Pedetontinus wudangensis, Zhang & Zhou, 2011

Zhang, Jiayong & Zhou, Kaiya, 2011, Descriptions of one new genus and six new species of Machilidae (Insecta: Archaeognatha) from China: morphological and molecular data, Journal of Natural History 45 (19 - 20), pp. 1131-1164 : 1157-1163

publication ID	https://doi.org/ 10.1080/00222933.2011.552801
persistent identifier	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BC4C15-FFEE-FF9C-0DD0-FB30FB73FDC4
treatment provided by	Felipe
scientific name	Pedetontinus wudangensis
status	sp. nov.

Treatment

Pedetontinus wudangensis sp. nov.

Material examined

Holotype. NNUSB0243 , an adult male; China: Mt Wudangshan, Shiyan City , Hubei Province, on the uppermost layer of the forest floor consisting chiefly of fallen leaves and other decaying organic matter, 32 ◦ 25 ′ N, 110 ◦ 00 ′ E, at an elevation of 1550–1570 m, 16 August 2006, coll. J.Y. Zhang. GoogleMaps

Paratypes. NNUSB0244–0256 , 13 adult males ; NNUSB0256–0274 , 19 adult females; same data as for holotype GoogleMaps .

Males

Body length 7.0– 8.1 mm; antennae: 3.1–5.0 mm; terminal filament: 8.2–8.7 mm; cerci 3.1–3.2 mm. Body brownish grey, covered densely with scales and with pigment. Terga mostly covered with brown scales. Black-brown spots present on terga IV– VII. Epidermic pigment on head capsule, mandibles, maxillae, maxillary palp and legs.

Head ( Figure 8A View Figure 8 ) brown between antennae, clypeus and labrum. Clypeus and labrum covered with numerous short, thin setae. Frons convex moderately, scaled between antennae and ocelli, with two long and two short setae on frons.

Compound eyes large, brownish, with a huge yellow patch on inner upper corner (in alcohol), contact line/length: 0.66; length/width: 0.85–0.87. Paired ocelli, shoeshaped; brownish (in alcohol) with white edge and an inner zonal white area in enlarged area. Width of ocellus slightly narrower than that of compound eye (width of ocellus about 0.68–0.70 of that of compound eye).

Antennae shorter than body length, antennal length/body length about 0.70. Scapus and pedicellus of antennae densely scaled; flagellum not scaled. Scapus rather long (length/width about 1.50); pedicellus as long as wide. Flagellum uniformly light-brownish, junctions between divisions pale. Division of flagellum maximum observed 34, proximal 20 divisions not annulated, divisions 21–24 annulated into six or seven annuli, divisions 25–26 with eight annuli and divisions 27–33 with nine annuli. The distal chains with nine annuli, which are about thrice as wide as long ( Figure 8B View Figure 8 ).

Mandibles quite robust, provided with four typical apical teeth. Maxillary palp ( Figure 8D View Figure 8 ) provided with numerous setae of moderate size. Setae in articles IV– VII denser than those in articles I– III. Articles II – VII scaled densely. Articles IV– VII provided with numerous short setae. External apophysis of article I cone-shaped and slightly curved backwards with three to five setae sparsely on ventral surface. Article II is curved inwards with one light short seta on its ventral surface. Article III with few short setae on ventral surface and no spines on internal distal end, article VII coneshaped. Dorsal surface of the articles V – VII with hyaline spines as follows: V: 4–6; VI: 12–14; VII: 14–16. Ratio of length article VII / VI: 0.60; article IV/ V: 0.70.

Labial palp as in Figure 8C View Figure 8 , article I not scaled, articles II – III sparsely scaled and dense setae; article III almost club like, with sensorial cones on apical part.

Legs ( Figures 8E–G View Figure 8 ) and coxal stylets scaled. Mid and hind legs with coxal stylets. Femur of fore leg not swollen, ratio of length to width: 1.9–2.0. Spiniform setae present on femur, light-coloured. Length of tibia I: 0.48– 0.43 mm; tibia II: 0.41–043 mm; tibia III: 0.58–0.60 mm. Fore legs stronger than the others, tibia of hind legs elongated. Spines in legs as follows: tibia I: 4–6; tibia II: 4–6; tibia III: 4–6; number of 1–3 segments of tarsus I: 2–4, 8–10, 10–12; tarsus II: 2–4, 8–10, 10–12; tarsus III: 2–4, 8–10, 10–12.

Urosternites not pigmented. Abdominal stylets not especially elongated except IXth segment. Abdominal segments I– VII with a pair of eversible vesicles. Sternum V with nearly right posterior angle (87–89 ◦); length/basal width of urosternite V ( Figure 8H View Figure 8 ): 0.66–0.67. Urosternite VII not swollen on its inner posterior part.

A penis and a pair of parameres with 1+6 divisions (or 7 divisions) extending backward to two-thirds of length of the urosternite IX ( Figure 8I View Figure 8 ). Penis normal, as long as paramere, ratio of the length of base/tip: 0.9–1.0, opening of penis small and apical. Male genitalia completely covered by the IXth urosternite. Apical spine of abdominal stylets strong, medium-sized. IXth coxite provided with six or seven spines near apex. Length ratios of stylet (excluding apical spine) to coxite, V: 0.54; VIII: 0.50–0.52; IX: 0.65–0.66; length ratios of apical spine to stylet, V: 0.50; VIII: 0.50; IX: 0.38–0.40.

Terminal filament and cerci without piliform scales, with numerous scales, a few cilia and some strong spines.

Females

Body length 7.0–8.0 mm; antennae: 4.0–5.0 mm; terminal filament: 7.5–8.5 mm; cerci: 4.0–5.0 mm. Scale pattern and epidermic pigment as in male.

Head ( Figure 8J View Figure 8 ) as in male. More setae present in the labrum and clypeus.

Compound eyes as in the male, the contact line/length: 0.62–0.66; length/width: 0.80–0.85. Paired ocelli shoe-shaped, the width of ocellus slightly narrower than that compound eye (width of ocellus about 0.73–0.75 of that of compound eye).

Antennae as in male. Antennal length/body length about 0.70. Division number of flagellum maximum observed 28. Proximal 12 divisions not annulated, divisions 13–15 annulated into three to four annuli, divisions 16–19 with five or six annuli, divisions 20–27 with seven or eight annuli. The distal chains with seven or eight annuli, which are as long as wide ( Figure 8K View Figure 8 ). The distal chains with sensilla and thin sensorial points.

Maxillary palp ( Figure 8M View Figure 8 ) as in male. Articles II – VII scaled densely, article I only with scales on ventral surface; dense setae on articles IV– VII, and article VII cone-shaped. Dorsal surface of the articles V – VII with hyaline spines as follows: V: 4–6; VI: 18–20; VII: 14–16; ratio of length article VII / VI: 0.60–0.61; article IV/ V: 0.67–0.68.

Labial palp as in male ( Figure 8L View Figure 8 ). Article I not scaled, articles II – III sparsely scaled, articles I– III with dense short setae, and numerous setae of moderate-size present on article III, less on article II but rare on article I.

Legs ( Figure 8N–P View Figure 8 ) as in male. Femur of fore leg not swollen, ratio of length to width: 1.82. Length of tibia I: 0.50–0.52 mm; tibia II: 0.49–0.50 mm; tibia III: 0.70– 0.72 mm. Tibia of hind legs obviously elongated. Spines in legs as follows: tibia I: 4–6; tibia II: 4–6; tibia III: 4–6; number of 1–3 segments of tarsus I: 4–6, 10–14, 10–14; tarsus II: 4–6, 10–14, 10–14; tarsus III: 4–6, 10–14, 10–14.

Abdominal segments as in male; length/basal width of sternum V ( Figure 8Q View Figure 8 ): 0.66–0.67. Medial part of urosternite VII projected and swollen, exceeding posterior margin.

Ovipositor of the tertiary type and not exceeding beyond the stylet of urosternite IX. Gonapophysis VIII ( Figure 8R–T View Figure 8 ) with 46–48 divisions, sensilla present except 2–3 basal divisions. Gonapophysis IX ( Figure 8U–W View Figure 8 ) with 48 divisions, the basal 20– 22 divisions with some short setae. IXth coxite provided with 9–10 spines near apex. Length ratios of stylet (excluding apical spine) to coxite, V : 0.50; VIII: 0.56–0.58; IX: 0.60; length ratios of apical spine to stylet, V: 0.46–0.48; VIII: 0.33–0.35; IX: 0.30–0.31.

Terminal filaments and cerci similar to those of male.

Etymology

The specific name refers to the type locality.

Diagnosis

Twelve species of the genus Pedetontinus Silvestri have been known from China, Japan and Korea ( Silvestri 1943; Mendes 1990b; Xue and Yin 1991; Choe and Lee 2001a, b; Zhang et al. 2005; Zhang and Li 2009). Four new species are easily distinguished from known Pedetontinus species in China and its vicinities as follows: the pigmentation of whole body, colour pattern, shape of compound eyes, the number of setae of maxillary palp and legs. Pedetontinus aureus Choe and Lee , P. lineatus Choe and Lee , P. rhombeus Choe and Lee , P. songi Zhang and Li , P. tianmuensis Xue and Yin , P. yinae Zhang et al. , P. jiuzhaiensis sp. nov. P. majiensis sp. nov. and P. wudangensis sp.nov. belong to “wide-eyed group”, and P. szeptyckii Mendes to “long-eyed group”; the ratio of length to width of eye is nearly 1 in P. taishanensis sp. nov., P. ishii Silvestri , P. dicrocerus Silvestri , P. kuwanae Silvestri , P. esakii Silvestri and P. yosii Silvestri. Pedetontinus taishanensis sp. nov can be easily distinguished from other Pedetontinus species from China by the ratio of length to width of compound eye (1 in P. taishanensis , <1 in other six Pedetontinus species ), the comparison of the length of penis and parameres, the character of setae of maxillary palp and legs. Pedetontinus majiensis sp. nov. can be easily distinguished from other Pedetontinus species from China by the number of divisions of parameres, the ratio of the length of base penis to tip of penis, the spines of legs, the character of setae of maxillary palp. Pedetontinus jiuzhaiensis sp. nov. is close to P. songi , but can be distinguished from it by the ratio of the length of base penis to terminal penis (0.7–0.8 in P. jiuzhaiensis , 2.0 in P. songi ), the number of divisions of gonapophyses (50–55 in P. jiuzhaiensis , 44–46 in P. songi ), the comparison of the length of penis and parameres (penis is equal to parameres in P. jiuzhaiensis , penis is longer than parameres in P. jiuzhaiensis ), the character of setae of maxillary palp and legs. Although P. wudangensis sp. nov., P. tianmuensis and P. yinae are close to each other, P. wudangensis sp. nov. can be easily distinguished P. tianmuensis and P. yinae by the length of gonapophyses (not exceeding beyond the stylet of urosternite IX in P. wudangensis sp. nov., exceeding beyond the stylet of urosternite IX in P. tianmuensis and P. yinae ), the ratio of the length of base penis to tip of penis (0.9– 1.0 in P. wudangensis , 2.0 in P. tianmuensis and 1.7–1.9 in P. yinae ), the character of setae of maxillary palp and legs. Pedetontinus from China can be distinguished by the other characters in Table 4. The species status of the four new taxa of Pedetontinus are further supported in the molecular study. In COI gene sequences analyses, monophylies of P. jiuzhaiensis sp. nov., P. maijiensis sp. nov., P. taishanensis sp. nov. and P. wudangensis sp. nov. are also well supported ( Figure 2 View Figure 2 ).

Key to species of the genus Pedetontinus of China

1. Line of contact of eyes about as long as half the length of eyes............. 2

Line of contact of eyes distinctly longer than half the length of eyes........ 3

2. A pair of parameres with 1+5 divisions............... P. jiuzhaiensis sp. nov.

A pair of parameres with 1+4 divisions................ P. maijiensisi sp. nov.

3. A pair of parameres with 1+5 divisions, penis longer than paramere. P. songi Zhang and Li

A pair of parameres with 1+6 divisions................................... 4

4. The length of compound eye equal to the width of eyes, penis longer than paramere..................................... P. taishanensis sp. nov

The length of compound eye shorter than the width of eyes, penis longer than paramere............................................................... 5

5. Gonapophysis not exceeding beyond the stylet of urosternite IX, the ratio of base penis to terminal penis about 0.9–1.0..... P. wudangensis sp. nov.

Gonapophysis not exceeding beyond the stylet of urosternite IX........... 6

6. Body length about 7.0–8.0 mm, a penis and a pair of parameres extending backward to half the length of the urosternite IX, gonapophyses with approximately 41–45 articles...................................... P. yinae Zhang et. al

Body length about 8.0–10.0 mm, a penis and a pair of parameres extending backward to three-quarters the length of the urosternite IX, gonapophyses with approximately 47–53 articles............... P. tianmuensis Xue and Yin