Oedothorax apicatus, (BLACKWALL, 1850)

Lin, Shou-Wang, Lopardo, Lara & Uhl, Gabriele, 2022, Evolution of nuptial-gift-related male prosomal structures: taxonomic revision and cladistic analysis of the genus Oedothorax (Araneae: Linyphiidae: Erigoninae), Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 195, pp. 417-584 : 435-440

OEDOTHORAX APICATUS ( BLACKWALL, 1850)

( FIGS 7R , 8D , 9D , 12 ; SUPPORTING INFORMATION, FIG. S1D )

Neriene apicata Blackwall, 1850: 339 (Dm) .

Erigone gibbicollis Westring, 1851: 41 (Dm) .

Micryphantes tuberculatus Grube, 1859: 469 (Dm) .

Erigone gibbicollis Westring, 1861: 223 (Df) .

Neriene apicata Blackwall, 1864: 269 , pl. 18, f, 183 (m, Df).

Micryphantes gibbus Ohlert, 1867: 65 (Dm) .

Phalops gibbicollis Menge, 1871: 220 , pl. 43, fig. 119 (mf).

Erigone gibbicollis Thorell, 1871: 112 .

Erigone apicata Dahl, 1883: 46 .

Gongylidium apicatum Simon, 1884: 487 , figs 267–269 (mf).

Neriene apicata Chyzer & Kulczyński, 1894: 93 , pl. 4, fig. 1 (mf).

Neriene apicata Simon, 1894: 666 , fig. 719 (m).

Kulczynskiellum apicatum F.O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1895: 39 .

Gongylidium apicatum Becker, 1896: 86 , pl. 11, fig. 2 (mf).

Kulczynskiellum apicatum Bösenberg, 1902: 169 , pl. 15, fig. 227 (mf).

Oedothorax apicatus de Lessert, 1910: 191 .

Stylothorax apicata Dahl, 1912: 603 .

Oedothorax apicatus Denis, 1947: 145 , figs 2A, 3–5, 6F, 7C, 8C, 9C, 10D, 11C (mf).

Oedothorax apicatus Locket & Millidge, 1953: 241 , figs 145F, 146F, 147G, H (mf).

Oedothorax apicatus Wiehle, 1960a: 437 , figs 798–806 (mf).

Oedothorax apicatus Wiehle, 1960b: 477 , fig. 22a, b (mf).

Oedothorax apicatus Tystshenko, 1971: 251 , fig. 830 (f).

Oedothorax apicatus Miller, 1971: 262 , pl. LIV, figs 7–9 (f).

Oedothorax apicatus Palmgren, 1976 : figs 88, 7.23, 8.3, 8.7, 8.8 (m).

Oedothorax apicatus Millidge, 1977: 11 , fig. 24 (m).

Oedothorax apicatus Růžička, 1978: 195 , figs 8A, 9A (f).

Oedothorax apicatus Hu & Wang, 1982: 63 , fig. I.1–4 (m).

Oedothorax apicatus Hu, 1984: 196 , fig. 206.1–4 (mf).

Oedothorax apicatus Bosmans, 1985: 65 , figs 14, 19, 37 (m).

Oedothorax apicatus Song, 1987: 153 , fig. 114 (mf).

Oedothorax apicatus Tanasevitch, 1987: 355

Oedothorax apicatus Roberts, 1987: 58 , figs 22F, 23D (mf).

Oedothorax apicatus Hu & Wu, 1989: 174 , fig. 144.1–6 (mf).

Oedothorax apicatus Tanasevitch, 1990: 102 , figs 24.61, 28.4 (f).

Oedothorax apicatus Chen & Gao, 1990: 111 , fig. 139a, b (mf).

Oedothorax apicatus Heimer & Nentwig, 1991: 224 , fig. 602 (mf).

Oedothorax apicatus Alderweireldt, 1992: 5 , fig. 1B (f).

Oedothorax apicatus Zhao, 1993: 191 , fig. 86a–d (mf).

Oedothorax apicatus Wunderlich, 1995: 473 , fig. 7 (m).

Oedothorax apicatus Song, Zhu & Chen, 1999: 199 , fig. 113D, E, H (mf).

Oedothorax apicatus Hu, 2001: 550 , fig. 370.1–3 (f).

Oedothorax apicatus Russell-Smith, 2016: 23 , fig. 3 (f).

Type material: Not examined. Blackwall (1850) collected one adult male on a rail in Oakland, England, in February 1850, but provided no deposition data. The original and subsequent descriptions, nevertheless, make the identification of this species unequivocal .

Examined material: Scotland: Perth, River Tay , drift litter, c. 400 m, 1♂ 5♀ 2.ix.1965 ( AMNH No. 3085) . England: Essex, Crabknowe Spit , tide litter, 1♀ 18.iv.1961 ( AMNH No. 3059) . Sweden: Gotland, Ljugarn , 1♂ 1♀, det. Schenkel ( AMNH) . Germany: Greifswald , 2♂ 2014 ( ZIMG) ; Hessen, Bad Hersfeld, Obersberg , soil avalanche, pitfall trap, 5♂ 18.ix–18. Xi.1980, leg. V. Puthz, det. S.-W. Lin, 17.xi.2015 ( SMF) . China: Xinjiang, 1♂ 3♀ 4.vii.1991 (Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Science, IZCSA-Ar 20637) .

Diagnosis:

Males: This species resembles Oe. retusus and Oe. gibbifer in the post-ocular hump and lateral sulci and pits, but it can be distinguished from the latter two by the knob-like shape of the post-ocular hump and its longer palpal tibia prolateral apophysis.

Females: Can be distinguished from other species by the epigynal configuration and the number of sub- AME setae (one; two in Oe. fuscus, Oe. agrestis, Oe. meridionalis and Oe. tingitanus ). Distinguished from Oe. agrestis by the larger spermathecae; from Oe. gibbifer, Oe. retusus and Oe. gibbosus by the more curved and the less convergent ventral plate borders; from Oe. trilobatus and Oe. meridionalis by the much more anteriorly located copulatory openings; from Oe. tingitanus by the lateral copulatory openings ( Fig. 12F , in comparison to mesal in the latter species, Fig. 11F ); from Oe. paludigena by the anteriorly less convergent ventral plate borders (anteriorly more convergent in Oe. paludigena , Fig. 13F ).

Description:

Male ( ZIMG): Total length: 2.11. Prosoma: 0.91 long, 0.73 wide, postocular region elevated, with knob-like hump and lateral sulci and pits ( Fig. 7R ). Eyes: AME- AME: 0.03, AME width: 0.05, AME-ALE: 0.04, ALE width: 0.07, ALE-PLE: 0.01, PLE width: 0.07, PLE-PME: 0.04, PME width: 0.05, PME-PME: 0.10. Clypeus: not hirsute, one sub-AME seta. Sternum: 0.55 long, 0.55 wide. Chelicerae: mastidia absent; stridulatory striae scale-like, rows widely and evenly spaced ( Fig. 8D ). Legs: dorsal proximal macroseta on tibia I, II, III and IV 0.41, 0.42, 0.80 and 0.89 times diameter of tibia, respectively; Tm I: 0.67. Pedipalp: TPA rod-like, distal part scaly; BT long, pointed retrolaterally; PC distal setae adjacent to basal setae ( Fig. 12A ); T with scale-like papillae, PT with long papillae; TS short, with papillae ( Fig. 12D ); DSA tip broad, margin smooth ( Fig. 12A ); EM short, cylindrical, proximally oriented; TP without small protuberances; E broad at basal part ( Fig. 12B ). Opisthosoma: brown, evenly coloured ( Fig. 9D ).

Female ( ZIMG): Total length: 2.95. Prosoma: 1.23 long, 1.03 wide. Eyes:AME-AME:0.22,AME width: 0.76, AME- ALE: 0.36, ALE width: 0.10, ALE-PLE: 0.01, PLE width: 0.09, PLE-PME: 0.06, PME width: 0.08, PME-PME: 0.09. Clypeus: not hirsute, one sub-AME seta. Sternum: 0.78 long; 0.74 wide. Legs: dorsal proximal macroseta on tibia I, II, III and IV 1.29, 1.30, 1.49 and 1.67 times diameter of tibia, respectively; Tm I: 0.67. Chelicerae: stridulatory striae scaly, widely and evenly spaced. Epigyne: Clade 13 characteristic morphology, borders between dorsal and ventral plates parallel, copulatory duct short ( Fig. 12F–H ). Opisthosoma: brown, evenly coloured.

Variation: The measurements are based on examined material.

Males (N = 10, means in parentheses): Total length 1.30–2.32 (2.07). Prosoma: 0.87–1.04 (0.93) long, 0.71– 0.86 (0.76) wide. Legs: dorsal proximal macroseta on tibia I, II, III and IV 0.34–0.74 (0.51), 0.39–0.59 (0.52, N = 8), 0.61–0.91 (0.74) and 0.78–1.15 (0.91, N = 8) times diameter of tibia, respectively; Tm I: 0.61–0.67 (0.63).

Females (N = 10, means in parentheses): Total length 2.51–3.37 (2.96). Prosoma: 0.98–1.35 (1.19) long, 0.84– 1.03 (0.95) wide. Legs: dorsal proximal macroseta on tibia I, II, III and IV 1.11–1.38 (1.27), 1.09–1.68 (1.32), 0.73–1.82 (1.39) and 1.27–1.79 (1.52) times diameter of tibia, respectively; Tm I: 0.61–0.70 (0.66).

Distribution: Europe, Turkey, Caucasus, Russia to Central Asia, China.

Habitat: In moss, grass and sparse vegetation.

Figures

Figure 1. The consensus tree of 296 most-parsimonious trees from the analysis of the expanded matrix of Miller & Hormiga (2004) and Frick et al.(2010) (Matrix I), with Bremer/Jackknife support values shown beside nodes. Newly appended taxa in bold.

Figure 2. The first part of the three most-parsimonious trees generated from the analysis of Matrix II, with Bremer/ Jackknife support valuesshown beside nodes.The presence/absence of clades in the consensus trees of the most-parsimonious trees of the implied weights analysis with different k values are shown in the box under/on the branches: black for presence when considering all taxa; grey for presence only when Callitrichia convector (Tanasevitch, 2014) and Ca. usitata (Jocqué & Scharff, 1986) are not considered; white for absence.

Figure 7. Male prosomal morphology, lateral.A, Emertongone montifera (Emerton, 1882) (Paquin & Dupérré, 2003, fig. 1187). B, Shaanxinus mingchihensis Lin, 2019 (traced from photograph). C, ‘Oedothorax’ paracymbialis Tanasevitch, 2015 (traced from photograph). D, ‘Oe.’ kodaikanal Tanasevitch, 2015 (traced from photograph). E, ‘Oe.’ cunur Tanasevitch, 2015 (traced from photograph). F, ‘Oe.’ stylus Tanasevitch, 2015 (traced from photograph). G, Atypena cirrifrons (Heimer, 1984) (traced from photograph). H, A. formosana (Oi, 1977) (Oi, 1977, fig. 2). I, ‘Oe.’ nazareti Scharff, 1989 (Scharff, 1989: fig. 7). J, Gongylidium rufipes (Linnaeus, 1758) (traced from photograph). K, Ummeliata insecticeps (Bösenberg & Strand, 1906) (Tu & Li 2004: fig. 8A). L, U. esyunini (Zhang, Zhang & Yu, 2003) (Zhang et al., 2003, fig. 2A). M, Hylyphantes graminicola (Sundevall, 1830) (traced from photograph). N, Tmeticus tolli Kulczyński, 1908 (traced from photograph). O, Oedothorax gibbosus (Blackwall, 1841) [Roberts, 1987: fig. 21 (e)]. P, Oe. trilobatus (Banks, 1896) (Bishop & Crosby, 1935: fig. 79). Q, Oe. gibbifer (Kulczyński, 1882) (Heimer & Nentwig, 1991: fig.604.5).R, Oe.apicatus (Blackwall, 1850) [Roberts, 1987: fig.23 (d)].S, Oe. retusus (Westring, 1851) [Roberts, 1987: fig. 23 (c)]. T, Oe. paludigena Simon, 1926 [Millidge, 1975: fig. (5)]. U, Oe. meridionalis Tanasevitch, 1987 (Tanasevitch, 1987: fig. 107).V, Oe. agrestis (Blackwall, 1853) (Roberts, 1987: fig. 23B).W, Oe. fuscus (Blackwall, 1834) (Roberts, 1987: fig. 23A). X, Oe. tingitanus (Simon, 1884) (Denis, 1968: fig. 11).

Figure 8. Male chelicerae, stridulatory striae on lateral side. A, Oedothorax gibbosus (Blackwall, 1841). B, Oe. trilobatus (Banks, 1896). C, Oe. gibbifer (Kulczyński, 1882). D, Oe. apicatus (Blackwall, 1850). E, Oe. retusus (Westring, 1851). F, Oe. paludigena Simon, 1926. G, Oe. meridionalis Tanasevitch, 1987. H, Oe. agrestis (Blackwall, 1853). I, Oe. fuscus (Blackwall, 1834). J, Oe. tingitanus (Simon, 1884). Scale bars 0.05 mm.

Figure 9. Male opisthosoma, dorsal view. A, Oedothorax gibbosus (Blackwall, 1841). B, Oe. trilobatus (Banks, 1896). C, Oe. gibbifer (Kulczyński, 1882). D, Oe. apicatus (Blackwall, 1850). E, Oe. retusus (Westring, 1851). F, Oe. paludigena Simon, 1926. G, Oe. meridionalis Tanasevitch, 1987. H, Oe. agrestis (Blackwall, 1853). I, Oe. fuscus (Blackwall, 1834). J, Oe. tingitanus (Simon, 1884). Scale bars 0.1 mm.

Figure 11. Oedothorax tingitanus (Simon, 1884). A–D, male left palp. A, retrolateral view. B, prolateral view. C, dorsal view. D, ventral view. E, distal view. F, G, epigyne. F, ventral view. G, dorsal view. H, external morphology. Scale bar 0.1 mm.

Figure 12. Oedothorax apicatus (Blackwall, 1850). A–D, male left palp. A, retrolateral view. B, prolateral view. C, dorsal view. D, ventral view. E, male right palp, expanded, image flipped horizontally. F–H, epigyne. F, ventral view. G, dorsal view. H, external morphology. Scale bar 0.1 mm.

Figure 13. Oedothorax paludigena Simon, 1926. A–E, male left palp. A, retrolateral view. B, prolateral view. C, dorsal view. D, ventral view. E, apical view. F, G, epigyne. F, ventral view. G, external morphology. H, male spinnerets. I, female left spinnerets. Scale bar 0.1 mm.