Traumatomutilla indica ( Linnaeus, 1758 )

Bartholomay, Pedro R., Williams, Kevin A., Cambra, Roberto A. & Oliveira, Marcio L., 2022, Revision of the Traumatomutilla indica species-group (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), Zootaxa 5108 (1), pp. 1-97 : 41-46

Traumatomutilla indica ( Linnaeus, 1758)

( Figs 13A–C , 14A–G )

Mutilla indica Linnaeus, 1758: 583 , holotype, ♀, “Habitat in Indiis” [ Columbia ] [sic] (LSUK), examined (by photograph).

Mutilla diadema Fabricius, 1787: 311 , lectotype, ♀, designated by Mickel 1952 “ diadema Fbr. Hb., Surin. ” [ Suriname], synonymized by Mickel (1952) (ZIN)

Mutilla sphegea Fabricius, 1804: 435 , holotype, ♂, [ Guiana], Essequibo, ZMUC 00241654, (ZMUC), examined (by photo- graph), syn. nov.

Ephuta (Traumatomutilla) sphegea: André, 1902: 56 .

Ephuta (Traumatomutilla) indica: André, 1902: 55 .

Traumatomutilla sphegea: André, 1904: 40 .

Traumatomutilla indica: André, 1904: 40 .

Diagnosis. FEMALE. Mesonotum narrower than distance between pronotal spiracles, lateral face of propodeum evenly sculptured, scutellar scale and anterolateral carinae well-defined, longitudinal carina on mesonotal and propodeal dorsum well-defined, dorsal face of propodeum longer than posterior face. MALE. Mesopleuron tuberculate on dorsal half, axillar projection acute, scutellum angulate with well-defined dorsal and posterior faces, dorsal face of scutellum terminating in transverse bilobate carina.

Description. FEMALE. Body length 12–18 mm. Head. Posterior margin virtually straight. Occipital carina evenly arched and equally wide throughout. Vertex width 0.75 × pronotal width. Eye almost circular, its length in frontal view virtually equal to the distance from its ventral margin to mandibular condyle. Sculpture partially concealed by dense setae, densely and coarsely foveolate-punctate where visible; sculpture sparser on gena and malar space; with micropunctures on malar space and ventral half of gena. Genal carina present. Mandible oblique, tapering slightly towards apex, with small subapical tooth. Dorsal scrobal carina well-defined, reaching antennal tubercles and separated from poorly defined lateral scrobal carina. Antennal tubercle irregularly rugose. Flagellomere 1 2.3 × pedicel length; flagellomere 2 1.6 × pedicel length. Mesosoma . Mesosoma 0.9 × as long as wide. Mesosomal dorsum sculpture partially concealed by dense setation, densely and coarsely areolate-punctate where visible; with conspicuous medial longitudinal carina extending from anterior margin of mesonotum to scutellar area; sculpture of mesonotum slightly less defined around medial longitudinal carina. Anterior face of pronotum defined, virtually as long as pronotal collar, indistinctly and coarsely striated longitudinally at base and with dense coarse and confused punctures dorsad; dorsal face roundend into anterior face in lateral view. Humeral carina welldefined, broadly separated from low subangulate epaulet, anterolateral corners of pronotum rounded in dorsal view. Pronotal spiracle strongly projected from lateral margin of pronotum, rounded. Lateral face of pronotum sparsely punctate with sparse indistinct micropunctures and with indistinct blunt tubercle anteroventral in relation to pronotal spiracle; mesopleuron sculpture mostly concealed by dense setation, micropunctate anteriorly and densely finely punctate along mesopleural ridge where visible; metapleuron sculpture partially concealed by dense setation, dorsal half completely asetose, smooth, unsculptured. Lateral face of propodeum densely foveolate-punctate; sculpture sparser posteroventrad. Ratios of width of humeral angles, pronotal spiracles, widest point of mesonotum, narrowest point of mesonotum and propodeum posterior to propodeal spiracles, 69:92:85:64:61. Lateral margin of mesonotum strongly constricted anterior to propodeal spiracle, diverging anteriad, mesonotum with expanded lateral margins. Propodeal spiracle projected from lateral margin of mesosoma. Scutellar scale well-defined, connected laterally to anterolateral carinae; anterolateral carinae connected, thus forming single transverse carina reaching propodeal spiracles laterally; scabrous intervals absent on scutellar area. Propodeum convex, dorsal face virtually as long as and rounded into posterior face. Metasoma. Ratios of width of T1, width of T2 and length of T2, 40:84:78. Disc of T2 densely and coarsely foveolate-punctate to punctate with dense interspersed micropunctures; foveolations sparser and micropunctures absent laterally and over integumental spots. T3–5 sculpture predominantly concealed by dense setation, densely and coarsely foveolate-punctate to simply punctate with interspersed micropunctures where visible; T6, except pygidial plate, densely and coarsely punctate. S1 surface cuneiform, densely, coarsely and confusedly foveolate-punctate around blunt longitudinal medial carina equally high throughout. S2 densely foveolate-punctate, sculpture sparser posterad; anteromedial crest-fold greatly reduced. S3–6 sculpture mostly concealed by dense setation, densely and finely foveolate-punctate where visible. Pygidial plate subpyriform, defined by lateral carinae at apical third of plate; surface with coarse and irregular rugosities; interstice granulose.

MALE. Body length 12–18 mm. Head. Transversely subrectangular with posterolateral angles rounded in dorsal view, 0.8 × as wide as pronotal width. Eye almost circular. Ocelli small; OOD 4.0 × DLO, IOD virtually equal to DLO. Occipital carina distinct. Head surface densely and finely punctate with sparse interspersed micropunctate; conspicuously denser and coarser on front. Gena ecarinate. Antennal scrobe concave to eye margin, with well-defined transverse dorsal scrobal carina. Clypeus concave laterally immediately below antennal insertion, conspicuously convex medially; surface completely concealed by dense setation. Scape bicarinate. Flagellomere 1 1.9 × pedicel length; flagellomere 2 2.5 × pedicel length. Mandible obliquely tridentate apically, inner tooth larger than medial tooth; lacking dorsal or ventral projections. Mesosoma . Epaulets well-defined, slightly projected from anterior margin of pronotum, broadly separated from short humeral carina, anterolateral angles of pronotum subrounded. Anterior face of pronotum sparsely punctate with interspersed micropunctations laterally, simply micropunctate sublaterally, and virtually unsculptured smooth and shinning medially. Tegula convex, mostly glabrous and impunctate except for dense coarse punctures on along inner and anterior margins. Mesoscutum densely and coarsely foveolate-punctate, notaulus and parapsis present, reduced to posterior half of mesoscutum. Scutellum gibbose, densely and coarsely foveolate-punctate; with well-defined dorsal and posterior faces; dorsal face flat, ending in transverse bilobate carina at posterior margin. Axilla produced posterolaterally as short acute projection, with conspicuous flat coarsely and densely foveolate-punctate dorsal surface. Metanotum slightly wider laterally, its surface obscured by dense setation. Propodeal dorsum convex, completely concealed by dense setation; lateral face densely areolate; dorsal face rounded into and poorly distinguished from posterior face. Lateral face of pronotum sparsely and shallowly punctate with dense interspersed micropunctures; mesopleuron with short conspicuous tubercle on dorsal half; mesopleural sculpture densely and coarsely areolate-punctate to foveolate-punctate with interspersed micropunctures; areolations/foveolations gradually sparser anteriad. Metapleuron predominantly unsculptured, smooth, shinning, except dorsal fifth indistinctly rugose and basal fifth coarsely foveolate-punctate. Wings. Forewing with elongate sclerotized pterostigma; marginal cell elongated, truncate apically; three submarginal cells. Legs. Simply setose, no strong spines discernible dorsally; spurs finely serrate on margins. Metasoma. T1 0. 5 × as wide as T2. T2 length 0.8 × its width. Dorsal metasomal sculpture partially concealed by dense setation, densely and finely punctate with interspersed micropunctures where visible. Pygidial plate irregularly, transversely and indistinctly rugose, broader than long, weakly defined by parallel carinae apicolaterally, interstice apparently granulose. S1 longitudinally elevated medially, terminating in longitudinal carina with conspicuous subacute spinelike projection posteriorly. S2 coarsely and densely foveolate-punctate to punctate, with conspicuous elongate setae filled pit anteromedially; longitudinal anteromedial crest-fold present. S3–6 sparsely foveolate-punctate; S7 densely foveolate-punctate with well-defined medial longitudinal unsculptured area; longer than broad, well-defined by lateral carinae throughout, posterior margin projected medially into a single tooth-like structure on posterior margin; apex of projection bilobate. Genitalia. Parapenial lobe not at all pronounced apically, subacute. Ratios of free length of paramere, cuspis and digitus, 106:28:75; paramere mostly straight and curved outward apically in dorsal view; upcurved apically in lateral view; with sparse setae ventrally at basal half; cuspis slender, virtually straight, equally wide in dorsal and lateral view; with short, ventrally directed setae at apical fourth; paracuspis well-developed, not sessile, lobe-like, virtually as wide as long with rounded and densely setose posteroapical margin in lateral view, setae shorter than or as long as paracuspis; digitus short, curved inward in dorsal view and upcurved in lateral view, setose dorsally at basad, apex somewhat expanded in lateral view; penis valve strongly concave on internal surface, with well-defined pair of short acute teeth apicoventrally; externolateral pocket present; posteropical margin truncate, conspicuously “shelf-like” in dorsal view; apical distance between teeth 0.1 × length of valve; dense setae present along posteroapical margin and inconspicuous setae present at base of subapical tooth on outer surface.

Coloration and variations: FEMALES. Integument black except mandibles and antennal flagellomeres partially reddish-brown, and T2 with four linear to subrectangular yellowish spots. Body setae predominantly silverywhite varying in density except the following areas with black setae varying in density: frons, dorsal half of gena, pronotum (except ventral third of lateral face), anterior half of mesonotum, posterior half of mesonotum medially, dorsal third of mesopleuron, propodeum medially, lateral face of propodeum, T1 medially, disc of T2 (except over integumental spots), fringe of T2–4 sublaterally, T5–6 (except pygidial plate) laterally, fringe of S5, and S6. Certain specimens have the lateral areas of silvery-white setae on the mesonotum extending and virtually covering the lateral expansion of the mesonotal margin or slightly advancing over scutellar area between the propodeal spiracles. MALES. Integument black. Body setae predominantly silvery-white varying in density except the following areas with black setae varying in density: mesosocutum, tegulae, axillar projections, dorsal face of scutellum, posterior half of T2, T5–7 (interspersed with silvery-white setae on T5–6), fringe of S6, and S7.

Distribution. Belize *, Colombia, Trinidad, Venezuela, Guiana, Suriname, French Guiana, Brazil, and Peru.

Material examined. (506♀, 61♂) Type material. Holotype of Mutilla indica , ♀, Columbia [sic] ( LSUK) ; holotype of M. sphegea , ♂, [ Guiana], Essequibo, Smidt, ZMUC 00241654 ( ZMUC) . Additional material. BE- LIZE, Benque Viejo , 1♀, Father Stanton ( MCZC) ; COLOMBIA: 2♀, 302-40 [sic] ( MNHN) ; 2♂ ( MNHN) ; Meta: PNN [Parque Nacional Natural] Sierra de La Macarena, Caño Curía, Sendero Cachicamos , 3º21’N 73º56’W, 460m [meters above sea level], 2♀, 21.XII.2002, M. Duarte (IAvH) ; 1♀, 24.II.2003, W. Villalba (IAvH); PNN [Parque Nacional Natural] Tinigua, Caño Nevera , 2º11’N 73º48’W, 390m [meters above sea level], 5♀, 7.II.2002, C. Sánchez (IAvH) ; Cundinamarca, PNN [Parque Nacional Natural] Sumapaz, Porvenir Marayal , 3º48’N 73º49’W, 535m [meters above sea level], 2♀, 30.IV.2002, H. Vargas (IAvH) ; TRINIDAD, St. [Saint] George, St. [Saint] Augustine , 1♂, 15.VI.1976, J.S. Noyes ( NHM) ; VENEZUELA, Monagas, 42km SE [kilometers southeast of] Maturín : 3♀, 03.VII.1958, Arnold Menke ( EMUS) ; 1♀, 09.VII.1958, Arnold Menke ( EMUS) ; 1♂, 8.VII.1958, A.S. Menke ( LACM) ; 1♂, 08.VII.1958, Arnold Menke ( EMUS) ; Bolivar, Canaima , 1♀, 28.IX.1974, C. Murtaugh ( UMSP) ; 115 km N [kilometers north of] Santa Elena de Uairen , 1♀, 07.III.1987, Miller & Stange ( FSCA) ; 2 km E [kilometers east of] Kavanayen , 1♀, 06.III.1987, R.B. Miller & L.A.Stange ( FSCA) ; Valle Ariba , El Pajui, 1♀, 25.XI.1970, D. Fairchild ( FSCA) ; Caracas, Canaima , 28–30.XII.1968, A. Michelbacher ( CISC) ; Monagas, 42 km SE [kilometers southeast of] Maturin , 2♀, 18.VII.1958, A.S. Menke ( FSCA) ; GUIANA: 1♂, A.W. Bartlett ( NHM) ; jct. Cuyani Mazaruni [junction of Cuyani-Mazaruni rivers], Essequibo Rivers , 2♀, 1927, R.E. Fuglestad ( CISC) ; Georgetown , 2♀, III.1955 ( MNRJ) ; Demerara, Rio Demerara , 1♀, 1823, Janson & Sons ( MNCN) ; Dubu- lay Ranch , 05°40.95’S 57°51.52’W, 1♀, 1♂, 15–18.I.1999, M. Sharkey & B. Brown ( EMUS) ; Blairmont , 1♂, 1923, H.E. Box ( USNM) ; Camaria , 1♂, 30.VII.1924, W. Myers ( AMNH) ; Mahaica , 1♂, 20.VI.1927 ( CUIC) ; Rock- stone, 1♂, 9.VII.1911 ( AMNH) ; SURINAME: 5♀ ( MZSP) ; 2#f ( MCZC, MNHN); Paramaribo, 1♀, 24.X.1997, P.H. v. Doesburg ( MNCN) ; Sandry Field , 1♀, 05–08.IX.1943, D.G. Hall ( USNM) ; Tibitl, Savanne , 1♀, 05.I.1949, Surinam exp. [expedition] ( MNCN) ; Marowinje, Christian Kondre , 3♀, 1963, B. Malkin ( CASC) ; Coebiti , 1♀, 04–14.VIII.1980, B.V. Ridout ( NHM) ; Kwakoegron Saramaccan , 1♀, 08.VI.1927 ( USNM) ; FRENCH GUIANA: 1♀ ( MNHN) ; Cayenne , 4♀, 2♂ ( MNHN, ZMUC, DEI) ; Maroni , 4♀, 1917, E. Le Moult ( MNCN) ; Kourou , 1♀, 1914, R. Benoist ( MNHN) ; 1♂, 4.VI.1977, D. Roubik ( SEMC) ; Roches de Kourou , 2♀ ( MNHN) ; Kourou, Degrad Saramanka, Km 5, 4♂, IX.2005, D. Faure ( EMUS) ; Riv. [Riviére] De Kourou, 4♀, E. Le Moult ( MNCN) ; Nouveau Chantier , 1♀ ( MNCN) ; Agarouany [sic], 1♀, 15.I ( MNHN) ; Gourdonville : 1♀, Juillet [July] ( MNHN) ; 1♀, X.1914, R. Benoist ( MNHN) ; Paranaiba , 3♀, I.1880 ( MCZC) ; Pariacabo, Riv. [Riviere] De Kourou, 1♀, VI, Le Moult ( MNCN) ; Montsinery , 04°55.995’N 52°29.689’W, 1♀, 23.I.2003, V. Soon ( EMUS) ; Chavrein, Baixo Maroni , 1♂, VIII ( MNHN) ; cote Atlantique, camp Warana , 2♂, 13.VII.1996, BRAET ( DGMC) ; Wismar , 1♂, 4.VI.1934, S. Dinkus ( AMNH) ; Matiti , 6♂, J. Giuglaris ( MIUP) ; BRAZIL: 3♀ ( ZMUC, ANSP) ; Amapá, R. [Rio] Oiapoque , 2♀, V.1959 ( MNRJ) ; Roraima, PARNA [Parque Nacional] Viruá, Vicinal na Estrada Perdida , 01°28’N 60°58’O, 1♂, 24.XII.2015 – 07.I.2016, REDE BIA [Biodiversidade na Amazônia], Rafael et al. ( INPA) ; Amazonas, Manaus, Reserva Ducke, AM 010, Km 26, 02°55’46.3’’S 59°58’29.3’’W: 1♀, 03.VI.2016, M.A.S. Nascimento ( INPA) ; 1♂, 29.IX–10.X.2005,Aguiar, A.,INPA; Sítio Zé Nildo, AM 010, Km 35, Ramal Cinco , 02°50’54’’S 59°56’02.42’’W, 1♀, 16.VI.2016, F.J. Telias ( INPA) ; Pará: Mangabeira, Mocajuba , 1♀, VIII.1953, O. Rego ( FSCA) ; Barcarena, Car- ipi, 01°29’40’’S 48°42’35’’W, Mata , 1♂, 13–22.xi.2001, I.S. Gorayeb, A. Tavares, N. Bittencourt, J.O. Dias ( MPEG) ; Cach. [Cachoeira] Paciencia, A. [sic] Cuminá , 1♀, 27.X.1956 ( MNRJ) ; Rio Xingu Camp., 60 km S [kilometers South of] Altamira , 1♂, 8.X.1986, Spangler & Flint ( USNM) ; Belém , 3♀, VI.1924, F.X. Williams ( UMSP) ; Ilha de Marajó, Igarapé Taperebá , 1♀, VII.1958, Vanzolini ( MNCN) ; Ananindeua , 1♀, 1976 ( MNRJ) ; Maranhão: Caxias, Reserva Ecológica do Inhamum , Povoado Coités , 04°54’41’’S 43°25’29’’W, 1♀, 27–29.V.2011, J.A. Silva & R.M. Servian ( CZMA) ; Barreirinha, Parque Nacional Lençóis Maranhenses , 02°39’80’’S 42°49’88’’O, 1♀, 07.V.2016, J.A. Rafel e F.L. Oliveira ( INPA) ; Centro Novo do MA [Maranhão], Reserva Biológica do Gurupi , 03°14’05’’S 46°41’83’’W, 2♀, 01–06.III.2011, F. Limeira-de-Oliveira & D.W.A. Marques ( CZMA) ; São Pedro da Água Branca, Fazenda Santa Rosa , 05°07’07’’S 48°15’19’’W, 1♀, 06.XII.2001, J.A. Rafael, F.L. Oliveira & J. Vidal ( INPA) ; Rio Grande do Norte: Mossoró, Faz. [Fazenda] Sta. [Santa] Júlia , 05°01’10’’S 37°22’56’’W, 12♂, 03.III.2007, D.R.R. Fernandes e equipe, ( LRRP) ; João Câmara, Cauçu , 1♀, 05.V.2012, Lopes, M.C.A. ( UFRN) ; Macaíba, Escola de Agricola Jundiaí , 1♀, 02.XI.2010, Mesquita, A.D.S. ( UFRN) ; Natal, Praia de Búzios , 1♀, 18.VI.2009, James, H. ( UFRN) ; Nísia Floresta, Estrada para FLONA [Floresta Nacional], 1♀, 22.IV.2005, Azevedo, D.L.O. ( UFRN) ; Par- namirim, EMPARN [ Empresa de Pesquisas Agropecuárias do Rio Grande do Norte ], 1♀, 11.III.2011, Rufener, M.C. ( UFRN) ; Piauí, Parque Nacional de Sete Cidades , 04.09909°S 41.70952°W, Sede 193 m. a. [sic], 19–25.IV.2012, Oliveira & Somavilla ( INPA) ; Ceará : 5♀ ( MZSP) ; Carquejo , 3♀, III.1963, Dirings ( MZSP) ; Russas, Perímetro Ir- rigado, 04°59’39.14’’S 37°58’46’’W, 1♀, 16.IX.2013, D. Nogueira ( INPA) ; Paraíba, Santa Luzia, Brandão Junco , 1♀, VIII.1956 ( MNRJ) ; Mato Grosso, Barra do Tapirapé , 2♀, 01–15.I.1966, B. Malkin ( AMNH) ; Kingu [Xingú] River , 1♀, 1962, J. Goddard ( BYU) ; Bahia: Tremembe , 1♀, 24.VI.1997, J.R.M. Santos ( CPDC) ; Ilha Boipera, Cairu , 1♀, 31.XII.2000, J. Fabricio ( CPDC) ; Jequié , 1#f, 12.II.2002, J.R.M. Santos ( CPDC) ; Sergipe, Villa Nova [Neópolis], 1♀, XII.1934 ( MNRJ) ; Espírito Santo, Praia das Neves , 1♀, 27.IV.1998, Raw, A. ( DZUP) ; Rio de Janeiro: Ponta Monica , 1♀, 1.II.1977 ( MNRJ) ; Cabo Frio , 1♀, 5.I.1984 ( MNRJ) ; Niteroi, Itaipu-Assu , 1♀, 11.XI.1945 ( MNRJ) ; Santa Catarina , 5♀ ( MZSP) ; PERU: Lima, Valle Chanchamayo , 1♀, 1939, P. Vaquero ( UMSP) . An ad- ditional 380♀ and 14♂ from various localities in VENEZUELA, SURINAME, BRAZIL, and PERU have also been examined ( FSCA, CASC, EMUS, DEI, ZMB, INPA, MIUP, MNRJ, FSCA, MNCN, LACM, FMNH, NHM, MZSP, CZMA, ZMUC, UFRN)

Remarks. Although the specimen from MCZC is definitely T. indica and was labeled from Belize, extensive collecting in Central America and Panama indicate that this species does not occur north of Panama and the specimen in question is likely mislabeled. There are also two recent records of T. indica in Dominican Republic (iNaturalist. Available from https://www.inaturalist.org. Accessed [31.05.2021]). These records, however, are likely the result of a recent accidental introduction of T. indica in the area since no other records of the species were made elsewhere in Central America. Though T. indica occurs from northern Colombia to Santa Catarina state in Brazil, no variations were observed in the males and only slight differences in the setal pattern of the mesosomal dorsum of the females were recorded. The association and synonymy of T. sphegea with T. indica were based firstly on couples collected in Trinidad along with couples of T. selligera , which are somewhat restricted to the northern areas of the Amazon whilst T. indica and T. sphegea are found throughout the Amazon, and, in smaller numbers, in other South American environments. Day (1979) did not provide any clues regarding the type of M. indica even though he provided valuable info on T. americana ( Linnaeus, 1758) , which was also described by Linnaeus and would likely be housed in the same collection. Even though the specimen at LSUK is labelled as having “no type status”, it is placed in the list of Linnean types of that institution and it matches the morphology of all reference material provided by André and Mickel, who likely studied the type to identify their own specimens. Given the aforementioned data and that Linnaeus (1758) did not provide any locality information other than “ habitat in Indiis ”, the specimen housed at LSUK is almost certainly the holotype of T. indica .

Figures

FIGURES 13A–C. Traumatomutilla indica (Linnaeus, 1758), holotype, ♀, line 2 mm; A. Dorsal habitus; B. Type labels; C. Lateral habitus.

FIGURES 14A–G. Traumatomutilla sphegea (Fabricius, 1804), holotype, ♂, 2 mm; A. Lateral habitus; B. Type labels; C. Genitalia (halved), dorsal view; D. Genitalia (halved), ventral view; E. Genitalia (halved, penis valve removed), lateral/inner view; F. Cuspis (removed, not to scale), lateral/inner view; G. Penis valve (removed, not to scale), lateral/outer view.