Cetrelia cetrarioides (Delise ex Duby) W.L. Culb. & C.F. Culb. Contr. U. S. Natl. Herb.

Mishra, Gaurav K. & Upreti, Dalip K., 2015, The lichen genus Cetrelia (Parmeliaceae, Ascomycota) in India, Phytotaxa 236 (3), pp. 201-214 : 206-212

2. Cetrelia cetrarioides (Delise ex Duby) W.L. Culb. & C.F. Culb. Contr. U. S. Natl. Herb. 34: 498. 1968. ( Fig. 2B )

Thallus foliose, corticolous, loosely attached, 7–15 cm across; lobes 6–15 mm wide; margin slightly ascending, undulate, entire to crenate; upper surface uniformly tan or pale grey; pseudocyphellate, the pores very small, elliptical, rarely elongate reaching 0.5 mm; soralia present at margin of the lobes, linear, farinose, abundant on crenate margin; lower surface jet-black, the margins brown, usually punctate with many small pores, black, rarely pale; rhizines sparse, 1 mm long. Apothecia rare, 1–2 mm broad, ascospores ovoid, 12–14 × 19–24 μm. Pycnidia unknown.

Chemistry:— Medulla K-, C-, KC- or KC+ pinkish, P-, perlatolic (as major substance) and imbricaric acids (as minor substance), ±atranorin.

Remarks:— Cetrelia cetrarioides is characterized by marginal soralia with fine soredia, by developing true pseudocyphellae partly even on the lower surface and the presence of perlatolic acid as the major lichen substance (with much lower concentrated or even lacking imbricaric acid). Three other sorediate species, namely C. sayanensis , C. olivetorum , and C. chicitae differ mainly in chemistry but also in some morphological characters. Cetrelia olivetorum contains olivetoric acid and is easily separated by the C+ red medullary reaction. Cetrelia chicitae produces alectoronic and α- collatolic acids (often KC+ faintly orange) and shows rather large pseudocyphellae and very coarse soredia. Cetrelia monachorum and C. sayanensis , with likewise coarse soredia are chemically almost inseparable (containing imbricaric acid as the major compound and perlatolic acid as the minor compound), but the latter has almost ‘stipitate’ laminal soralia in addition the marginal ones. Cetrelia cetrarioides is widely distributed in Armenia, Austria, Azerbaijan Republic, Bhutan, Chile, China, Estonia, France, Georgia, Germany, Great Britain, Hawaiian Islands, Italy, Iran, Japan, Mexico, Montenegro, Norway, Portugal, Russia, Slovenia, Spain, Switzerland, Ukraine and USA ( Aptroot & Feijen, 2002; Barbero et al., 1995; Bjelland et al., 1997; Culberson & Culberson, 1968; Culberson & Culberson, 1978; Elix & McCarthy, 1998; Gilbert & Purvis, 2009; Kondratyuk et al., 2003; Knežević & Mayrhofer, 2009; Kurokawa, 2003; Obermayer & Mayrhofer, 2007; Randlane & Saag 2004; Randlane et al. 2006; Randlane & Saag, 1991; Scheidegger et al., 2002; Sohrabi et al., 2007). One of the most luxuriantly growing species of Cetrelia in India, reported from the states of Arunachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu, Uttarakhand and West Bengal between the altitudes of 1800–4200 m.

Specimens examined:— India: Arunachal Pradesh, West Kameng district, Tisangeso, alt. 3715 m, on bark, 25.9.2012, R. Debnath 12-017729 (LWG), 7 km before Sela, enroute to Bomdila, on bark, 12.11.2008, D.K. Upreti, U. Dubey, G.K. Mishra & R. Khare 08-009359 (LWG), Tawang, alt. 4000 m, on bark, 20.5.2009, J. Raout s.n. (LWG), 27.9.2004, A. Kar 04-009727 (LWG); Jammu & Kashmir, Anantnag district, Pahalgam, north side, alt. 2200 m, on bark, 30.7.2005, M. Sheikh 05-006109 (LWG), Pahagam on way to Baisana, alt. 214–2438 m, on bark, 27.6.1977, K. Dange 77.92 (LWG-LWU), Baramullah district, Gulmarg, alt. 7500ft., on bark, 2.10.1968, D.D. Awasthi s.n. (LWG-LWU); Srinagar, at Harwan garden, on bark, 6.7.1977, K. Dange 77.573 (LWG-LWU), Gulmarg area, alt. 7500ft., on bark, 2.10.1968, D.D. Awasthi s.n. (LWG-LWU), Himachal Pradesh, Parbati river valley, on way to Bhandag Thaj to Pulge, alt. 3150 m, on bark, 25.6.1975, D.D. Awasthi & K. Dange 75382, 75423, 75411, 75154, 75168, 75284, 75168 (LWG-LWU), Beas river valley, Manali, alt. 1800 m, on bark, 15.6.1975, D.D. Awasthi & K. Dange 75011 (LWG-LWU), Kinnaur district, Racksham-Chitkul, alt. 3500 m, on bark, 5.11.2003, D.K. Upreti, R. Srivastava & P. Singh 03-002753/B (LWG), Kullu district, Great Himalayan National Park, on way to Dhela to Lapali, alt. 3000 m, on bark, 8.9.1999, D.K. Upreti 99-54063/A (LWG), Great Himalayan National Park, Dhela, alt. 3000 m, on bark, 8.9.1999, D. K. Upreti 99-54006, 99-54007, 99-54018/A (LWG), 9.6.2004, R. Srivastava 04-003658, 04-003354, 04-003344 (LWG), Pardi, alt. 3140 m, 15.11.2002, S. Nayaka & R. Srivastava 02-000528, 02-00515, 02-00524, 02-001150, 02- 00521 (LWG), on way to Dhela to Lapah, alt. 3000 m, on bark, 8.9.1999, D.K. Upreti 99-540063/A (LWG), Beat area, alt. 2400–2600 m, on bark, 8.6.1999, D.K. Upreti 217391/A (LWG), Shilt, alt. 2800 m, on bark, 4.11.2002, S. Nayaka & R. Srivastava 02-000580/A, 02-001221 (LWG), Shimla district, Roliru, Jubbal along sandal naala, alt. 1650 m, on bark, 20.5.2002, S. Nayaka & R. Srivastava 02-87172, 02-87190 (LWG), Narkanda 3–4 km towards Hatu Peak, alt. 2800 m, on bark, 14.5.2002, S. Nayaka & R. Srivastava 02-67197 (LWG), Rohru, Sungri, alt. 2600 m, on bark, 22.5.2002, S. Nayaka & R. Srivastava 02-214092, 02-214080, 02-219457 (LWG), Rohru, Chirgaon Tikkri, alt. 2500 m, on bark, 21.5.2002, S. Nayaka & R. Srivastava 02-214068, 02-87175/B (LWG), Chaupal Ghadal, alt. 2500 m, on bark, 7.5.2002, S. Nayaka & R. Srivastava 02-77770, 02-77750 (LWG); Sikkim, Kupuf, alt. 4200 m, on bark, 17.4.1975, V.S. Sharma & M. Ranjan 76709 (LWG), North Sikkim, near Yumthang, alt. 3800 m, on bark, 15.8.2004, D.K. Upreti, S. Chatterjee, P.K. Divakar 04-004204, 04-004134 (LWG), Chubuk, above Thanngu, alt. 4100 m, on bark, 13.8.2004, D.K. Upreti, S. Chatterjee & P.K. Divakar 04-003910 (LWG), Kalep before Thanngu, alt. 3900 m, on bark, 12.8.2004, D.K. Upreti, S. Chatterjee, P.K. Divakar 04-003863, 04-003876 (LWG), Shinghba Rhododendron Sanctuary, near Yumthang, alt. 3800 m, on bark, 15.8.2004, D.K. Upreti, S. Chatterjee, P.K. Divakar 04-004165 (LWG), above Lachen, alt. 3000 m, on bark, 12.8.2004, D.K. Upreti, S. Chatterjee, P.K. Divakar 04-003770 (LWG) East Sikkim, on way to Tsongo Lake, alt. 3600 m, on bark, September 2000, S. Chatterjee & P.K. Divakar 02-77154/B (LWG), Tamil Nadu, Nilgiris district, Ootacamund way to Doddabetta peak, alt. 2500–2633 m, on bark, 9.1.1982, G. Awasthi 82-42 (LWG-LWU), Kamban district, Meghamalai Wildlife Sanctuary, on rock, 21.3.1999, S. Nayaka 99-75956 (LWG), Uttarakhand, Bageshwar district, enroute to Pindari Glacier from Dwali to Phurkia, alt. 3210 m, on bark, 13.5.2007, S. Joshi & Y. Joshi 07-010009 (LWG), D.D. Awasthi 649 (LWG-AWAS), 4 km from Loharkhet to Dhakuri, alt. 7500ft., on bark, 8.6.1970, D.D. Awasthi 7559 (LWG-AWAS), 10.5.2007, S. Joshi & Y. Joshi 07-010010 (LWG), 5 km before Dhakuri, alt. 3000 m, on bark, 11.9.1995, D.K. Upreti & J. Tandon 213415/B (LWG), Dhakuri, alt. 2700 m, on bark, 22.5.1972, A. Singh 89315/A, L89334/B (LWG), enroute to Khati to Dwali, alt. 2210–2734 m, on bark, 12.5.2007, S. Joshi & Y. Joshi 07-010074 (LWG), en route to Pindari Glacier, Dwali to Kafni, alt. 2800 m, on bark, 24.5.1997, D.K. Upreti, S. Chatterjee & J. Tandon L69080/H, L69069/B (LWG), Chamoli district, on way to valley of flower, alt. 3150 m, on bark, 20.10.1964, A. Singh 85889, 85871, 85874/B (LWG), Malari, alt. 3400 m, on bark, 23.6.2007, S. Rawat 07-008626 (LWG), Valley of flower, near Pushpawati, alt. 3300 m, on bark, 20.9.2006, S. Rawat 06-007115 (LWG), Auli, below Ghursu top, alt. 3300 m, on bark, 6.9.1991, D.K. Upreti 202335 (LWG), 14.3.2005, M. Rao 05-005003, 05-005009 (LWG), Between Wan and Bhuna, alt. 3150 m, on bark, 23.10.1967, A. Singh 91576/A (LWG), Mandal area forest near Musk deer Park, alt. 2700 m, on bark, 29.8.2006, D.K. Upreti, P.K. Divakar & S. Rawat 06-85695 (LWG), Between Ghangharia & valley of flowers, alt. 3300 m, on bark, 20.10.1964, A. Singh 85864 (LWG), Hemkund, alt. 3450 m, on bark, 19.10.1964, A. Singh 85817 (LWG), Chopta, alt. 2900 m, on bark, 8.9.2006, S. Rawat 06-008768, 06-007278 (LWG), Chopta proper, alt. 3225 m, on bark, 28.9.1975, A. Singh & M. Ranjan 107183 (LWG), between Chopta & Bamakund, alt. 2500 m, on bark, 28.9.1975, A. Singh & M. Ranjan 107195 (LWG), Lata, alt. 3000 m, on bark, 8.9.2006, S. Rawat & Jitendra 06-011126 (LWG), Nanda Devi Biosphere reserve, Lodncha Thaili, alt. 3400 m, on bark, 07.06.2008, S. Rawat 08-011005 (LWG), Lata Khark, alt. 3600 m, on bark, 8.6.2008, S. Rawat & D. Rawat 08-010959 (LWG), Kothidhar, on bark, 7.6.2008, S. Rawat 08-011092 (LWG), Belta, alt. 3300 m, on bark, 6.6.2008, S. Rawat & D. Rawat 08-011029, 08-011071 (LWG), Anusuiya Devi, alt. 2500 m, on bark, 4.4.2014, V. Shukla & R. Bajpai 014-022899 (LWG), Dehradun district, Chakarata hills, Deoban, alt. 9000ft, on bark, 3.7.1951, D.D. Awasthi 953 (LWG-AWAS), 8.10.1976, S. Chandra s.n. (LWG), North face of hill, alt. 6000ft., on bark, 22.6.1976, D.D. Awasthi & M. Joshi 7640 (LWG-LWU), Kathiyan, alt. 1800 m, on bark, October 1995, T.S. Rana s.n. (LWG), Pithoragarh district, Munsiyari, Khuliya Top, alt. 3000 m, on bark, 17.11.2006, Y. Joshi & R. Bajpai 06-007060, 07- 007095 (LWG), between Lilam to Bugdiar (Rana Man Singh Top), alt. 2700 m, on bark, 25.6.1973, A. Singh 102781 (LWG), 15.9.1996, D.K. Upreti & J. Tandon 104808 (LWG), Narayan Swami Ashram, alt. 2748 m, on bark, 2.11.2009, D.K. Upreti & Party 09-012169/D (LWG), Rudrapayag district, on way to Chopta to Tungnath, alt. 12000–14000ft, on bark, 24.9.1976, K. Dange 76.589, 76.640, 76.643, 76.611(LWG-LWU), enroute Tungnath from Chopta, alt. 3386 m, on bark, 16.5.2011, Rai, Khare & Shukla 11-022559(LWG), on way to Tungnath temple from Chopta, alt. 3500 m, on bark, 25.7.2006, R. Srivastava & B. Kumar 06-10664 (LWG), Badrinath near Vasundhara Glacier, alt. 3900 m, on bark, 8.9.1991, D.K. Upreti 202367 (LWG), between Madmeheshwar and Gondar, alt. 3000 m, on bark, 19.9.1975, A. Singh & M. Ranjan 107029, 107022, 106950, 107003, 107009/B (LWG), 17.9.1975, A. Singh & M. Ranjan 106959/A (LWG), Mandakini river valley, on way from Gaurikund to Rambaram, alt. 1980–2800 m, on bark, 18.9.1976, K. Dange 76.154 (LWG-LWU), Uttarkashi district, near Jankichetti, alt. 3048 m, on bark, 20.9.1977, A. Singh & Rampher 76092, 76093 (LWG), Govind Wildlife Sanctuary, Osla near forest guest house, alt. 2769 m, on bark, 10.6.2012, D.K. Upreti & R. Bajpai 12-016113 (LWG), Between Phool-chetti & Naradchetti, alt. 3000 m, on bark, September 1977, A. Singh & Ram 77592 (LWG); Uttarkashi district, Govind Wildlife Sanctuary, Har-Ki-Dun near forest guest house, alt. 2700–3300 m, on bark, 22.09.2013, G. K. Mishra (LWG); 10.06.2012, D. K. Upreti & R. Bajpai 12-016113 (LWG), enroute to Taluka, alt. 2155 m, on bark, 05.04.2013, R. Bajpai 13-023409 (LWG); enroute to Jakhol, Dharakhand, alt. 2450 m, on bark, R. Bajpai 12-018345 (LWG); Osla, back side of forest guest house, alt. 2684 m, on bark, 10.06.2012, D.K. Upreti & R. Bajpai 12-016117, 12-1017432, 12-017475, 12-018520 (LWG), in and around Judatal, alt. 2820 m, on bark, 5.10.2013, R. Bajpai 13-019886, 13-020023/A, 13-21908 (LWG), Kedarkantha, alt. 2900 m, on bark, Oct 2013, R. Bajpai 13-021916, 13-021903, 13-021908 (LWG), Judatal to Kedarkantha, alt. 3400 m, on bark, 06.10.2013, R. Bajpai 13-020098 (LWG), before Har-ki-Dun forest guest house, alt 3222mt, on rock, 11.06.2012, D. K. Upreti, R. Bajpai 12-016144/B, 12-017488(LWG); West Bengal, Darjeeling district, Pashok road, about 5–6 miles from Darjeeling, alt. 6500ft, on bark, 6.3.1967, D.D. Awathi & M. R. Agrawal 67.173 (LWG-AWAS), on way from Sandakhpoo to Phalut, alt. 11000ft, on bark, 6.6.1960, M.N. Bose 60.150 (LWG-AWAS), Tiger hil, alt. 7500–8500ft, on bark, 17.4.1960, M. N. Bose 60.13, 60.14 (LWG-AWAS), Tigher hill, north face, alt. 8500ft, on bark, 5.3.1967, D. D. Awasthi & M. R. Agrawal 67.27 (LWG-AWAS), Sandakhpoo, alt. 11800ft., on bark, 15.6.1967, D.D. Awasthi & M. R. Agrawal 67.396/B, 69.389 (LWG-LWU), near Tongloo Dak Bunglow, alt. 11,000ft., on bark, 17.6.1967, D.D. Awasthi & M. R. Agrawal 67.528 (LWG-AWAS).

3. Cetrelia chicitae (W.L. Culb.) W.L. Culb. & C.F. Culb., Contr. U. S. Natl. Herb. 34: 504. 1968.— Cetraria chicitae W.L. Culb., Bryologist 68: 95. 1965. Type: USA, West Virginia; Hale; Lich. Amer. Exs., no 56 (DUKE, holotype) ( Figs. 1 & 2C )

Thallus foliose, corticolous, loosely attached to the substratum, 10–16 cm broad, lobes 0.7–1.7 cm broad; upper surface light gray or ashy, sometime pruinose at the tips, soralia often present on strongly twisted lobes giving the lobends a somewhat nibbled appearance, soredia coarse; pseudocyphellae present, large and flat, usually developed across the whole upper surface; lower surface jet-black, margins brown or colored like upper surface, pseudocyphellae absent on lower side of sterile lobes; rhizines sparse, black, 1 mm long; medulla white. Apothecia and pycnidia not seen in Indian specimens.

Chemistry:— Medulla K-, C-, KC+ pink, P-, alectoronic acid and α- collatolic acids present as major compounds, ±atranorin.

Remarks:— Cetrelia chicitae is characterized the presence of alectoronic acid and α- collatolic acids in the medulla, by marginal, often strongly undulating soralia with rather coarse soredia and comparebly large, flat pseudocyphellae on the upper surface. The differences to four other sorediate taxa ( C. monachorum , C. sayanensis , C. cetrarioides , C. olivetorum ) are discussed under C. cetrarioides . C. chicitae is widely distributed in Austria, France, Germany, Great Britain, Italy, Slovenia, Spain, Switzerland, Ukraine, Canada, China, Hawaiian Islands, Indonesia, Japan, South Korea, Malaysia, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Taiwan & USA ( Culberson & Culberson, 1968, 1978; Randlane & Saag, 1991, 2004; Obermayer & Mayrhofer, 2007; Gilbert & Purvis, 2009; Barbero et al., 1995; Luo et al., 2007; Elix & McCarthy, 1998; Scheidegger et al., 2002; Kurokawa, 2003; Beguinot, 1982; Randlane et al., 1991; Wei 1991 and Aptroot et al., 1997). In India, the species is recorded from temperate to subalpine areas in the states of Himachal Pradesh, Sikkim, Uttarakhand and West Bengal between altitudes of 1500 to 4300 m, is a new record for Indian lichen biota.

Specimens examined:— India: Himachal Pradesh, Kullu district, Great Himalayan National Park, Pardi, alt. 3140 m, on bark, 5.11.2002, S. Nayaka & R. Srivastava 02-000528 (LWG), G.H.N.P., Gati Beat area, alt. 2600 m, on bark, 8.6.1999, D.K. Upreti 217391/A (LWG), Shilt, alt. 2800 m, on bark, 4. 11. 2002, S. Nayaka & R. Srivastava 02-000580/A (LWG), Shimla district, Chaupal, Ghadal, alt. 2500 m, on bark, 7.5.2002, 22.5.2002, S. Nayaka & R. Srivastva 02-77770, 02-77750 (LWG), Rohru-Sungri, alt. 2600 m, on bark, 22.5.2002, S. Nayaka & R. Srivastva 02- 214080 (LWG), Kinnaur district, Rackshan to Chitkul, alt. 3500 m, on bark, 5.11.2003, D.K. Upreti & R. Srivastava 03-002753/B (LWG), Sikkim, East Sikkim, on way to Tsongo Lake, alt. 3600 m, on bark, sept 2000, S. Chetterjee and P.K, Divakar 20-77154/B (LWG), Uttarakhand, Chamoli district, between Wan & Bhuna, alt. 3150 m, on bark, 23.10.1967, A. Singh 91576/A (LWG), on way to valley of flowers, alt. 3150 m, on bark, 20.10.1964 A. Singh, 85874/ B, 85889 (LWG), 20.9.2006, S. Rawat 06-007115 (LWG), Auli, below Ghursu top, alt. 3300 m, on bark, 6.9.1991, D.K. Upreti 202337 (LWG), Mandal area forest near Musk Deer Park, alt. 2700 m, on bark, 29.8.2006, D.K. Upreti, P.K. Divakar & S. Rawat 06-85695 (LWG), Nanda Devi Bioshpere Reserve, 2 km from Belta, alt. 3100 m, on bark, 6.6.2008, S. Rawat 08-011071 (LWG), Madmaheshwar, alt. 3400 m, on bark, 17.9.1975,A. Singh & M. Ranjan 106950, 107022 (LWG), Dehradun district, Deoban, on bark, 8.10.1976, S. Chandra s.n. (LWG), 3-7-1951, D.D. Awasthi 953 (LWG-AWAS) Pithoragarh district, Munsiyari, Nain Singh Top, alt. 2700 m, on bark, 15.9.1996, D.K. Upreti & J. Tandon 104808 (LWG), Rudraprayag district, Tungnath to Chopta, 16.5.2011, Rai 022559 (LWG), Uttarkashi district, near Janki Chetti, on bark, 21.9.1977, A. Singh & R. Pher 76093, 76092 (LWG), West Bengal, Darjeeling district, near Tongloo Dak Bunglow, alt. 3100 m, on bark, 17.6.1967, D.D. Awasthi & M. R. Agrawal 67.528 (LWG-AWAS), Sandakhpoo-Phalut, alt. 3100 m, on bark, 6.6.1976, M. N. Bose 60.150 (LWG-AWAS).

4. Cetrelia collata (Nyl.) W.L. Culb. & C.F. Culb., Contr. U. S. Natl. Herb. 34: 505. 1968.— Platysma collatum Nyl. , Flora 70: 134. 1887.— Cetraria collata (Nyl.) Müll. Arg., Nuov. Giorn. Bot. Ital. 24: 192. 1892. ( Fig. 2D )

Thallus foliose, corticated, loosely attached, up to 10 cm across; lobes rounded, imbricate, 5–13 mm wide; upper surface pale brownish; pseudocyphellae present, the pores large, upto 1 mm; lower surface jet-black, punctate in some specimens, the margins dark brown or colored like the upper surface, relatively smooth; rhizines few, 1 mm long; medulla white. Apothecia rare, perforate or entire 0.7–2.0 cm, broad, cup-shaped, asci 8 spored, ascospores, ellipsoid, 15–20 × 7–12 μm. Pycnidia large, marginal; conidia rod-shaped, 6 × 1.5 μm.

Chemistry:— Medulla K-, C-, KC- or KC+ pinkish, P-, imbricaric acid as major compound, ± atranorin.

Remarks:— The most characteristic features of C. collata are the large pseudocyphellae (up to 1 mm), lower side margins dark brown or colored like the upper surface and imbricaric acid as the major lichen component. It is close to C. nuda (Hue) W.L. Culb. & C.F. Culb. and C. pseudocollata Randlane & Saag in having pseudocyphellae but they differ in chemistry (medulla C+ red). The species is known from China (SW, NE, Szechwan & Yunnan) and Nepal ( Lai et al., 2009; Culberson & Culberson, 1986). In India the species rare and is reported from temperate areas of Arunachal Pradesh and Jammu & Kashmir and occurs between the altitudes of 2700–2900 m.

Specimens examined:— India, Jammu & Kashmir, Sonamarg, alt. 2900 m, on bark, 30.9.1968, D.D. Awasthi s.n. (LWG-LWU), Arunachal Pradesh, West Kemeng district, Bartse, alt. 2727 m, on bark, 22.9.2012, R. Debnath 12-017727 (LWG).

5. Cetrelia delavayana W.L. Culb. & C.F. Culb., Contr. U. S. Natl. Herb. 34: 509. 1968; G.P. Sinha, Bull. Bot. Surv. India 45(1–4): 221. 2003. ( Fig. 2E )

Thallus foliose, corticolous, loosely attached, 5–9 cm across; lobes 12–15 mm wide; upper surface pale brownish; pseudocyphellae present, pores few, up to 0.5 mm in diam.; lower surface dark brown to jet-black, margins brown or concolorous to upper surface, smooth or somewhat wrinkled, especially at the ascendent margins of the lobes, sometimes punctate, puncta restricted to the crests of the ridges; rhizines, black; medulla white. Apothecia not seen. Pycnidia marginal, large, unstalked, abundant, conidia rod-shaped, 6 × 1.5 μm.

Chemistry:— Medulla K-, C+ pink, KC-, P-, perlatolic acid as major compound, ±atranorin.

Remarks:— Cetrelia delavayana is characterized by small pored pseudocyphellae, by perlatolic acid as the major compound and by the lack of vegetative propagules. It is close to C. alaskana in having small pored pseudocyphellae but the latter species differs in presence of imbricaric acid and recorded from western coast of Alaska, Japan and Russia (Northern Caucasus, Siberia, peninsula of Tchukota). The species is known from China (Yunnan & Szechwan), (Culberson & Culberson, 1986). In India it occurs in alpine regions of Sikkim.

Specimen examined:— India, Sikkim, North Sikkim, Sebu La base camp, west side, alt. 4500–4800 m, on bark, 27.07.1996, G.P. Sinha 1221 (BSHC).

6. Cetrelia japonica (Zahlbr.) W.L. Culb. & C.F. Culb., Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 34: 511. 1968.— Cetraria japonica Zahlbr., Ann. Mycol. 14: 60. 1916. ( Fig. 2F )

Thallus foliose, corticolous, loosely adnate, up to 8 cm across; lobes rounded, 0.5–1.5 cm broad; upper surface grayish-white or brownish or ashy-white, smooth; pseudocyphellae, punctiform to elongate, rarely reaching up to 1 mm in size.; lower surface brownish to jet-black, marginal zone near the tips of the lobes brown or whitish; rhizines sparse, 0.5 mm long; medulla white. Apothecia not seen. Pycnidia rare, large, black, emergent, about 0.1 mm broad. conidia rod-shaped, 5 × 1.5 μm.

Chemistry:— Medulla K-, C-, KC+ pink, P-, microphyllinic acid as major compound, ±atranorin.

Remarks:— Cetrelia japonica is characterized by presence of well developed lobules along the lobe margins and the thallus containing microphyllinic acid. It is close to C. orientalis Randlane & Saag , in having lobules but the latter species differs in having alectoronic and α- collatolic acids. Morphologically, C. japonica also exhibit resemblance to C. sinensis and C. pseudolivetorum but both the latter species have different chemistry. The species is known from China (NE), Hokkaido, Formosa, Japan, Java, Northern Sabah, South Korea and Taiwan (Culberson & Culberson, 1986 & Lai et al., 2009) and in India it is reported from the alpine region of Sikkim.

Specimen examined:― India, Sikkim, North Sikkim, Singbha Rhododendron Sanctuary, alt. 3350 m, on bark, 13.07.1996, G.P. Sinha 1066 (BSHC).

7. Cetrelia olivetorum (Nyl.) W.L. Culb. & C.F. Culb., Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 34: 515. 1968.— Parmelia olivetorum Nyl., Not. Sällsk. Fauna Fl. Fenn. Förh , n.s. 5: 180. 1866. ( Fig. 2G )

Thallus foliose, corticolous, loosely attached, 6–12 cm across; lobes rounded, 0.5–1.8 cm wide; upper surface light tan or brownish, smooth, sometimes with slightly convex; pseudocyphellae, pores abundant and small, up to 0.5 mm; margin sorediate; lower surface margin chestnut brown to whitish grey, not punctuate; rhizines 0.5 mm long; medulla white. Apothecia and pycnidia not seen.

Chemistry:— Medulla K-, C+ pink or red, KC+ pink, P-, olivetoric acid as major compound, ±atranorin.

Remarks:— Cetrelia olivetorum s.str. is characterized by sorediate lobes and thalli containing olivetoric acid (medulla C+ distinctly red). The differences to four other sorediate taxa ( C. monachorum , C. sayanensis , C. cetrarioides & C. chicitae ) are discussed under C. cetrarioides . The species is widely distributed in Armenia, Azerbaijan, Austria, Bhutan, Canada, Canary Islands, China, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Great Britain, Georgia, Hawaiian Islands, Hungary, Iran, Ireland, Japan, Lithuania, Madeira, Montenegro, Mongolia, Nepal, New Caledonia, Norway, Papua New Guinea, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Taiwan, Thailand, Turkey and USA ( Aptroot, 1997; Aptroot & Feijen, 2002; Barbero et al., 1995; Bjelland et al., 1997; Culberson & Culberson, 1968; Culberson & Culberson, 1978; Elix, 1998; Gilbert & Purvis, 2009; Hafellner, 1995; Kondratyuk et al., 2003; Kneţeviă & Mayrhofer, 2009; Motiejűnaitë, 2008; Kukwa & Motiejűnaitë, 2012, Kurokawa, 2003; Obermayer & Mayrhofer 2007; Randlane & Saag 2004; Randlane et al., 2006; Randlane & Saag, 1991; Seaward, 2010; Scheidegger et al., 2002; Sohrabi et al., 2007, Wolseley et al., 2002; Yazýcý & Aslan, 2002). In India, the species occurs in the states of Arunachal Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand and West Bengal between the altitudes of 2500–4000 m.

Specimens examined:― India; Arunachal Pradesh, West Kemeng district, Bartse , alt. 2727 m, on bark, 22.9.2012, R. Debnath 12-017797 ( LWG) ; Himachal Pradesh, Parbati river valley, on way from Pulge to Bhandag Thaj , alt. 2550 m, on bark, 21.6.1975, D.D. Awasthi & K. Dange 75.284 ( LWG-LWU) , Uttarakhand, Bageshwar district, between Khati and Dwali, alt. 2850 m, on bark, 24.5.1972, A. Singh 89362 ( LWG), Pithoragarh district , Kalamuni, near Munsiyari, alt. 2500–2700 m, on bark, 18.11.2006, Y. Joshi & R. Bajpai 06-007099 ( LWG) , West Bengal, Darjeeling district, on way from Sandakhpoo to Phalut , alt. 4000 m, on bark, 16.6.1967, D.D. Awasthi & M. R. Agrawal 67.460 ( LWG-AWAS), Sandakhpoo, alt. 4000 m., on bark, 15.6.1967, D.D. Awasthi & M. R. Agrawal 67.396/A ( LWG-LWU) .

8. Cetrelia pseudolivetorum (Asahina) W.L. Culb. & C.F. Culb., Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 34: 519. 1968.— Parmelia pseudolivetorum Asahina, J. Jap. Bot. 27: 16. 1952. ( Fig. 2H )

Thallus foliose, corticolous or saxicolous, loosely attached, 5–15 cm across; lobes 0.5–1.5 cm broad; upper surface grayish or grayish-white or uniformly light brownish or tan in old herbarium specimens, smooth or becoming cracked; pseudocyphellae present, pores upto 0.5 mm diam., punctiform or slightly elongate; isidia present, simple or coralloid, turning into dorsiventral dissected lobules along margin and on surface; lower surface black, margins brown or concolorous to upper surface; rhizines black, upto 1 mm long; medulla white. Apothecia and pycnidia not seen.

Chemistry:— Medulla K-, C+ pink or red, KC- or KC+ pink to red, P−; olivetoric acid as major compound, ±atranorin.

Remarks:— Cetrelia pseudolivetorum is characterized by the presence of isidia and isidioid lobulae and a thallus containing olivetoric acid. It is similar to C. japonica when it has well developed dorsiventral lobules and close to C. braunsiana when it has isidia-like lobules, but both the latter species have different chemistry. The species is known from China (NE & Yunnan), Formosa and Japan Himalaya (Culberson & Culberson, 1986 & Lai et al., 2009). In India, species is reported from different Himalayan states of Himachal Pradesh, Sikkim, Uttarakhand and West Bengal.

Specimens examined:― India: Himachal Pradesh, Kullu district, Kothi, forest near guest house, alt. 2500 m, on bark, 31.5.1994, D.K. Upreti 213566 (LWG), Sikkim, North Sikkim, Lachen, Gumpa side forest, alt. 2700 m, on bark, 16.08.1999, G.P. Sinha 1554 (BSHC), Uttarakhand, Bageshwar district, en route to Pindari Glacier, between Dwali to Kafni, alt. 2800 m, on bark, 24.5.1997, D.K. Upreti, S. Chatterjee & J. Tandon L69069/C (LWG), Chamoli district, Madmaheshwar, alt. 3020 m, on bark, 15.9.1975, A. Singh & M. Ranjan 106936 (LWG), Rudrapayag district, on way to Chopta to Tungnath, alt. 12000–14000ft, on bark, October 1994 H.R. Negi L561, L952/A (LWG), 24.09.1976, K. Dange 76.643 (LWG-LWU), Uttarkashi district, between Yumnotri to Janki Chetti, alt. 3000 m, on bark, 21.9.1977, A. Singh & R. Pher 76079 (LWG), Govind Wildlife Sanctuary, Judatal to Kedarkantha, alt. 2871 m, on bark, 06.06.2013, R. Bajpai 13-020018/C, 13-020088 (LWG) West Bengal, Darjeeling district, Tiger hill, alt. 2500 m, on bark, 17.4.1960, M.N. Bose 60184, 6379 (LWG-AWAS), Pashok road, about 5–6 miles from Darjeeling, alt. 2300 m, on bark, 6.3.1967, D.D. Awathi & M. R. Agrawal 67.127/B (LWG-LWU), on way from Sandakhpoo to Phalut, alt. 4000 m, on bark, 16.6.1967, D.D. Awasthi & M. R. Agarwal 60.453 (LWG-LWU), Batasi-Palmajue, alt. 2800 m., on bark, 19.6.1948, D.D. Awasthi 178 (LWG-AWAS).

9. Cetrelia sanguinea (Schaer.) W.L. Culb. & C.F. Culb., Contr. U. S. Natl. Herb. 34: 521. 1968;— Cetraria sanguinea Schaer. in Moritzi, Syst. Verz.: 129. 1846. ( Fig. 2I )

Thallus foliose, corticolous, loosely attached, 10 cm across; lobes 5–8 mm wide; upper surface whitish or brownish in old herbarium specimens, sometimes brownish or blackish toward margins, smooth to minutely wrinkled; pseudocyphellae present, pores more than 0.5 mm wide; lower surface jet-black, margins often dark brown, not punctate; rhizines black 1 mm long; medulla white. Apothecia cup shaped, expanded irregularly, lacerated, 5–20 mm diam, margin undulate, entire to minutely crenate; thalline exciple densely pseudocyphellae, minutely wrinkled; disc perforate, spores 16–21 × 9–12 μm. Pycnidia large, marginal, conidia rod shaped, 3–4 × 1 μm.

Chemistry:— Medulla K-, C+ red, KC+ red, P-, anziaic acid as major compound, ±atranorin.

Remarks:— Cetrelia sanguinea is distinguished by the presence of small pseudocyphellae, and anziaic acid. It is close to C. davidiana in having a pseudocyphellate thallus but the latter differs in having different chemistry (olivetoric acid). The species is known from China (NE), Japan, Java and Sumatra (Culberson & Culberson, 1986). In India, this species occurs in Himachal Pradesh and Sikkim between the altitudes of 1800–3500 m.

Specimens examined:― India; Himachal Pradesh, Chamba district, Chamba around Joth , on bark, 17.5.2001, D.K. Upreti & S. Nayaka 01-75533 ( LWG), Shimla district , Narkanda , Hatu Peak , alt. 3360 m, on bark, 14.5.2002, S. Nayaka & R. Srivastava 02-81578 ( LWG), Kufri towards Chimbun glow forest, alt. 2500 m, on rock, 10.5.2002, S. Nayaka & R. Srivastava 02-79116, 02-79101 ( LWG) ; Sikkim, West Sikkim, Yoksum-Tsoka foot track, alt. 1800–3050 m, on bark, 23.07.1995, G.P. Sinha 202 ( BSHC) .

10. Cetrelia sinensis W.L. Culb. & C.F. Culb., Contr. Nat. Herb. 34: 523. 1968; Divakar & Upreti, Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 150: 251. 2006. ( Fig. 2J )

Thallus foliose, terricolous or saxicolous, 17–26 cm across; lobes 1–2 cm wide; upper surface uniformly light brown, smooth, pseudocyphellate pores punctiform to somewhat elongate, and up to 0–5 mm wide; lower surface jet-black, a marginal zone near the tips of the lobes is concolorous to the upper surface; rhizines scattered, black upto 1 mm long; medulla white. Apothecia not seen. Pycnidia large, black, restricted to the marginal lobulae; conidia rod-shaped, 6 × 1.5 μm.

Chemistry:— Medulla K-, C-, KC-, P-, imbricaric acid as major compound, ±atranorin.

Remarks:— Cetrelia sinensis is distinguished by the large, grey to brown thallus, a lobulate, pseudocyphellate thallus with marginal lobules and the presence of imbricaric acid. It is morphologically close to C. japonica but differs in having microphyllinic acid chemistry. The species is known from China (NE), Taiwan and Yunnan (Culberson & Culberson, 1986 & Lai et al., 2009). In India, this species occurs in eastern Himalayan region of Sikkim between the altitudes of 4000–4250 m.

Specimens examined:― India: Sikkim, North Sikkm, Thanngu area, alt. 4000 m, on rock, 12.8.2004, D.K. Upreti, S. Chatterjee & P.K. Divakar 04-003895, 04-003893, 04-003905 (LWG), Yangdi, above Thanngu, alt. 4250 m, on soil, 13.8.2004, D.K. Upreti, S. Chatterjee & P.K. Divakar 04-003980, 04-003949, 04-003945 (LWG), Chubuk, above Thanngu, alt. 4100 m, on soil, 13.8.2004, D.K. Upreti, S. Chatterjee & P.K. Divakar 04-003980 (LWG).

Figures

FIGURE 1. (A) Habit of Cetrelia chicitae. (B) Laminal pseudocyphellae on upper surface. (C) Lower side of the lobe. (D) Shape of marginal soralia (strongly twisted).

FIGURE 2. Distribution of the species of Cetrelia in India. A. Cetrelia braunsiana, B. C. cetrarioides, C. C. chicitae, D. C. collata, E. C. delavayana, F.C. japonica, G. C. olivetorum, H. C. pseudolivetorum, I. C. sanguinea, J. C. sinensis.