Bulbophyllum refractum, (Zollinger 1847: 456) Reichenbach (1861: 259)

Nguyen, Van Canh, Averyanov, Leonid V., Maisak, Tatiana V., Nguyen, Thi Lien Thuong, Nguyen, Van Khuong, Pham, Thi Thanh Dat, Nguyen, Danh Duc, Dang, Van Son, Aromyen, Warapong & Truong, Ba Vuong, 2023, The review of Bulbophyllum section Tripudianthes (Orchidaceae) in the flora of Vietnam with the description of new species, B. viridipallidum, Phytotaxa 598 (1), pp. 59-68 : 66-67

4. B. refractum ( Zollinger 1847: 456) Reichenbach (1861: 259) , Seidenfaden (1970: 347), Averyanov (1994: 284), Seidenfaden (1992: 263).

( Fig. 4 ).

≡ Cirrhopetalum refractum Zollinger 1847: 456 . Type:— INDONESIA. Java, Zollinger, 2261 (G00165064 photo!).

≡ Phyllorkis refracta ( Zollinger 1847: 456) Kuntze (1891: 677) .

≡ Tripudianthes refracta ( Zollinger 1847: 456) Szlachetko & Kras (2007: 96) .

Habitat and phenology: —Epiphyte on tall trees in primary evergreen broad-leaved forests. Flowering observed in December–February.

Distribution: — Vietnam (Lam Dong, Gia Lai, Dak Nong, Binh Phuoc, Dien Bien provinces), Bhutan, India, Myanmar, Thailand, Java and Sumatra.

Proposed conservation status:—According to currently available data, B. refractum seems quite common in Vietnam. Due to attractive nature of flowers, the species is widely collected for trade. Based on the national EOO 148,826.741 km 2 and AOO 28.000 km 2, and in accordance with IUCN criteria ( IUCN, 2022), the species should be assessed in Vietnam as VU B2ab(v). The verifiable data for this species’ conservation status outside Vietnam is not available.

Note:—Common in Vietnam, with relatively large flowers having a large dorsal sepal. The species is sometime misidentified as B. kanburiense ; the main differences is indicated under the note for B. kanburiense . The drawing of Pham Hoang Ho (1992: 844) named as B. refractum possibly based on specimens of Tixier 15 (P00348218) having a very small dorsal sepal typical for B. wallichii .

Studied specimens: — VIETNAM, Lam Dong Province, Annam: piste de Fyan, 1957, Tixier, 15 (P00348218 photo!). VIETNAM, Gia Lai Province, 1987, Averyanov, LX-VN 2143a/190a (photos LE01057662!, LE01087253!). VIETNAM, Binh Phuoc Province, 2005, Averyanov et al., HLF 4932a (photos LE01087116!). VIETNAM, Lam Dong Province, 2011, NPT 006 (photos LE0105766!, LE01070245!). VIETNAM, Lam Dong Province, 2018, Truong Ba Vuong, Ngo Quang Dang, BV 1035 (VNM00043084!). VIETNAM, Gia Lai Province, Truong Ba Vuong, BV 1083 (VNM00043085!). VIETNAM, Dak Nong Province, 2019, Averyanov, Nguyen Van Canh, T. Maisak, AL 1183.4 (photos LE01067185!). VIETNAM, Dak Lak, 2019, Truong Ba Vuong, BV 532 (VNM00043069!). VIETNAM, Lam Dong Province, 2021, Truong Ba Vuong, Ngo Quang Dang, BV 1046 (photos LE01089814!, VNM00043072!). VIETNAM, Dien Bien Province, 2023, Nguyen Sinh Khang, AL 2191 (photos LE01123884!). INDONESIA, Java, 1844, Zollinger, 2261 (isotype P00347107 photo!).

Figures

FIGURE 4. Bulbophyllum refractum (Zollinger) Reichenbach. A. Leafy plant. B. Flowering plant. C. Inflorescence detached. D. Flower, view from above and from below. E. Median sepal, abaxial and adaxial side. F. Lateral sepals, adaxial and abaxial side. G. Margin of lateral sepals. H. Petals, abaxial and adaxial side. I. Lip, views from various angles. J. Flower, side view, sepals removed. K. Pedicel, ovary, and column, side view. L. Apex of column with stelidia, side view. M. Apex of column, frontal view. N. Anther cap, view from above and from below. O. Pollinaria, frontal and rear views. All photos by Truong Ba Vuong from BV 1046, photo correction and design by L. Averyanov and T. Maisak.