Catalinus Casey, 1897

Jałoszyński, Paweł, 2019, Notes on Nearctic genera Catalinus Casey and Parascydmus Casey (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Scydmaeninae), Zootaxa 4603 (1), pp. 145-158 : 146-151

Genus Catalinus Casey

Catalinus Casey, 1897: 492 . Type species: Scydmaenus angustulus LeConte, 1852 (monotypy).

Revised diagnosis. Body slender, with distinct constrictions between head and pronotum and between pronotum and elytra; head and prothorax lacking thick bristles; head subtriangular, not bulging posterodorsad; eyes located in posterior portion of head; mandible subtriangular; antennae gradually thickened; lateral sutures of submentum present, their posterior ends broadly separated; hypomeral ridges complete; posterior tentorial pits hidden in transverse groove demarcating ventrally ‘neck’ region; occipital constriction only slightly narrower than vertex; pronotum broadest distinctly in front of middle, lacking lateral and sublateral carinae, antebasal pits and grooves; procoxal cavities closed; prosternal process narrowly carinate, diffuse, weakly elevated, hidden between procoxae; basisternal part of prosternum much shorter than coxal part; hypomeral ridges marked only near anterior margins of mesocoxae, posteriorly obliterated; notosternal sutures complete; mesoventrite with asetose procoxal rests, deep setose impressions behind the asetose area and carinate mesoventral intercoxal process extending posteriorly to the middle of mesocoxae; anterior metaventral process absent; metacoxae subcontiguous, i.e., narrowly separated by short metaventral intercoxal process with deep median notch dividing it into a pair of short, blunt subtriangular projections; each elytron with one large, deep and asetose basal fovea near suture; mesoscutellum not exposed; aedeagus with symmetrical median lobe, asymmetrical endophallic sclerites and presumably with parameres (broken off in the studied specimen).

Redescription. Body ( Fig. 1 ) elongate and slender, flattened, with deep constrictions between head and pronotum and between pronotum and elytra, brown and covered with setae, without thick bristles, adult body length of the only known species 1.10 mm.

Head capsule ( Figs 2–3 ) with anterior part (in front of occiput) subtriangular in shape. Occipital constriction slightly narrower than vertex; tempora subequal to eyes, rounded; vertex transverse and convex, lacking posterior ridge, not bulging posterodorsad, anteriorly confluent with frons, which is subtrapezoidal and anteriorly narrowing; frontoclypeal groove present, short; anterior margin of clypeus rounded; supraantennal tubercles distinct but weakly elevated; antennal insertions broadly separated. Eyes large, coarsely faceted, weakly projecting from the silhouette of the head.

Gular plate ( Fig. 3 ; gp) large and subtrapezoidal; gular sutures ( Fig. 3 ; gs) distinct; posterior tentorial pits not exposed, hidden in a transverse groove demarcating ‘neck’ region ventrally.

Labrum transverse with anterior margin arcuate. Mandibles ( Fig. 3 ) poorly visible in the only available specimen, appear symmetrical, each subtriangular, mesal margin not exposed. Maxilla ( Fig. 3 ) generalized, as in all gen- era of Glandulariini , with moderately long maxillary palp composed of minute and distinctly elongate palpomere I, strongly elongate, pedunculate palpomere II, broad palpomere III broadest near distal third, and strongly elongate and slender subconical and pointed palpomere IV longer than half length of palpomere III. Labium ( Fig. 3 ) with trapezoidal submentum ( Fig. 3 ; smn) demarcated laterally from postcardinal regions by lateral sutures ( Fig. 3 ; lss) which are strongly convergent posteriorly but their ends are broadly separated; mentum ( Fig. 3 ; mn) subtrapezoidal, transverse; prementum short, bearing labial palps with all palpomeres distinctly elongate (palpomere II the longest); anteromedian region of prementum not exposed in the studied specimen. Hypostomal ridges ( Fig. 3 ; hr) distinct and complete, extending posteromesad up to posterior ends of lateral sutures of submentum and posteriorly confluent with posteroventral margin of the anterior portion of head capsule.

Antennae ( Fig. 1 ) slender and weakly gradually thickened distad.

Pronotum ( Figs 1–2 ) in dorsal view approximately bell-shaped, strongly elongate and broadest distinctly in front of middle; anterior margin arcuate and laterally confluent with sides of pronotum without any indication of anterior corners; lateral margins rounded in anterior half and indistinctly sinuate posteriorly; posterior corners indistinct, broadly rounded, obtuse-angled; posterior margin arcuate. Pronotal base lacking pits and grooves; lateral and sublateral carinae absent.

Prosternum ( Fig. 3 ) with basisternal part ( Fig. 3 ; bst) much shorter than coxal part (but not vestigial) and distinctly demarcated from procoxal cavities; median portion of sternum with weakly elevated and diffuse longitudinal carina, in intact specimens hidden between procoxae ( Fig. 3 ); procoxal sockets presumably closed; notosternal sutures ( Fig. 3 ; nss) complete, each posteriorly overlapped by inner portion of prothoracic hypomeron which forms a lobe projecting mesad; hypomeral ridges ( Fig. 3 ; hyr) incomplete, marked only anteriorly, largely obliterated.

Mesoscutellar shield not visible between elytral bases in intact beetle.

Mesoventrite ( Fig. 4 ) with narrow anterior ridge ( Fig. 4 ; ar); large, asetose transverse area not divided at middle and functioning as procoxal rest ( Fig. 3 ; pcr), and behind it with a pair of large, transverse setose impressions separated by a carinate mesoventral intercoxal process ( Fig. 3 ; msvp), the latter moderately elevated (not keel-like), posteriorly reaching middle of mesocoxae, with a distinct posterior tip.

Metanotum not studied.

Metaventrite ( Fig. 3 ) subtrapezoidal, distinctly broadening posteriorly, lacking anterior metaventral process; metaventral intercoxal process ( Fig. 3 ; mtvp) narrow, subtrapezoidal, with a deep median notch dividing it into a pair of short lateral subtriangular and blunt projections. Metanepisterna and metepimera narrow.

Metendosternite (= metafurca) not studied.

Elytra ( Figs 1–2 ) oval, lacking humeral calli and basal impressions, each with one distinct and deep asetose basal fovea ( Fig. 2 ; bef), apices separately rounded.

Hind wings not studied.

Legs ( Figs 1 , 3–4 ) long and slender; pro- and mesocoxae in ventral view oval, metacoxae strongly transverse, laterally reaching lateral margins of metaventrite; all trochanters short, subtriangular; all femora moderately strongly and gradually clavate; tibiae straight or nearly so; tarsi long and slender.

Abdominal sternites unmodified.

Aedeagus ( Figs 5–6 ) with symmetrical median lobe, its apical region undivided, endophallus asymmetrical, with a group of elongate sclerites; parameres presumably present, but in the only available specimen broken off during a previous preparation, dorsal foramen in sub-basal region.

Composition. 1 species.

Distribution. North America ( USA: California).

Remarks. The status of the type specimen preserved at MCZ (with labels shown in Fig. 7 ) is unclear. LeConte (1852) did not specify the number of specimens. In descriptions of other species in the same paper, LeConte either specified the number of specimens (most frequently as one, only in a few cases as two and four), or gave only the locality (most frequently as the name of state only). Based on this information, the type specimen should be treated as a syntype. However, Casey (1897), who clearly studied the LeConte collection, stated that “the sex of the individual described is not determinable”, suggesting that there was only one specimen used for the species description, and therefore it would be a holotype. This question is here left open, as the purpose of this paper is to redescribe the genus.

Conclusions. Catalinus is here maintained as a separate genus. Although defined only by a combination of synapomorphies known to occur in other glandulariines, this set of features is unique and allows for unambiguous identification.

Comparative notes. Catalinus belongs to a group of glandulariine genera with lateral sutures of submentum. This group includes 19 other genera; Catalinus differs from each of them in the following major characters:

- from Alloraphes Franz, 1980a in the pronotum lacking antebasal pits and groove (present in Alloraphes ); the hypomeral ridges marked only anteriorly, posteriorly largely obliterated (complete in Alloraphes ); the large setose impressions behind asetose procoxal rests on the mesoventrite (in Alloraphes with large asetose procoxal rests and very short, additional impressions behind them, with only their posterior margin setose); each elytron with one large basal fovea (in Alloraphes two vestigial foveae); the mesoscutellum not exposed between elytral bases (in Alloraphes exposed); the aedeagus lacking the basal ‘pumping apparatus’ (present in Alloraphes );

- from Austrostenichnus Franz, 1971 in the tempora subequal to eyes, and eyes near middle of head length (tempora very short, vestigial, and eyes in posterior half of head in Austrostenichnus ); the pronotum lacking antebasal pits and groove (present in Austrostenichnus ); the mesoventrite with carinate mesoventral intercoxal process (absent in Austrostenichnus );

- from Delius in the head and prothorax lacking thick bristles (present in Delius ); the pronotum lacking antebasal pits (present in Delius ); the basisternal part of prosternum much shorter than the coxal part (subequal in length in Delius ); the mesoscutellum not exposed between elytral bases (in Delius exposed); the metacoxae laterally reaching lateral margins of metaventrite (broadly separated from sides of metaventrite in Delius );

- from Leptoderoides Croissandeau, 1898 in the head and prothorax lacking thick bristles (present in Leptoderoi- des); lateral sutures of submentum posteriorly broadly separated (posteriorly nearly touching in Leptoderoides ); the tempora subequal to eyes, and eyes near middle of head length (tempora very short, vestigial, and eyes in posterior half of head in Leptoderoides ); the pronotum lacking sublateral carinae (present in Leptoderoides ); the hypomeral ridges marked only anteriorly, posteriorly largely obliterated (complete in Leptoderoides );

- from Madagaphes Jałoszyński, 2018 in the pronotum lacking antebasal pits and groove (present in Madagaphes ); an indistinct, diffuse prosternal intercoxal process (carinate, sharply marked in Madagaphes ); the hypomeral ridges marked only anteriorly, posteriorly largely obliterated (in Madagaphes marked at middle, obliterated anteriorly and posteriorly); the large setose impressions behind asetose procoxal rests on the mesoventrite ( Madagaphes with large asetose procoxal rests and very short setose impressions behind them); the metaventral intercoxal process deeply notched at middle (subtrapezoidal, lacking notch in Madagaphes ); the mesoscutellum not exposed between elytral bases (in Madagaphes exposed); large and deep basal elytral foveae near elytral suture (in Madagaphes vestigial fovea near humerus);

- from Mexiconnus Jałoszyński, 2013b in lack of the antebasal pronotal groove (present in Mexiconnus ); the hypomeral ridges marked only anteriorly, posteriorly largely obliterated (complete in Mexiconnus ); the prothorax lacking thick bristles (present in Mexiconnus ); the basisternal part of prosternum much shorter than the coxal part (subequal in length in Mexiconnus ); the large setose impressions behind asetose procoxal rests on the mesoventrite (absent in Mexiconnus ); the protarsi in male unmodified (strongly broadened at base and with conspicuously long and dense ventral setae in Mexiconnus );

- from Neladius in the tempora subequal to eyes (much longer than eyes in Neladius ); the basisternal part of prosternum much shorter than coxal part (subequal in length in Neladius ); the mesoscutellum not exposed between elytral bases (in Neladius exposed); large and deep basal elytral foveae (vestigial in Neladius ); the mesoventral intercoxal process present (absent in Neladius ); metacoxae laterally reaching lateral margins of metaventrite (broadly separated from sides of metaventrite in Neladius );

- from Neuraphes in tempora subequal to eyes, and eyes near middle of head length (tempora very short, vestigial, and eyes in posterior half of head in Neuraphes ); the pronotum lacking lateral carinae, antebasal pits, groove and median longitudinal wrinkle or carina (all present in Neuraphes ); the aedeagus with elongate sclerites in the endophallus, broadest in basal half (lacking elongate sclerites and most often broadest in distal half in Neuraphes );

- from Obesoconnus Jałoszyński, 2014 in the ant-like body form (compactly oval in Obesoconnus ); the head with a distinct occipital constriction, with small eyes (lacking constriction and with conspicuously large eyes in Obesoconnus ); the hypostomal ridges complete (incomplete in Obesoconnus ); the pronotum lacking antebasal pits and groove (present in Obesoconnus ); the prosternum strongly convex posteromedially (deeply emarginate posteromedially in Obesoconnus ); the mesoscutellum not exposed between elytral bases (in Obesoconnus exposed); the aedeagus lacking the basal ‘pumping apparatus’ (present in Obesoconnus );

- from Palaeoscydmaenus Franz, 1975 in the pronotum lacking antebasal groove (present in Palaeoscydmaenus ); the elytra with deep basal foveae (absent in Palaeoscydmaenus ); the mesoventrite with a carinate mesoventral intercoxal process (absent in Palaeoscydmaenus );

- from Parascydmus in the frons lacking deep supraantennal notches and not impressed at middle (notches present and frons with a transverse impression in Parascydmus ); the lateral sutures of submentum posteriorly broadly separated (nearly touching in Parascydmus ); the prothorax lacking lateral carinae and antebasal pits (present in Parascydmus ); the metaventral intercoxal process with a pair of short lateral subtriangular, blunt projections (with a pair of long pointed lateral spines in Parascydmus ); the aedeagus broadest in basal half, presumably with parameres and with long endophallic sclerites (broadest in distal half, lacking parameres and lacking endophallic sclerites in Parascydmus );

- from Rutaraphes Jałoszyński, 2015 in the frons lacking deep supraantennal notches (present in Rutaraphes ); the lateral sutures of submentum posteriorly broadly separated (nearly touching in Rutaraphes ); the pronotum lacking lateral carinae and antebasal pits (present in Rutaraphes ); the hypomeral ridges marked anteriorly (absent in Rutaraphes ); the metaventral intercoxal process with a pair of short lateral subtriangular, blunt projections (with a pair of long pointed lateral spines in Rutaraphes ); the aedeagus presumably with parameres, lacking an elongate inner apodeme (lacking parameres and with a conspicuous sclerotized apodeme in Rutaraphes );

- from Scydmaenilla King, 1864 in gradually thickened antennae (with distinct trimerous club in Scydmaenilla ); the pronotum lacking antebasal pits and groove (present in Scydmaenilla ); large and deep basal elytral foveae (vestigial in Scydmaenilla ); the mesoventral intercoxal process on entire length fused with the ventrite (in Scydmaenilla the posterior 1/3 of mesoventral carina separated from the ventrite and in lateral view forming a subtriangular projection with its apex directed posterad);

- from Scydmoraphes Reitter, 1891 in the tempora subequal to eyes, and eyes near middle of head length (tempora very short, vestigial, and eyes in posterior half of head in Scydmoraphes ); the pronotum lacking lateral carinae and antebasal groove (present in Scydmoraphes ); the hypomeral ridges incomplete (complete in Scydmoraphes ); the mesoscutellum not exposed between elytral bases (in Scydmoraphes exposed);

- from Siamites Franz, 1989 in the head, ventral thorax and abdomen lacking rosettes of thick bristles, also sides of head and pronotum lacking bristles (all present in Siamites ); the lateral sutures of submentum posteriorly broadly separated (touching in Siamites ); the pronotum lacking the antebasal groove and pits (present in Siamites ); the hypomeral ridges marked anteriorly and obliterated posteriorly (nearly complete, obliterated only anteriorly in Siamites ); the aedeagus narrowing toward apex (in Siamites broadening toward apex);

- from Stenichnaphes Franz, 1980b in tempora subequal to eyes, and eyes near middle of head length (tempora very short, vestigial, and eyes in posterior half of head in Stenichnaphes ); the pronotum lacking the antebasal groove and pits (present in Stenichnaphes ); the mesoventrite with a carinate mesoventral intercoxal process (absent in Stenichnaphes );

- from Stenichnodes Franz, 1966 in the pronotum lacking the antebasal groove and pits (present in Stenichnodes ); largely obliterated hypomeral ridges (complete in Stenichnodes ); the aedeagus presumably with parameres, with elongate endophallic sclerites and without the basal pumping apparatus (in Stenichnodes without parameres and endophallic sclerites and with the basal pumping apparatus);

- from Stenichnus Thomson, 1859 in subtriangular, flat mandibles (narrow, falciform, nearly cylindrical in crosssection in Stenichnus ); the pronotum lacking the antebasal pits (present in Stenichnus ); the mesoscutellum not exposed between elytral bases (in Stenichnus exposed);

- from Zeanichnus Jałoszyński, 2013a in the lateral sutures of submentum straight and posteriorly broadly sepa- rated (sinuate in Zeanichnus , their posterior ends approximate); the pronotum lacking antebasal pits and groove (present in Zeanichnus ); large and deep basal elytral foveae (vestigial in Zeanichnus ).

In a preliminary phylogenetic analysis of Glandulariini , Catalinus takes place as a sister genus to the Australian Palaeoscydmaenus (Jałoszyński, unpublished), but this placement is weakly supported and requires verification, as morphologically Catalinus seems to be more similar to the New Zealand Zeanichnus .

Figures

FIGURES 1–2. Morphological structures of Catalinus angustus. Dorsal habitus of male (1); head, prothorax and elytral base in dorsal view (2). Abbreviations: bef, basal elytral fovea.

FIGURES 3–4. Morphological structures of Catalinus angustus. Head, prothorax and anterior portion of pterothorax in ventral view (3); pterothorax in ventral view (4). Abbreviations: ar, anterior ridge; bst, basisternal portion of prosternum; gp, gular plate; gs, gular suture; hr, hypostomal ridge; hyr, hypomeral ridge; lss, lateral suture of labium; mn, mentum; msvp, mesoventral intercoxal process; mtvp, metaventral intercoxal process; pcr, procoxal rest; pre, prepectus; smn, submentum.

FIGURES 5–7. Aedeagus of Catalinus angustus in ventral (5) and lateral (6) views and original set of labels of the presumable male syntype (7).