Chrysopidia (Chrysotropia) orientalis ( Hölzel, 1973 )

Wu, Jingyu & Liu, Xingyue, 2024, Systematics of the green lacewing tribe Ankylopterygini Navás, 1910 (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae: Chrysopinae) from China, Zootaxa 5540 (1), pp. 1-169 : 62-66

[24] Chrysopidia (Chrysotropia) orientalis ( Hölzel, 1973)

( Figs 32 , 82 )

Chrysotropia orientalis Hölzel, 1973: 355 . Type locality: Nepal (Kathmandu Valley). Holotype in ZSM.

Diagnosis. This species is characterized by the presence of the head without spots, the maxillary palpi black on outer side, the thorax without markings, the short forewing with triangular cell im, the 1st rs-psm crossvein located at the end of im, the male sterna VIII +IV slightly exceeded the apex of ectoproct, the quadrate entoprocessus with an invagination on top.

Description. Male. Body length 9.2–10.3 mm, forewing length 11.9–13.1 mm, hindwing length 10.1–11.0 mm.

Head without spots, vertex raised. Compound eyes black and prominent. Antennae yellow, scape and pedicel wider than flagellum. Frons, clypeus and gena without spots. Maxillary palpi black on outer side, labial palpi brownish yellow.

Pronotum anterior margin shorter than posterior margin. Mesonotum and metanotum sometimes with pale reddish spots.

Legs with dense setae, without spots. Pretarsal claws brown, with basal dilation.

Forewing short and narrow. Pterostigma indistinct. Costal area with 19–23 crossveins; 10–13 radial crossveins present. 1st rs-psm crossvein located at end of im; im narrow and triangular; m1 smaller than m2; 9 crossveins present between Psm and Psc. c1 smaller than c2, dcc opened. A1 forked, A2 and A3 simple. Inner gradate series with 6–7 crossveins, outer gradate series with 7–8 crossveins.

Hindwing narrow, with black suffusion on apical posterior margin. Pterostigma indistinct. Costal area with 16– 18 crossveins; 10–13 radial crossveins and 8 psm-psc crossveins present. Inner gradate series with 6–7 crossveins, outer gradate series with 6–8 crossveins.

Abdomen with dense setae. Tergum VII and sternum VII subquadrate in lateral view; tergum VIII obviously shorter than tergum VII; sternum VIII fused with sternum IX, about 2.0 times as long as tergum VIII; tergum IX fused with ectoproct. Callus cerci ovoid. Gonarcus arcuate, lateral arms narrow at base and wide at tip; entoprocessus quadrate, with an invagination on top; arcessus short, wide and curved.

Female. Body length 10.2–11.0 mm, forewing length 14.0– 14.8 mm, hindwing length 11.3–12.3 mm.

Sternum VII slightly longer than tergum VII; tergum VII subquadrate in lateral view; tergum VIII shorter than tergum VII; tergum IX fused with ectoproct. Callus cerci ovoid. Subgenitale bilobed apically; spermatheca thick; vela short; ventral impression absent; duct long and coiled.

Material. 1♂ 1♀, China, Guangxi, Baise, Cenwanglaoshan National Nature Reserve, Dalongping , 1260 m, 2016.V.19, Feiyang Liang ( CAU) ; 1♂, China, Chongqing, Nanchuan District, Jinfoshan National Nature Reserve , 2021.VIII.15, Xingyue Liu ( CAU) ; 2♀, China, Guizhou, Leishan, Leigongshan National Nature Reserve , 1528 m, 2014.VII.19, Yuting Dai ( CAU) ; 1♀, China, Guizhou, Zunyi, Suiyang, Kuankuoshui Reservoir , 2010.VI.04, Dan Zhou ( CAU) ; 1♂, China, Yunnan, Yingjiang, Xima , 1800–2100 m, 2017.V.31, Xingyue Liu ( CAU) ; 1♀, China, Yunnan, Yingjiang, Xima , 1000 m, 2019.VIII, Weizong Yang ( CAU) ; 1♀, China, Yunnan, Yingjiang, Xima , 2020. V–VI, Weizong Yang ( CAU) ; 1♀, China, Yunnan, Yingjiang, Xima , 1000 m, 2020.X, Weizong Yang ( CAU) ; 4♀, China, Yunnan, Baoshan, Longyang District, Baihualing , Guxingzhai , 1800–2000 m, 2020.VI.08–10, Yuchen Zheng & Jiazhi Zhang ( CAU) ; 3♂ 5♀, China, Yunnan, Baoshan, Gaoligong National Nature Reserve, Nankang Station , light, 2048 m, 2015.VII.16–20, Yunlan Jiang & Lu Yue ( CAU) ; 1♀, China, Yunnan, Baoshan, Gaoligong National Nature Reserve, Baihualing , 1500 m, 2015.VII.25, Lu Yue ( CAU) ; 1♀, China, Zhaotong, Yiliang, Xiaocaoba , 2022. VII.18, Xingyue Liu ( CAU) ; 1♂ 1♀, China, Yunnan, Lvchun, Huanglianshan National Nature Reserve, Bamawudu , 1700–2100 m, 2021.V.29–VI.02, Yuchen Zheng ( CAU) ; 1♀, China, Yunnan, Lushui , 1900 m, 2012.VII.25, Junchao Wang ( CAU) ; 1♀, China, Yunnan, Lushui , light, 2016.VII.13–14, Liang Wang ( CAU) ; 1♀, China, Yunnan, Lushui, Pianma , light, 2018.V.01, Yunlong Ma ( CAU) ; 1♂, China, Yunnan, Lvchun, Huanglianshan National Nature Reserve , 1090 m, Xingyue Liu ( CAU) ; 1♂, China, Yunnan, Lvchun, Huanglianshan National Nature Reserve , light, 2013.VI.05, Jie Zhang ( CAU) ; 1♀, China, Yunnan, Jinping, Maandi , 1225 m, 2016.VII.12, Ya’nan Lv ( CAU) ; 1♂, China, Yunnan, Puer, Wuliangshan National Nature Reserve , light, 2221 m, 2016.VII.16 ( CAU) ; 1♀, China, Yunnan, Maguan, Jinchang, Xiajinchang , 1430 m, 2016.VII.29, Yunlan Jiang ( CAU) ; 3♂, China, Xizang, Mêdog , 80K, light, 2115 m, 2018.VII.31, Xingyue Liu ( CAU) ; 4♂ 3♀, China, Xizang, Mêdog , 80K, 2115 m, 2020.VIII.20– 27, Yuchen Zheng ( CAU) ; 1♂ 1♀, China, Xizang, Nyingchi, Mêdog, Gyêling , 1500 m, 2020.VIII.22, Yuchen Zheng ( CAU) ; 1♀, China, Xizang, Shigatse, Gyirong , 2950 m, 2020.VII.26, Yuchen Zheng ( CAU) ; 1♀, China, Xizang, Nyingchi, Bomê, Tangmai , 2170 m, 2020.VIII.07, Yuchen Zheng ( CAU) ; 1♀, China, Xizang, Shigatse, Zhêntang , 2200 m, 2022.VII.12, Yuezheng Tu ( CAU) .

Distribution. China (Guangxi, Guizhou, Xizang, Yunnan); Nepal (Kathmandu).

Remarks. Hölzel (1973) described C. orientalis based on a female specimen from Kathmandu Valley, Nepal, and no further records of this species has been published since the original description. We examined many specimens that fit the original description of this species, especially the head without spots, the thorax without markings, the 1st rs-psm crossvein located at the end of im, etc. Here, we identify our material as C. orientalis , which represents the new record of this species from China.

Genus Tumeochrysa Needham, 1909

Tumeochrysa Needham, 1909: 204 . Type species: Tumeochrysa indica Needham, 1909: 204 . Original designation and monotypy.

Chrysoplecta Navás, 1910a: 55 . Type species: Chrysoplecta immaculata Navás, 1910a: 56 . Monotypy.

Diagnosis. Body medium to large. Body length 13.0–21.0 mm, forewing length 15.0–27.0 mm, hindwing length 12.0– 25.5 mm. This genus is characterized by the presence of the broad head occasionally with markings, the broad scape sometimes with tubercles or concaved, the frons, clypeus and gena usually not marked, the not pointed terminal palpomere of maxillary and labial palpi, the thorax sometimes with irregular brown markings, the legs with dense setae and without spots, the meso- and metatibia with a spur at tip, the brown pretarsal claws with basal dilation, the long forewing without shadings, the indistinct pterostigma, the triangular or quadrate cell im, the 1st rs-psm crossvein located at 2/3 or 1/2 of im, the gradates in two to five divergent rows, the basal crossvein of inner gradate series usually not meeting Psm, the opened or closed cell dcc, the male sternum VIII not fused with IX, the elongated sternum IX, the tergum IX fused with ectoproct, the median arch of gonarcus with different shapes of projections and invaginations, the expanded lateral arm, the broad entoprocessus posteriorly with many long gonosetae on associated membrane, the arcessus rounded at base, the apically bilobed female subgenitale, the thin spermatheca, the short vela, the absence of the ventral impression, and the long coiled duct.

Distribution. Palearctic, Nearctic and Oriental regions.

Remarks. Garzón-Orduña et al. (2019) and Breitkreuz et al. (2022) reconstructed the phylogeny of Chrysopidae and found Tumeochrysa nested within Nineta . Nineta and Tumeochrysa appear to be very similar in external morphological and genital characters: the narrow and long wings, the thorax without distinct markings, the male sternum VIII not fused with IX, the elongated male sternum IX, the median arch of male gonarcus with projections, the broad entoprocessus, the absence of the female ventral impression, the broad subgenitale, etc. The most important difference between them is the number of gradate series: the gradates of forewing and hindwing of Nineta in two divergent rows, but in three to five in Tumeochrysa . In fact, the presence of more than two rows of gradates can be found in species of many genera, such as Retipenna , Chrysopidia , Apertochrysa , etc. Thus, it is not reliable to divide genera only based on number of rows of gradate series. The genital characters, especially the male genitalia, are more reliable for generic classification. Nineta and Tumeochrysa have very similar genital characters: the arcuate male gonarcus with forward projections on median arch, the broad entoprocessus posteriorly with many long gonosetae on associated membrane, the arcessus widest at base and attached with entoprocessus, the broad female subgenitale, the short vela, and the absence of the ventral impression. The phylogeny herein inferred also supports the monophyly of Nineta and Tumeochrysa and their sister-group relationship. However, we consider that Nineta and Tumeochrysa do not reach the criterion of generic differentiation and place Nineta Navás, 1912 as a subgenus into Tumeochrysa Needham, 1909 .

Key to subgenera of Tumeochrysa

1. Gradates of forewing and hindwing both in two divergent rows; cell dcc of forewing opened; male ectoproct not elongated........................................................................................ Nineta Gradates of forewing and hindwing both in three to five divergent rows; cell dcc of forewing closed; male ectoproct elongated obviously................................................................................. Tumeochrysa

Subgenus Nineta Navás, 1912 stat. nov.

Nineta Navás, 1912: 98 . Type species: Hemerobius flavus Scopoli, 1763: 270 . Original designation.

Parachrysa Nakahara, 1915: 121 . Type species: Nothochrysa olivacea Gerstaecker, 1893: 166 . Original designation and monotypy.

Diagnosis. Body medium to large. Body length 12.0–21.0 mm, forewing length 15.0–27.0 mm, hindwing length 12.0– 25.5 mm. This subgenus is characterized by the presence of the broad head usually without spots, the wide and broad scape, the not pointed terminal palpomere of maxillary and labial palpi, the thorax usually without markings, the legs with dense setae and without spots, the meso- and metatibia with a spur at tip, the pretarsal claws with basal dilation, the broad forewing without shadings, the indistinct pterostigma, the ovoid cell im, the 1st rs-psm crossvein located at 2/3 or 1/2 of the cell im, the gradates in two divergent rows, the basal crossvein of inner gradate series usually not meeting Psm, the opened cell dcc, the male sternum VIII not fused with sternum IX, the elongated male sternum IX curved towards dorsal apically or not and with concentrated setae at tip, the tergum IX fused with ectoproct, the median arch with different shapes of invagination, the expanded lateral arms, the broad entoprocessus posteriorly with many long gonosetae on associated membrane, the arcessus rounded at base and often curved, the apically bilobed female subgenitale, the thin spermatheca, the short vela, the absence of the ventral impression, and the long coiled duct.

Distribution. Palearctic and Nearctic regions.

Remarks. Many species of this subgenus are very similar in external morphology, especially the species from China, and it is difficult to distinguish them directly by external morphology. Important identification characters of this subgenus include the length of male sternum IX, the shape of projections on median arch of male gonarcus, and the shape of female subgenitale.

Key to species of Nineta in China *

1. Gena with brown spots...................................................................... T. dolichoptera Gena without spots.................................................................................... 2

2. Almost all crossveins of forewing and hindwing brown; arcessus swollen at base and curved slightly.......... T. inpunctata All crossveins of forewing and hindwing pale; arcessus not swollen............................................. 3

3. Male sternum IX obviously elongated and longer than twice as long as tergum IX + ectoproct.......................... ................................................................................................... 4 Male sternum IX slightly elongated and obviously shorter than twice as long as tergum IX + ectoproct.................. 5

4. Median arch of male gonarcus with U-shaped invagination.............................................. T. vittata Median arch of male gonarcus with V-shaped invagination........................................ T. acuta sp. nov.

5. Outer gradate series of forewing darker than inner gradate series; median arch of male gonarcus with trapezoid invagination.................................................................................. T. grandis Inner gradate series of forewing darker than outer gradate series or all pale brown; median arch of male gonarcus with U-shaped invagination......................................................................................... 6

6. Inner gradate series of forewing darker than outer gradate series; male sternum IX long and curved; female subgenitale small and short................................................................................. T. shaanxiensis Gradate series of forewing pale brown; male sternum IX short and not curved; female subgenitale broad.... T. breva sp. nov.

* T. abunda ( Yang & Yang, 1989) is not included in the key.

Figures

FIGURE 32. Chrysopidia (Chrysotropia) orientalis (Hölzel, 1973). A. Dorsal habitus; B. Head, frontal view; C. Head, lateral view; D. Thorax, dorsal view; E. Male genitalia, lateral view; F. Gonarcal complex, dorsal view; G. Gonarcal complex, lateral view; H. Female genitalia, lateral view; I. Subgenitale; J. Spermatheca. Scale bar: 5 mm (A), 1 mm (B–D).

FIGURE 82. Distribution map of species of Chrysotropia from China.