. Guatemala.................... isolata Norrbom & Condon

17. Abdominal pattern T-shaped; wing with hyaline mark extending across vein M between crossveins r-m and dm-cu and without hyaline spot in cell r 2+3 aligned with dm-cu (Fig. 66). Apical brown band as broad as subapical hyaline band............ 18

- Abdominal pattern not T-shaped; wing without hyaline mark extending across vein M between r-m and dm-cu ( Figs. 4 , 15–20, 25, 35–37, 42) and with hyaline spot in cell r 2+3 aligned with dm-cu [#15]; so if first mark present (rarely in B. variabilis ) so with large hyaline spot in cell r 2+3 aligned with dm-cu [#15] (Figs. 71–76). Apical brown band usually narrower than subapical hyaline band........................................................................................ 19

18. Hyaline spot on distal posterior margin of cell cu 2 [#37] always present (* Figs. 4C–D ); notopleuron, scutellum and pleural sclerites fully yellow, except for a small spot in the anepimeron (* Fig. 4B ); posterior margin with two broad spots narrowly separated medially; scutellum entirely yellow (* Fig 4A ). Mexico............................. xalapensis , new species

- Hyaline spot on distal posterior margin of cell cu 2 [#37] absent; notopleuron with a large dark brown spot posterior to lateral margin; posterior third of anepimeron, dorsal third of katatergite, and most of anatergite with continuous brown spot; posterior margin with single large triangle-shaped dark brown spot; scutellum with pair of submedial brown spots on basal half of disk. Costa Rica....................................................................... tau Norrbom & Condon

19. Abdominal syntergite 1+2 and tergites 3 and 4 without brown markings on anterior half, each only with even brown band on posterior margin, band narrowed or narrowly interrupted medially. Scutum usually with sublateral vitta or row of spots, but without medial or submedial vittae or spots (excluding pair of spots or bands on posterior margin). Costa Rica......................... n. sp. #16, poecilosoma group [This species, which breeds in male flowers of Gurania makoyana (Lemaire) Cogn. is included in the key because it is likely to be confused with species of the femoralis group due to its wing pattern.]

- Abdominal markings various, if brown marking(s) present posteriorly on tergites 3 and 4, extending anteriorly beyond midlength of tergite or tergite with additional spots or markings on anterior half. Scutum with medial or submedial vittae or spots if markings present.............................................................................. 20

20. Scutum with 2–4 brown vittae, at least anterior to transverse suture, including pair of submedial brown vittae between acrostichal and dorsocentral lines (Figs. 95–97, 102–104). Aculeus tip without minute serrations on lobes, with broad medial concavity, and with 2 or 4 pairs of lobes, lateral lobe absent (Figs. 150–151) or if present, space between it and sublateral lobe very shallow (Fig. 171) or almost as broad as or broader than width of lateral lobe (Figs. 126–127).............................. 21

- Scutum without markings, with 3 brown vittae or anterior spots (Figs. 90–93), including unpaired medial one and pair aligned with medial corner of postpronotal lobe, or with only latter pair. Aculeus tip either with minute serrations on lobes or without medial concavity; with large lateral lobe, space between it and sublateral lobe deep and narrower than lateral lobe (Figs. 128–129, 153–154, 161)............................................................................... 25

21. Scutum anterior to transverse suture with 1 submedial pair of brown vittae (Figs. 95–97); posterior margin with single broad brown mark, sometimes connected to submedial vittae or occasionally without brown markings. Abdomen with 1 pair of solid brown vittae, not extended to lateral margin (Fig. 124). Cell r 2+3 without hyaline spot aligned with crossvein dm-cu and distal to basal marginal spot in cell r 1 (Figs. 15–20).............................................................. 22

- Scutum anterior to transverse suture with 2 pairs of brown vittae (similar to Figs. 102–104), submedial pair sometimes weak; posterior margin with pair of brown marks. Abdomen brown laterally and each tergite with 1–2 pairs of isolated brown spots (at least submedial pair isolated). Cell r 2+3 with large hyaline spot more or less aligned with crossvein dm-cu and distal to basal marginal spot in cell r 1 (Figs. 57, 71–76).................................................................. 24

22. Scutum posterior to transverse suture with two pairs of brown stripes, one pair of submedial and sublateral merging into a broad patch that covers most of the posterior margin; scutellum mostly brown (* Fig. 3A ). Cell dm with subapical spot present [#25] (* Fig. 3C )........................................................................... isabelae , new species

- Scutum posterior to transverse suture with only one pair of submedial vittae present, if sublateral pair present, they are faded to orange-brown, but never fused; scutellum entirely yellow or with brown spotted. Cell dm without subapical spot [#25].... 23

23. Scutum with submedial vittae not interrupted at transverse suture (Fig. 95). Scutellum entirely yellow or with single broad brown mark. Wing with apical brown band not narrowed in cell r 2+3 or widened at vein R 4+5 (Figs. 15–16). Aculeus with medial part (exclusive of lateral lobes) half as wide as aculeus, relatively produced (Fig. 126). Nicaragua, Costa Rica........................................................................................ bivittata Norrbom & Condon

- Scutum with submedial vittae interrupted at transverse suture (Figs. 96–97). Scutellum entirely yellow or with pair of well separated brown spots. Wing with apical brown band usually narrowed in cell r 2+3 or widened at vein R 4+5 (Figs. 17–20). Aculeus with medial part (exclusive of lateral lobes) more than 0.6 times as wide as aculeus, relatively shallow (Fig. 127). Costa Rica to Peru............................................................. brevivittata Norrbom & Condon (in part)

24. Wing with hyaline spot in cell r aligned slightly distal to crossvein dm-cu (Fig. 57). Aculeus with 2 pairs of lobes and shallow medial concavity (Figs. 150–151). Guatemala................................. quetzali Norrbom & Condon (in part)

- Wing with hyaline spot in cell r 4+5 aligned with or proximal to crossvein dm-cu (Figs. 71–76). Aculeus with 4 pairs of lobes and deep medial concavity (Fig. 171). Mexico.................................. variabilis Norrbom & Condon (in part)

25. Vertex yellow surrounding medial vertical seta. Aculeus tip with large concavity medially and 4 pairs of large lobes (Fig. 129). Costa Rica...................................................................... lutea Norrbom & Condon

- Vertex with brown spot or band surrounding medial vertical seta. Aculeus with projecting lobe medially, not concave (Figs. 128, 153–154, 161)....................................................................................... 26

26. Wing with subapical hyaline band not extended anteriorly to vein R 2+3 and cell r 1 without aligned posterior spot ( Figs. 4 , 25, 60). Aculeus tip with medial part (excluding lateral lobes) nearly semicircular or triangular, with minute serrations except on narrow, more projecting medial lobe (Figs. 128, 161)........................................................ 27

- Wing with subapical hyaline band extended anteriorly at least to vein R 2+3 and/or cell r 1 with aligned posterior spot (Figs. 35–37). Aculeus tip with medial part truncate except for small, narrow, stepped medial lobe; width of medial lobe much less than width of flat area on each side of it (Figs. 153–154); without minute serrations except a few on extreme lateral corner of medial part and on lateral lobe. Venezuela, Guyana, Brazil........................................... hirsuta Bates

27. Wing with subapical hyaline band not extended proximally beyond apex of proximal hyaline band originating in cell m ( Figs. 4 , 60). Aculeus tip with lateral lobe as broad as long, medial lobe two-thirds as long as wide (Fig. 161). Mexico to Costa Rica......................................................................................... rupta (Wulp)

- Wing with subapical hyaline band extended proximally beyond apex of proximal hyaline band originating in cell m (Fig. 25). Aculeus tip with lateral lobe longer than wide, medial lobe half as long as wide (Fig. 128). Costa Rica............................................................................................... cornelli Norrbom & Condon

28. Wing with at least 1 uninterrupted subapical band (touching margin in both cells r 2+3 and r 4+5) (Figs. 32–34, 44, 56, 61–62, 70)................................................................................................ 29

- Wing without uninterrupted subapical band ( Figs. 2–3 , 8, 10–12, 24, 30–31, 43, 71–76)............................ 36

29. Scutum with 2–4 brown vittae, at least anterior to transverse suture, including pair of submedial brown vittae between acrostichal and dorsocentral lines (Figs. 95–99, 102–104)............................................................. 30

- Scutum without markings or with 3 brown vittae, including unpaired medial vitta and pair aligned with medial corner of postpronotal lobe (Figs. 90–93)......................................................................... 34

30. Cell r 2+3 proximal to level of crossvein r-m with 1–2 large, quadrate hyaline to yellowish spots ( Figs. 3 , 43–44); hyaline areas in cells dm and cu 1 covering more than half of those cells. Occiput medially with pair of brown vittae (similar to Figs. 85, 87). Katatergite, anatergite and meron with brown markings. Costa Rica......... macwilliamsae Norrbom & Condon (in part)

- Cell r 2+3 proximal to level of crossvein r-m entirely brown (Figs. 55–56, 61, 70); hyaline areas in cells dm and cu 1 covering less than half of those cells. Occiput with or without (Fig. 89) brown vittae. Katatergite, anatergite and meron without brown markings........................................................................................... 31

31. Pterostigma without subapical hyaline spot (Fig. 57); cell r 4+5 with posterior hyaline spot aligned with or connected to hyaline marks in cell m. Abdominal tergites with 2 pairs of small brown spots in addition to lateral and posterior markings (similar to Fig. 114). Mid and hind femora with elongate anteroventral and posteroventral brown marks on distal 1/5–1/4. Aculeus tip subtriangular, with 4 lobes and shallow medial concavity (Figs. 150–151). Guatemala..................................................................................................... quetzali Norrbom & Condon (in part)

- Pterostigma with subapical hyaline or pale brown spot (Figs. 55–56, 61, 70); cell r 4+5 without posterior hyaline spot aligned with hyaline marks in cell m. Abdominal tergites with 1 pair of large brown spots or vittae, sometimes with additional lateral markings (Figs. 123–125). Mid and hind femora without elongate anteroventral and posteroventral brown marks on distal 1/5–1/4. Aculeus tip with 5–8 lobes, often with convex medial lobe (Figs. 160, 162, 164)........................... 32

32. Cell r 2+3 with 2 apical hyaline marks, proximal one extending into cell r 4+5 (Figs. 55–56). Cell r 1 often with subapical hyaline spot. Aculeus tip (Fig. 160) gradually narrowing to nearly straight medial part, with small acute lateral lobes; length of lobed part more than half its width. Mexico to Costa Rica; possibly Colombia.................... quadristriata Wulp (in part)

- Cell r 2+3 with only 1 apical hyaline mark (Fig. 70) or if 2 present, proximal one not extending into cell r 4+5 (Fig. 61). Cell r 1 without subapical hyaline spot. Aculeus tip (Figs. 162, 164) broad and truncate, with relatively narrow projecting medial part; length of lobed or stepped part less than 1/3 its width........................................................ 33

33. Cell r 2+3 with only 1 apical hyaline mark (Fig. 70). Aculeus tip (Fig. 164) with lateral lobe gradually rounded. Ecuador............................................................................... unifasciata Norrbom & Condon

- Cell r 2+3 with 2 apical hyaline marks (Fig. 61). Aculeus tip (Fig. 162) with lateral lobe forming nearly 90° angle. Ecuador; possibly Costa Rica......................................................... ruptafascia Norrbom & Condon

34. Cell r 1 without subapical hyaline spot (Fig. 34). Proximal marginal hyaline mark in cell r 2+3 not extending into cell r 4+5. Panama, Colombia................................................................................ sp. nr. furcifer

- Cell r 1 with subapical hyaline spot (Figs. 32–33, 62). Proximal marginal hyaline mark in cell r 2+3 extending into cell r 4+5... 35

35. Aculeus tip with 1 pair of strong lobes laterally, medial part step-like (Figs. 157–158). Cell c with 2 small circular hyaline spots separated by broad brown medial area, usually with hyaline streak through it (Figs. 32–33). Venezuela to Bolivia and Brazil........................................................................................ furcifer Hendel

- Aculeus tip with 7 strong, deep lobes (Fig. 163). Cell c with 1 elongate, diffuse hyaline spot or 2 spots narrowly separated by pale brown medial area (Fig. 62). Peru, Bolivia................................. septemdigitata Norrbom & Condon

36. Cells br, dm and cu 1 with single large medial hyaline area without brown spots within it, connected to or narrowly separated along vein R 4+5 proximal to r-m from basal marginal mark in radial cells ( Figs. 6–7 , 45); crossvein r-m more than 0.65 distance from bm-cu to dm-cu................................................................................. 37

- Cells br, dm and cu 1 with multiple hyaline spots or large medial hyaline area with brown spots within it, usually broadly separated along vein R 4+5 basal to r-m from basal marginal mark in radial cells ( Figs. 3 , 10–12, 23–24, 30– 31, 43–44, 46–50, 55–59, 67–68); crossvein r-m usually less than 0.60 distance from bm-cu to dm-cu (sometimes> 0.60 in B. chaconi , nigriapex and mikenoltei )...................................................................................... 38

37. Aculeus tip tapered basolaterally, elongate triangular (lobed part 0.59 times as long as wide), particularly medial and submedial lobes (Fig. 165); medially with narrow V-shaped notch. Argentina................... amplihyalina Norrbom & Condon

- Aculeus tip angular basolaterally, short triangular (lobed part 0.39 times as long as wide), lobes similar in size and evenly spaced (Fig. 166); medially with moderately broad, shallow apical concavity. Argentina.... marshalli Norrbom & Condon

38. Anepisternum with brown spot dorsal or posterodorsal to anterior seta (Fig. 107). Cell m with 3 marginal hyaline spots ( Figs. 2 , 8, 12, 38–39, 4X9–50). Scutellum with single medial spot.................................................. 39

- Anepisternum without brown spot dorsal to anterior seta (Fig. 108). Cell m with 2 marginal hyaline spots ( Figs. 3 , 23–24, 43–44, 46–48, 55–59, 67–68). Scutellum markings variable, sometimes entirely yellow or with 2 spots................ 43

39. Hind femur entirely yellow or at most narrowly brown on anteroventral and posteroventral apical ridges (Fig. 112). Cell dm with largest hyaline area narrower than that in cell cu 1 and usually extending anteriorly less than 2/3 of distance across cell ( Figs. 2 , 8, 12, 38–39, 49).............................................................................. 40

- Hind femur with entire distal 1/6 brown. Cell dm with largest hyaline area as broad as that in cell cu 1 and extending anteriorly to or almost to vein M (Fig. 50). Bolivia.......................................... nigriapex Norrbom & Condon

40. Cell r 1 with 2 narrow basal marginal hyaline spots crossing cell, divided by narrow brown to yellow area (Figs. 12, 49). Aculeus apex with distinct medial concavity (Fig. 167) or small rounded medial lobe (Fig. 131)............................. 41

- Cell r 1 with 1 broad quadrate basal marginal hyaline spot crossing cell ( Figs. 2 , 8, 38–39). Aculeus apex with slight notch in small, almost truncate medial lobe (Figs. 132–134).......................................................... 42

41. Anepimeron with small medial brown spot. Aculeus apex with small rounded medial lobe (Fig. 131). Ecuador...................................................................................... bipunctata Norrbom & Condon

- Anepimeron entirely yellow. Aculeus apex with distinct medial concavity (Fig. 167). Ecuador................................................................................................ multipunctata Norrbom & Condon

42. Cell dm with posteromedial hyaline spot relatively small, less than 0.20 times as long as cell along vein Cu 1, without anterodistal extension or narrowly separated moderately large hyaline spot (Figs. 38–39). Aculeus tip with lobed part 0.38 0.41 times as long as wide, gap between lateral and sublateral lobes less than 0.85 times as long as wide (Fig. 134). Bolivia....................................................................................... hyalinella Norrbom & Condon

- Cell dm with posteromedial hyaline spot larger, more than 0.25 times as long as cell along vein Cu 1, with anterodistal extension or narrowly separated moderately large hyaline spot ( Figs. 2 , 8). Aculeus tip with lobed part 0.58–0.72 times as long as wide, gap between lateral and sublateral lobes more than 1.40 times as long as wide (Fig. 132–133). Bolivia............................................................................................... apaapa Norrbom & Condon

43. Hind femur brown on apical fourth. Cell r 1 with 2 distinctly separated marginal hyaline areas immediately distal to apex of vein R 1 ( Figs. 5 , 77). Cells r 2+3 and r 4+5 each with 2 small marginal or submarginal hyaline spots, anterior spot in r 2+3 extending less than third of distance to vein r 4+5. Aculeus tip with 7 lobes, including unpaired medial lobe, 2 pairs of step-like lobes, and broad, digitiform pair of lateral lobes (Fig. 155). Ecuador.................................. wasbaueri Norrbom & Condon

- Hind femur apically yellow, or at most with elongate anteroventral and posteroventral brown marks or with brown spot. Cell r 1 with single narrow or broad hyaline area immediately distal to apex of vein R 1, or if with 2 distinctly separated marks, cells r 2+3 and r 4+5 with marginal hyaline spots larger (Fig. 40). Aculeus tip variable........................................ 44

44. Cell r 1 with 1–2 hyaline areas distal to apex of vein R 1, basal hyaline area narrow or strongly tapered posteriorly (Figs. 30–31, 55–56, 67–68, 71–76). Vertex often with brown spot or band surrounding medial vertical seta (Figs. 86, 88–89)......... 45

- Cell r 1 with 3 or more hyaline areas distal to apex of vein R 1, or if with only 2, basal hyaline area broad or not strongly tapered posteriorly (Figs. 10–11, 23–24, 40, 43–44, 46–48, 58–59). Vertex without brown area surrounding medial vertical seta (Fig. 87)................................................................................................ 52

45. Pterostigma without subapical hyaline spot (Figs. 57, 71–76). Cell r 2+3 with only 1 marginal hyaline mark, at apex of vein R 2+3. Cell r 1 rarely with subapical hyaline spot. Aculeus tip with weak lobes and medial concavity (Figs. 150– 151, 171)....... 46

- Pterostigma with subapical hyaline spot (Figs. 30–31, 55–56, 67–68); or cell r 2+3 with 2 marginal hyaline marks; or cell r 1 usually with subapical hyaline spot. Aculeus tip with more acute, produced lobes and with or without medial concavity (Figs. 156, 160)........................................................................................... 47

46. Wing with hyaline spot in cell r 4+5 aligned slightly distal to crossvein dm-cu (Fig. 57). Aculeus with 2 pairs of lobes and shallow medial concavity (Figs. 150–151). Guatemala................................. quetzali Norrbom & Condon (in part)

- Wing with hyaline spot in cell r 4+5 aligned with or proximal to crossvein dm-cu (Figs. 71–76). Aculeus with 4 pairs of lobes and deep medial concavity (Fig. 171). Mexico.................................. variabilis Norrbom & Condon (in part)

47. Cell r 4+5 with 2 apical hyaline spots or single bilobed spot (Fig. 67–68), and scutum with pair of submedial dark brown vittae connected to large triangular brown mark on posterior margin (Fig. 94). Southern Brazil................... thetis Hendel

- Cell r 4+5 with 1 apical hyaline spot (Figs. 30–31, 55–56); if 2 apical hyaline spots or a single bilobed spot present, then scutellum with a pair of dark brown submedial and sublateral stripes. Scutellar pattern variable............................... 48

48. Pterostigma and apical third of cell r 1 always entirely brown [#6]. Cell dm mostly brown with three small spots all separated from each other, two medial and one subapical [#25] (* Fig. 7C ).................................. dzuli , new species

- Pterostigma usually with a subapical hyaline spot [#3], if fully brown, then cell r 1 always with subapical hyaline spot [#6]. Medial third of cell dm broadly hyaline or spotted.......................................................... 49

49. Scutum with sublateral and submedial brown vittae or marks (Figs. 98–99). Cell r 4+5 with straight extension of proximal marginal hyaline mark in cell r 2+3 (Figs. 55–56). Lobed part of aculeus tip more than half as long as wide (Fig. 160). Mexico to Costa Rica; possibly Colombia.................................................... quadristriata Wulp (in part)

- Scutum anteriorly at most with submedial vittae or spots, without sublateral brown vittae or marks (except mark on posterior margin sometimes narrowly reaching lateral margin). Cell r 4+5 with spot aligned between marginal hyaline marks in cell r 2+3 or with these marks somewhat fused into inverted-V (Figs. 30–31). Lobed part of aculeus tip less than 1/4 as long as wide (Fig. 156) (unknown in sp. nr. thetis )......................................................................... 50

50. Apical third of cell r 4+5 with preapical hyaline spot always present (* Figs. 6A–C ); posterior margin of scutum with a pair of small dark brown spots (* Fig. 6A ); aculeus lacking scales on medial membrane, and with broad reticulation on ventral surface (* Fig. 6D ); aculeus tip elongated, apically concave, with 3 distinct lobes (* Fig. 6E ); males with two highly asymmetrical prensisetae (* Fig. 6G ). Mexico............................................................. alleni , new species

- Apical third of cell r 4+5 with preapical hyaline spot always absent; posterior margin of scutum yellow or with wide trapezoid spot; aculeus ventrally with scales on medial membrane, and surface non-reticulate; if the female unknown, then males with two subequal prensisetae............................................................................... 51

51. Posterior margin of scutum and mediotergite yellow. Aculeus tip broad and short, with broad medial concavity (Fig. 156). Venezuela, northern Brazil.................................................... fernandezi Norrbom & Condon

- Posterior margin of scutum with large dark brown trapezoidal mark. Mediotergite with pair of brown vittae. Female unknown. Bolivia.................................................................................... sp. nr. thetis

52. Scutellum with pair of submedial dark brown spots or single inverted U-shaped or inverted triangular mark............. 53

- Scutellum entirely yellow.............................................................................. 55

53. Cell r 1 with 3 subequal, evenly spaced, marginal hyaline marks, basal 2 sometimes narrowly connected anteriorly (Fig. 40). Cell R 4+5 without hyaline spots aligned anteriorly with hyaline marks in cell m. Thorax without brown spots on notopleuron or anterior to postsutural supra-alar seta. Mexico..................................................... io Giglio-Tos

- Cell r 1 with basal marginal hyaline mark much larger than the 1–5 distal spots that are usually unevenly spaced and sometimes do not reach anterior margin (Figs. 10–11, 23–24). Cell R 4+5 with hyaline spots or mark aligned anteriorly with hyaline marks in cell m. Thorax with brown spot lateral to posterior notopleural seta and another anterior to postsutural supra-alar seta... 54

54. Cell r 4+5 with 1–2 hyaline spots proximal to dm-cu and another aligned with hyaline marks in cell m, each at least half as wide as cell, and with at most 1 spot touching apical margin (Figs. 23–24). Cell dm with large hyaline area in basal 3/4 at least half as long as cell. Medial occipital sclerite with submedial pair of brown vittae on ventral half (Fig. 87). Anepimeron with brown spot or larger mark on posterior half (Fig. 108). Aculeus without digitiform lateral lobe (Fig. 149). Costa Rica......................................................................................... chaconi Norrbom & Condon

- Cell r 4+5 with variable number of hyaline spots proximal to or aligned with hyaline marks in cell m, none more than 1/3 as wide as cell, and with 2 spots touching apical margin (Figs. 10–11). Cell dm with 1–3 hyaline areas in basal 3/4, together less than half as long as cell. Medial occipital sclerite without submedial brown markings (although lateral margin may be narrowly brown along suture). Anepimeron entirely yellow. Aculeus with digitiform lateral lobe (Figs. 152, 172). Southern Brazil.............................................................................. bidigitata Norrbom & Condon

55. Cell dm with hyaline spots in proximal 2/3 fused or faintly separated ( Figs. 3 , 43–44, 46–47, 58–59). Basal marginal hyaline mark in cell r 1 at least as wide as long. Aculeus less than 3 times as long as wide.................................. 56

- Cell dm with hyaline spots in proximal 2/3 relatively small and well separated (Fig. 48). Basal marginal hyaline mark in cell r 1 narrow, longer than wide. Aculeus 3.4 times as long as wide, tip truncate, shallowly stepped, medially with broad, shallow concavity (Fig. 168). Costa Rica............................................... mikenoltei Norrbom & Condon

56. Cell r 4+5 with hyaline spot closest to dm-cu slightly proximal to crossvein and large, at least 3/4 width of cell or fused with subbasal spot to form 1 extremely large and broad hyaline area (Figs. 58–59). Aculeus tip rounded laterally, lobes small and restricted to middle third, lateral margin with minute serrations (Fig. 170). Mexico................... regina Giglio-Tos

- Cell r 4+5 with hyaline spot closest to dm-cu often aligned with or distal to crossvein and smaller, at most half width of cell, always separate from subbasal spot ( Figs. 3 , 43–44, 46–47). Aculeus tip more truncate, lobes well-spaced, lateral margin without minute serrations (Fig. 130, 146–148)............................................................. 57

57. Cell r 1 distally usually with 1–2 small marginal hyaline spots, rarely extending to vein R 2+3, and without isolated posterior spots (Fig. 46–47). Aculeus tip shallowly lobed, medially with shallow concavity (Figs. 146–148). Mexico, Guatemala.................................................................................... mexicana Norrbom & Condon

- Cell r 1 distally with 1–3 small pale posterior spots, subapical one rarely extending to costal margin ( Figs. 3 , 43–44). Aculeus tip distinctly lobed, medially with small convex lobe (Fig. 130). Costa Rica...... macwilliamsae Norrbom & Condon (in part)

Figures

FIGURE 2. Blepharoneura martyae, new species: A) head and mesonotum, dorsal view; B) female habitus, lateral view; C) wing pattern (scale 1 mm). Male terminalia: D) phallus and glans; E) Epandrium and surstyli, posterior view. Female terminalia: F–G) aculeus ventral view, close up detail of aculeus tip (scale 0.1 mm); H) aculeus of B. aspiculosa used for comparison (from Norrbom & Condon 2010).

FIGURE 3. Blepharoneura isabelae, new species: A) general male habitus, dorsal view; B) head and thorax, lateral view; C) wing pattern (scale 1 mm). Male terminalia: D) epandrium and surstyli, posterior view; E) detail of lateral and medial surstyli, postero-ventral view; F) glans.

FIGURE 4. Blepharoneura xalapensis, new species: A) head and mesonotum, dorsal view; B) head and mesopleuron, lateral view; C) general male habitus, dorsal view; D) wing pattern (scale 1 mm). Male terminalia: E) epandrium and surstyli, posterior view; F) lateral and medial surstyli, postero-lateral view; F) glans.

FIGURE 5. Blepharoneura zapoteca, new species:A) head and mesonotum, dorsal view; B) posterior view of the mediotergite and abdominal pattern of tegites; C) general habitus of male holotype, lateral view; D) wing pattern (scale 1 mm).

FIGURE 6. Blepharoneura alleni, new species: A) female habitus, dorsal view; B–C) wing pattern variations (scale 1 mm). Female terminalia: D–E) aculeus in ventral view, and close-up detail of aculeus tip (scale 0.1 mm); F) detail of hook-scales of eversible membrane. Male terminalia: G) epandrium and susrtyli, posterior view; H) glans. I) drawing of the aculeus of B. mikenoltei used for comparison (copied from Norrbom & Condon 2010).

FIGURE 7. Blepharoneura dzuli, new species: A) general male habitus, dorsal view (faint striped pattern of scutum, atypical); B) male habitus, lateral view; C) wing pattern (scale 1 mm). Male terminalia: D) epandrium and surstyli, posterior view; E–F) epandrium and surstyli, lateral view and detail of apical surstyli; G) glans.