Festuca L.

Tutin, T. G., Heywood, V. H., Burges, N. A., Moore, D. M., Valentine, D. H., Walters, S. M. & Webb, D. A., 1980, Flora Europaea. Volume 5. Alismataceae to Orchidaceae (Monocotyledones), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press : 125-131

4. Festuca L. 2

Caespitose or rhizomatous perennials. Leaves plicate, involute, or flat; sheaths open or closed. Inflorescence a panicle. Spikelets pedicellate, with (2-)4-several florets, laterally compressed. Glumes 2, the lower usually 1-veined, the upper wider, usually 3-veined. Lemma with rounded back, not carinate, with or without a terminal or subterminal awn. Palea with 2 keels, scarious. Ovary oblong or obovoid; grain obovoid-oblong, ventrally sulcate, free or adnate to palea and lemma; hilum linear, about as long as the grain, rarely elliptical and half as long.

In the following account the width of plicate leaves indicates the transverse measurement in cross-section, and the length of a spikelet is measured from the base of the lower glume to the apex of the fourth lemma (excluding the awn).

Plants with proliferating spikelets occur particularly among species related to F. ovina , e.g. 107 and 148, but are also found in 67, 68, 87 and 90 and in many hybrids. Such plants occur mostly on high mountains and in the north; in identifying them reliance has to be placed mainly on vegetative characters and they are not accounted for in the key, except for F. vivipara , which always has proliferating spikelets-

Literature: B. Achtarov, Izv. Bot. Inst. (Sofia) 3: 3-89 (1953). E. Alexeev, Nov. Syst. Pl. Vase. (Leningrad) 12: 11-43 (1975). P. Auquier, Biosystématique, Taxonomie et Nomenclature du groupe de Festuca ovina L. , s.l. ( Poaceae ) en Belgique et dans quelques Régions voisines. Thesis, Univ. Liège. 1973-1974. M. Bidault, Essai de Taxonomie expérimentale et numérique sur Festuca ovina L. , s.l. dans le sud-est de la France. Thesis, Univ. Paris, Fac. Sci. Orsay. 1967; Rev. Cytol. Biol. Végét. 31: 217-356 (1968). E. Hackel, Monographia Festucarum europaearum. Kassel & Berlin. 1882. W. O. Howarth,

Rep. Bot. Exch. Club Brit. Is. 13: 338-346 (1948). A. Huon, Les Fétuques de l'Ouest de la France, recherche de Biosystématique et de Biogéographie. Botanica Rhedonica sér. A, no. 9: 7-298. Thesis, Univ. Rennes. 1970. M. Kerguelen, Lejeunia nov. ser., 75: 9-16,32-44,145-182 (1975). V. Krajina, Acta Bot. Bohem. 9: 184-220 (1930); Spisy Vydäv. Prir. Fak. Karlovy Univ. 106: 1-44 (1930). R. de Litardière, Bull. Soc. Bot. Belg. 55: 92-133, 149-154 (1923); Condollea 10: 103-146 (1945); Agron. Lusit. 14: 31-51 (1952). I. Markgraf-Dannenberg, Ber. Bayer. Bot. Ges. 28: 195-211 (1950); Veröff. Geobot. Inst. Rübei (Zürich) 25: 114-142 (1952); 56: 92-176 (1976); Festuca , Schlüssel der Schweizer Arten. Kartierung der Schweizer Flora, Bestimmungsschlüssel zu kritischen Sippen. Bern. 1967. E. I. & A. Nyârâdy, Studii Cere. Biol. (Ser. Bot.) 16: 105-172 (1964). E. Patzke, Österr. Bot. Zeitschr. 108: 505-507 (1961). S. Rauschert, Feddes Repert. 63: 251-283 (1960). A. St-Yves, Annu. Cons. Jard. Bot. Genève 17: 1-218 (1913); Tentamen Clavis analyticae Festucarum veteris Orbis (Subgen. Eu-Festucarum) . Rennes. 1927; Candollea 3: 321-466 (1928). R. de Soó, Acta Bot. Acad. Sci. Hung. 18: 363- 377 (1973). G. Stohr, Wiss. Zeitschr. Univ. Halle 9: 393-414 (1960). N. N. Tzvelev, Nov. Syst. Pl. Vase. (Leningrad) 9: 15-46 (1972).

1 Stem with swollen tuberous base; ovary with rigid hairs

2 Sheaths thin, without fibres or ribs; stem 2-5-3 mm in diameter, the thickened base less than 10 mm in diameter; leaves flat; panicle-branches very slender, flexuous

1. triflora 2 Sheaths thick, ribbed or breaking down into longitudinal fibres; stem 1-2 mm in diameter, the thickened base 10-20

mm in diameter; leaves convolute or plicate at least in part; panicle-branches stout, not flexuous

3 Leaves plicate throughout, with 3 low ribs above; lower glume 3-veined; lemma ovate, obscurely veined

4. durandii 3 Leaves not plicate throughout, with numerous prominent ribs above; lower glume 1-veined; lemma lanceolate,

strongly veined

4 Sheaths soon decaying into fibres; leaves plicate only near base; panicle linear; lemma c. 2 mm wide 2. coerulescens 4 Sheaths tardily or not decaying into fibres, longitudinally ribbed; leaves plicate to the middle; panicle ovate to oblong; lemma at least 2-9 mm wide 3. paniculata 1 Stem without swollen tuberous base; ovary glabrous, scabrid or with short, soft hairs, very rarely with long, rigid hairs 5 Ovary with long, rigid hairs 5. spectabilis 5 Ovary without long, rigid hairs

6 Wider leaves at least 5 mm wide, flat or canaliculate, convolute in bud

7 Mouth of sheath without auricles; ligule short but distinct; lemma soft; ovary scabrid

8 Densely caespitose, not rhizomatous; lemma with 3(-5) veins, acute 6. altissima 8 Laxly caespitose, rhizomatous; lemma with 5 veins, obtuse or rounded-subacute 7. drymeja 7 Mouth of sheath with auricles; ligule usually a minute rim; lemma hard; ovary glabrous or with few long hairs

9 Leaves up to 18 mm wide, flaccid, glossy beneath, flat,

not canaliculate; panicle-branches very long, nodding;

awn at least 10 mm 8. gigantea 9 Leaves 3-10 mm wide, not flaccid, not glossy beneath, canaliculate; panicle-branches not nodding; awn not more than 4 mm

10 Leaves almost smooth above; auricles glabrous; panicle-branches 2 at the lowest node, one with 1-3,

the other with 4-6 spikelets 9. pratensis 10 Leaves distinctly ribbed above; auricles ciliate; paniclebranches 2-3 at the lowest node, each with 5-15 spikelets 10. arundinacea 6 All leaves less than 5 mm wide, usually plicate

11 Ovary obovoid; grain usually free from palea

12 Grain adnate to palea 15. scariosa 12 Grain free from palea

13 Non-flowering shoots extravaginal; rhizomatous; outer basal leaves without lamina

14 Stolons medium to long; panicle-branches filiform

15 Leaves with 13-15 veins; ligules of cauline leaves not auriculate 13. calabrica 15 Leaves with 7 veins; ligules of cauline leaves auriculate

16 Panicle rather lax; spikelets dirty green; upper glume less than 6 mm 11. laxa 16 Panicle dense, narrow, except at anthesis; spikelets yellow-green; upper glume more than 7 mm

12. dimorpha 14 Stolons very short; panicle-branches usually not filiform

17 Ligule 2-6 mm, lacerate; leaves plicate

18 Outer basal leaves without lamina; ligule 2-3 mm; leaves smooth, angular in transverse section, glabrous or nearly so on inner surface; lemma 3- veined 14. pseudeskia 18 Outer basal leaves with lamina; ligule 4-6 mm; leaves scabrid, terete, with short conical hairs on inner surface; lemma 5-veined 15. scariosa 17 Ligule a short rim, or absent; leaves flat or rarely slightly convolute

19 Densely caespitose and with long stolons; ligule a ciliate rim; sheaths open almost to base; paniclebranches patent only at anthesis 16. carpatica 19 Laxly caespitose, with short stolons; ligule absent; sheaths open only above the middle; paniclebranches always patent 17. pulchella 13 Non-flowering shoots intravaginal; rhizomes absent; outer basal leaves with lamina

20 Ligule 2-5(-7) mm, translucent, acute

21 Sheaths corrugated, forming a thick base to the nonflowering shoots; anthers more than | as long as palea 21. burnatii 21 Sheaths smooth and thin; anthers c. | as long as palea

22 Leaves with 9-1 I f -13) veins; sclerenchyma present on upper surface of leaves; spikelets 9-10 mm 18. eskia 22 Leaves with 5-9 veins; sclerenchyma absent on upper surface of leaves; spikelets 6-9 mm

23 Leaves 0-6-0-9 mm wide; veins 7-9, 5-7 projecting as low ribs; upper glume subobtuse; ovary very densely hispid 19. alpestris

23 Leaves 0-4-0-5 mm wide; veins 5, 1 projecting as a rib, rarely with 1-2 indistinct lateral ribs; upper glume acute; ovary glabrous or almost so 20. elegans

20 Ligule usually not more than 1 mm, opaque, truncate or rounded

24 Stems 65-105cm x 1 •3-4mm; liguletruncate; panicle

9-13 cm 22. valida

24 Stemsnot morethan80cm x 1 •8 mm; ligulerounded;

panicle usually less than 9 cm

25 Leaves 0-3-0-7(-0- 8) mm wide, with 5-7 veins

26 Stems (6-)10-20(-37) cm; spikelets 7-9(-10) mm;

upper glume 4-5-5-5 mm

27 Upper glume oblong-lanceolate, with narrow scarious margin; keels of the palea ciliolate; anthers as long as palea 26. sardoa

27 Upper glume ovate-lanceolate, with wide scarious margin; keels of palea long-ciliate; anthers |

as long as palea 27. quadriflora

26 Stems 30-55 cm; spikelets 9-14-5 mm; upper glume

3 -9-6- 1 mm

28 Leaves pungent; panicle dense; palea scabrid only towards apex 23. gautieri

28 Leaves not or scarcely pungent; panicle lax; palea scabrid in upper |

29 Lowest leaves iV - To as long as upper, rather flaccid, with 5 veins; ligule 0-5-l (-l*5) mm; spikelets bright yellow 24. flavescens

29 Lowest leaves -fo-i as long as upper, rather rigid, with 7 veins; ligule 0-8- 1 -7(-2) mm; spikelets green, variegated with violet 25. scabriculmis

25 Leaves more than 0-7 mm wide, with 7-9, rarely more veins

30 Sclerenchyma absent from ribs on upper surface of leaves

31 Lowest leaves usually as long as the upper

28. versicolor

31 Lowest leaves usually less than | as long as the upper

32 Lemma lanceolate, long-acuminate; palea slightly scabrid above, with minutely ciliolate keels

29. acuminata

32 Lemma broadly ovate-lanceolate, shortly acuminate; palea scabrid all over, with distinctly ciliate keels 30. varia

30 Sclerenchyma present in the ribs on upper surface of some or all the leaves

33 Sclerenchyma present in the ribs on the upper surface of all leaves

34 Panicle-branches hairy

35 Leaf 0-4-0-85(-l) mm wide; upper glume rounded; palea | as long as lemma, shortly tomentose 40. adamovicii

35 Leaf 0-5-1 - 1 mm wide; upper glume acuminate; palea as long as lemma, scabrid 41. galicicae

34 Panicle-branches glabrous, rarely sparsely hairy, often scabrid

36 Ligule densely setulose; panicle nodding; palea setulose over whole surface 36. pindica

36 Ligule glabrous; panicle erect; palea shortly hairy in upper part 39. cyllenica

33 Sclerenchyma present in the ribs on the upper surface of some leaves, absent in others on the same plant

37 Lemma ovate, shortly acuminate or obtuse; awn not more than 0-5 mm

38 Leaves rigid, pungent, 0-4-0-95 mm wide, the lowest Yg--J as long as the uppermost; ligule 0-6-1 -2(-l- 5) mm; spikelets 9-10-5 mm 31. calva

38 Leaves flaccid, not pungent, 0-4-0-75 mm wide,

the lowest yó—i as long as the uppermost; ligule 0-9-1 -6 mm; spikelets 9-14 mm 39 Leaves with not more than 7 veins and 3-5

ribs; upper glume 5-6x 2 mm; lemma

6-5-7-5 x 2-5-3 -4 mm, unawned, sometimes mucronate; palea scabrid only in upper part

32. xanthina 39 Leaves with 7-9 veins and 5-7 ribs; upper glume 4-6 x 1 -7 mm; lemma 5-3-6-3 x 2-3

mm; awn 0-0- 3 mm; palea scabrid all over

33. balcanica 37 Lemma lanceolate, long-acuminate; awn usually more than 0-5 mm

40 Leaves with 7-9 veins; ribs often without sclerenchyma 37. graeca 40 Leaves with 7- 13 veins; ribs usually with sclerenchyma

41 Panicle erect, the branches puberulent

35. penzesii 41 Panicle nodding, the branches scabrid

42 Leaves pungent; ribs usually with sclerenchyma; awn c. I as long as lemma

34. bosniaca 42 Leaves scarcely pungent; ribs often without sclerenchyma; awn not more than I as long as lemma 38. rechingeri 11 Ovary ellipsoid or oblong; grain adnate to palea

43 Rhachilla visible between the florets at anthesis; ribs of leaves with inflated epidermal cells

44 Leaves flat, at least when fresh, with (5-)7 ribs; sheaths closed, decaying into longitudinal fibres

45 Leaves not more than 5 cm x 0- 5 mm; lemma 7 mm,

with awn not more than 1 -5 mm 45. morisiana 45 Leaves up to 22 cm x 2- 5 mm; lemma 4-6 mm, with awn 2-5-4 mm 46. henriquesii 44 Leaves plicate (rarely the cauline flat), with 3-5(-7) ribs; sheaths open to base, not decaying into longitudinal fibres

46 Stems up to 90 cm; leaves 7-veined; glumes shortly acuminate (Portugal and Spain) 42. ampla 46 Stems not more than 60 cm; leaves 5(-7)-veined; glumes very long-acuminate (Açores)

47 Panicle-branches densely pubescent; spikelets 6-7

mm; lemma mucronate 43. petraea 47 Panicle-branches scabrid; spikelets 9-10 mm; lemma awned 44. jubata 43 Rhachillahiddenbythefloretsatanthesis; ribsofleaves with epidermal cells of normal size

48 Free part of margins of sheaths infolded; leaves with sclerenchyma-strands some of which are contiguous

49 Panicle linear; upper glume narrowly lanceolate

50 Sheaths closed almost to mouth, with infolded margin of 2 rows of cells; veins 7-8; ribs 5-6; panicle-branches scabrid 47. queriana 50 Sheaths closed for of their length, with infolded margin of 1 row of cells; veins 5-7; ribs l-3(—5); panicle-branches shortly hairy 48. capillifolia 49 Panicle ovate-oblong; upper glume usually ovate or ovate-lanceolate

51 Leaves of non-flowering shoots plicate, the cauline flat; upper glume obtuse to very shortly acuminate

52 Leaves scabrid near apex, with 13 veins; lemma c.

6-2 mm, lanceolate, rather long-acuminate

49. porcii 52 Leaves smooth, with 5—9(— 13) veins; lemma 4-2-

4-6 mm, ovate-lanceolate, shortly acuminate

50. tatrae 51 All leaves plicate; upper glume acuminate

53 Stems 30-105 cm; panicle 6-22 cm; awn not more than 1 -2 mm 55. amethystina 53 Stems 10- 55(-68) cm; panicle less than 5(-10) cm;

awn at least 1 - 5 mm

54 Stems 22-68 cm x 1 -4 mm; upper glume 5-8-6 x

1 -4-1 -7 mm, oblong-lanceolate, long-acuminate

54. norica 54 Stems 10-55 cm x 0-7-1 -2 mm; upper glume 3-4-

5 X 1 -3-2 mm, ovate-lanceolate, shortly acuminate

55 Leaves pungent; ribs 5; anthers less than half as long as palea 53. borderi 55 Leaves scarcely pungent; ribs 3; anthers more than half as long as palea

56 Stems 30-55 cm; panicle 7-9 mm, the branches glabrous or shortly hairy; awn 3-4 mm

51. peristerea 56 Stems (1O-)15-3O(-4O) cm; panicle 3 -5-6 cm, the branches long-tomentose; awn not more than

2-7 mm 52. korabensis 48 Free part of margins of sheaths not infolded; leaves without contiguous sclerenchyma-strands

57 Ligulea narrowrim, withoutamides; sclerenchymastrands 5-9; non-flowering shoots usually extravaginal

58 Sheathsnotdecayingintofibres; veins5 -7; nonflowering shoots intra- and extravaginal

59 Anthers | -i as long as palea, subglobose

64. baffinensis 59 Anthers mostly more than | as long as palea, ellipsoid

60 Basal leaves with 3 veins and 1 rib

61 Upper leaves 7- to 11-veined, flat when fresh; panicle 6-17 cm, lax 56. heterophylla 61 Leaves all similar, plicate, 3-veined; panicle 2-4

cm, dense 57. plicata 60 All leaves with more than 3 veins and with 3—5(—7)

ribs

62 Leaves with 5-7(-9) veins; upper glume ovate, rarely ovate-lanceolate, obtuse or very shortly acuminate

63 Stems not more than 22 cm; leaves acute; sheaths thick, corrugated; panicle-branches sparsely hairy; spikelets 5-6-6 mm

62. clementei 63 Stems up to 45 cm; leaves obtuse; sheaths thin, smooth; panicle-branches shortly tomentose; spikelets 6-3-8 mm 63. pieta 62 Leaves always with 5 veins; upper glume lanceolate, long-acuminate

64 Leaves usually not more than 0-4 mm in diameter, with narrow sclerenchyma-strands, that of the midrib not more than 10 cells wide

65 Panicle-branches glabrous or shortly hairy; ovary sparsely hairy, rarely glabrous

58. violacea 65 Panicle-branches densely tomentose; ovary densely hairy 59. nitida 64 Leaves up to 0-7 mm in diameter, with wider sclerenchyma-strands, that of the midrib more than 10 cells wide

66 Panicle 3-7 cm; branches glabrous or with few minute hairs; spikelets not more than 8 mm, pale violet; awn 1 -3-2-7 mm 60. iberica 66 Panicle 6-9 cm; branches hairy; spikelets (7-8-) 8-10 mm, blackish-violet; awn 2-4-7 mm 61. puccinellii 58 Sheaths usually decaying into fibres; veins 5—9(—13); non-flowering shoots extravaginal

67 Plant densely caespitose; stolons absent or very short; awn at least | as long as lemma

65. nigrescens 67 Plant ±laxly caespitose; stolons often present; awn not more than | as long as lemma

68 Sheaths not or scarcely decaying into fibres; leaves stout and rigid, acute or subacute, usually with bulliform cells

69 Leaves with 5 very stout sclerenchyma-strands and sometimes 1 very slender intermediate strand; sheaths densely puberulent 78. cretacea 69 Leaves with 3 very stout sclerenchyma-strands alternating with 4 smaller strands; sheaths glabrous or scabrid 70 Leaves 0-65-0- 85 mm wide, withoutsclerenchyma in the ribs; sheaths glabrous; panicle very lax and wide 76. rothmaleri 70 Leaves 0-5-1 -4 mm wide, with sclerenchyma in the ribs; sheaths densely pubescent; panicle rather rigid and narrow, except at anthesis 'll. nevadensis 68 Sheaths usually decaying into fibres; leaves soft or slightly rigid, obtuse or acute, with or without bulliform cells 71 Basal leaves often flat, distinctly carinate, with bulliform cells; spikelets with at least 8 florets 72 Sheathsdensely hairy; paniclevery lax; epidermal cells subequal 74. diffusa 72 Sheaths glabrous; panicle very narrow, except at anthesis; epidermal cells very unequal 75. rivularis 71 Basal leaves usually plicate, rounded or weakly carinate on back, without bulliform cells; spikelets rarely with more than 6 florets 73 Leaves junciform, acute, with 7-11 veins and usually confluent sclerenchyma-strands 74 Densely caespitose, with short stolons; ribs usually without sclerenchyma; panicle dense; leaves with 7(—9) veins 72. oelandica 74 Weakly caespitose, with long stolons; ribs with sclerenchyma; panicle very lax; leaves with 7-9(-11) veins 73. juncifolia 73 Leaves setaceous to junciform, with 5-9 veins and separate sclerenchyma-strands 75 Leaves (0-4-)0-65-l- 5 mm wide 76 Panicle usually more than 5 cm; lemma glabrous or hairy but not whitish; awn distinct 66. rubra 76 Panicle usually not more than 4-5 cm; lemma densely hairy, whitish; awn absent or very short 67. richardsonii 75 Leaves 0- 3-0-65 mm wide 77 Laxly caespitose; sheaths decaying into fibres 78 Leaves glabrous, smooth, obtuse, with 7 veins; panicle not more than 3 -5 cm, dense 68. pyrenaica 78 Leaves ± scabrid towards apex, subacute, with (4-)5 veins; panicle at least 6 cm, lax 69. trichophylla 77 Rather densely caespitose; sheaths not decaying into fibres 79 Leaves strongly scabrid, with bulliform cells; upper glume lanceolate 70. pseudotrichophylla 79 Leaves smooth, without bulliform cells; upper glume subulate 71. cyrnea 57 Ligule with auricles; sclerenchyma forming a ring or in 3 separate strands; non-flowering shoots intravaginal 80 Sheaths sometimes closed to themouth, usually decaying into fibres; leaves always smooth, the sclerenchyma usually in 3 separate strands; ligule sometimes with indistinct auricles 81 Panicle compound, the lowest branch with 3 to many spikelets 82 Sheaths not or tardily decaying into fibres, closed for not more than | of their length 83 Ligule distinct; lemma 3 -2-4-6 x 1 -4-1-6 mm; sheaths open to base 99. patzkei 83 Ligule very short; lemma 4-6 x 1 -5-2 mm; sheaths closed for of their length 84 Stems 35-50 cm; leaves with 7-9 veins, the sclerenchyma-strands in cross section laterally decurrent; spikelets 7-8(-9) mm 97. costei

84 Stems 25-40 cm; leaves with 7 veins, the sclerenchyma-strands not decurrent; spikelets 6-6-5(-8)mm 98. hervieri 82 Sheaths decaying into fibres, closed for at least | their length 85 Panicle7-17 cm, linear-oblong; spikelets5-7-8 mm; sheaths closed for % their length 93. jeanpertii 85 Panicle(3-)4-7(-9-5)cm,wider; spikelets(6 —)7—8 (-9) mm; sheaths closed for more than | their length 86 Leaves (0-3-)0-4~0-7(-0-9) mm wide; glumes and lemma subulate 94. stenantha 86 Leaves (0-35-)0-5-1 - 1 mm wide; glumes and lemma lanceolate 87 Sheaths often densely setulose, closed for at least I of their length; lemma 4-9-6-2 x 1-2-3 mm, broadly lanceolate 95. pseudodura 87 Sheaths glabrous, closed for not more than | of their length; lemma 4-5-8 x 1 -4-2-5 mm, lanceolate 96. circummediterranea 81 Panicle usually simple, the lowest branch with l-2(—3) spikelets 88 Leaves0 -5-0-8mm wide,witha ringofscleren- chyma 92. horvatiana 88 LeavesusuallyO-3 -O-6 mm wide,alwayswith3 separate strands of sclerenchyma 89 Leaves with5 -7veins 90 Sheaths closed to the mouth; awn more than | as long as lemma 84. halleri 90 Sheaths rarely closed for more than | of their length; awn f as long as lemma 91 Leaves 0-5-0-9 mm wide, with stout sclerenchyma-strands; anthers more than 2 mm 83. riloensis 91 Leaves 0-25-0-7 mm wide, with slender sclerenchyma-strands; anthers less than 2 mm 92 Spikelets 7-8 mm 82. intercedens 92 Spikelets 5-6- 5(-7) mm 93 Leaves with 3 sclerenchyma-strands; lemma 3 -6-4-9 x 1 -5-1-6 mm, lanceolate; anthers l-4-l-7mm 81. pirinica 93 Leaves with (3-)5(-7) sclerenchyma-strands; lemma 3-5-5 x 1 -5-2 mm, broadly lanceolate; anthers 0-7-1 - 3 mm 94 Stems 15-30 cm; lemma 3 -7-5- 5 mm, with awn 1 -2-2 mm; anthers 0-7-1 - 3 mm 79. brachyphylla 94 Stems 7—10(—15) cm; lemma 3-3- 5 mm, with awn 1 -1-7 mm; anthers 0-5-0-6 mm 80. hyperborea 89 Leaveswithnotmorethan5 veins 95 Leaves always with 5 veins 96 Stems 4- 7 cm; ligule with acuminate auricles; spikelets less than 6 mm 88. frigida 96 Stems 6-30 cm; ligule with rounded auricles; spikelets more than 6 mm 97 Sheaths thickened at base; awn as long as lemma 85. glacialis 97 Sheaths not thickened at base; awn as long as lemma 98 Stems 13-30 cm; leaves with 1 rib; spikelets pruinose; anthers 2- 2- 6 mm 86. rupicaprina 98 Stems up to 12 cm; leaves with 3 ribs; spikelets not pruinose; anthers 1 - 8-2-2 mm 87. bucegiensis 95 Leaves with 3-5 veins, not constantly 5 99 Leaves not more than 0-5 mm wide, with 3 veins and slender sclerenchyma-strands; lemma 3 - 6-4-2 mm; anthers less than ± as long as palea 89. alpina 99 Leaves 0-2~0-8 mm wide, with 3-5 veins; lemma 4-2-5-8 mm 100 Leaves with stout sclerenchyma-strands; spikelets 6-5-7-8 mm; anthers 2-5 mm, more than | as long as palea

90. olympica 100 Leaves with slender sclerenchyma-strands; spikelets 8-4-9-5 mm; anthers 1 -5-2 mm,

less than | as long as palea 91. vizzavonae 80 Sheaths mostly closed for not more than | their length, usually not decaying into fibres; leaves often scabrid, usually with the sclerenchyma forming a ring; ligule always with distinct auricles

101 Leaves with3 (-5) veins; ligulewith ± acute auricles

102 Leaves(O-4-)O-5-O-7mm wide,flattenedat apex; sheaths closed to mouth; ligule not more than

0- 8 mm 100. hystrix 102 Leaves (O-3-)O-4-O-55 mm wide, not flattened at apex; sheaths open to base; ligule 2 mm 101. reverchonii 101 Leaves with more than 3 veins; ligule with obtuse auricles

103 Leaves laterally compressed, with 3 sclerenchymastrands (rarely confluent into an unequally thickened ring), always scabrid

104 Sclerenchyma in a ± interrupted, unequally thickened ring

105 Leaves 0-5-1 - 1 mm wide; veins usually 7

106 Leaves smooth or nearly so; sheaths glabrous

170. duvalii 106 Leaves scabrid or hairy; at least some sheaths hairy

107 Stems 30-75 cm; sheaths closed at base only; panicle 4-5-13 cm 168. trachyphylla 107 Stems up to 22 cm; sheaths closed in lower

I; panicle 3-4 cm 169. brevipila 105 Leaves 0-4-0-6(-l-l) mm wide; veins usually 5

108 Sheaths glabrous or weakly scabrid; lemma subulate-lanceolate; awn at least | as long as lemma 165. caUieri 108 Sheaths densely tomentose; lemma ovatelanceolate to lanceolate; awn not more than I as long as lemma

109 Leaves (O-4-)O-5-O-75(-O-8) mm wide; lemma ovate-lanceolate; awn up to | as long as lemma 166. wolgensis 109 Leaves 0-55-0-98 mm wide; lemma oblonglanceolate; awn nearly | as long as lemma 167. stricta 104 Sclerenchyma in 3 separate strands

110 Stems mostly more than 30 cm

111 Leaves (0-4-)0-5-l mm wide; lemma ovatelanceolate to lanceolate 161. rupicola 111 Leaves 0-4-0- 8 mm wide; lemma subulatelanceolate to subulate

112 Leaves not pruinose; lemma 6-5- 8-4 mm, subulate 162. taurica 112 Leaves pruinose; lemma 5-6-5(-7- 8) mm, subulate-lanceolate

113 Spikelets 7-8-10-5 mm; lemma (5-3-)5-6-

6-5(-7-8) mm 163. dalmatica 113 Spikelets 6-5-8 mm; lemma 5-5-6 mm

164. pseudodalmatica 110 Stems rarely more than 30 cm

114 Leaves (0-4-)0-7-l mm wide 160. carnuntina 114 Leaves O-3-O-5(-O-7) mm wide

115 Sheaths glabrous

116 Leaves always 5-veined; lemma subulatelanceolate to subulate 159. valesiaca 116 Leaves 5- to 7-veined; lemma oblonglanceolate 158. makutrensis 115 Sheaths ± hairy

117 Leaves with 5 veins; plant usually not pruinose; lemma 2-6-3 - 9 mm

118 Spikelets (4-2-)4-7-6 mm; lemma 2-6-

3 -4 mm 155. pseudovina 118 Spikelets (6—)6- 5—8- 1 mm; lemma 3-1-

3 -9(-4-6) mm 156. illyrica 117 Leaves with 5-7 veins; plant pruinose;

lemma 4-5-2 mm

119 Stems pubescent; spikelets 6-5-7-5(-8)

mm, not pruinose; lemma 4-6-5 -2 mm

157. wagneri 119 Stems weakly scabrid above; spikelets

5-6- 5 mm, ± pruinose; lemma 4-4-5(-5)

mm 158. makutrensis 103 Leaves usually not laterally compressed, with sclerenchyma in a complete ring, smooth or scabrid

120 At least most leaves acute; panicle-branches thickened below the spikelets

121 Leavesveryshort,rigid,curled; awn as long as lemma 154. indigesta 121 Mostorall leaveslong, notveryrigid,notcurled;

awn usually more than f as long as lemma

122 Leaves usually pruinose, with 7(-9) veins; upper glume ovate, subobtuse; lemma usually densely pubescent 151. glauca 122 Leaves usually not pruinose, with 7-9 veins; upper glume lanceolate, acuminate; lemma glabrous, scabrid or cibate above

123 Stem pubescent above; lemma 4-6-5-5 mm;

awn not more than | as long as lemma

152. vasconcensis 123 Stems glabrous above; lemma 5 -5-7- 1 mm; awn i as long as lemma 153. durissima 120 Most leaves obtuse; panicle-branches not thickened below spikelets

124 Spikelets proliferating 150. vivipara 124 Spikelets not proliferating

125 Leaves 0-2-0-6(-0- 8) mm wide

126 Leaves rigid, curved; sclerenchyma-ring often thickened at base

127 Leaves with 5 veins; sheaths closed in lower i; awn Intimes as long as lemma 109. sipylea 127 Leaves with 7 veins; sheaths closed for i~ i their length

128 Leaves strongly scabrid throughout; awn more than | as long as lemma 110 lapidosa 128 Leaves smooth or scabrid towards apex;

awn not more than | as long as lemma

111. occitanica 126 Leaves not rigid, straight; sclerenchymaring not thickened at base

129 Lemma unawned, sometimes mucronate

102. tenuifolia 129 Lemma awned

130 Leaves scabrid throughout; sheaths open almost or quite to base

131 Stems 10- 15(-20) cm 105. niphobia 131 Stems (10-)20-45(-70) cm

132 Spikelets (4-)4-8-6- 3(-7- 3) mm 103. ovina 132 Spikelets (6-8-)7-7- 5(-7-9) mm

104. ophioliticola 130 Leaves usually smooth, except near apex;

sheaths closed in lower | -|

133 Leaves keeled beneath; panicle lax, the branches numerous, patent 108. eggleri 133 Leaves rounded beneath; panicle dense,

with few branches

134 Leaves scabrid, at least near apex;

lemma twice as long as wide

106. airoides 134 Leaves smooth or weakly scabrid near apex; lemma 3 times as long as wide

107. armoricana 125 Leaves (O-3-)O-5~O-85(-l- 35) mm wide 135 Sclerenchyma-ring uniform or slightly thickened at base 136 Sheathsopentobase 137 Panicle rather dense; upper glume rather abruptly acuminate 138 Pruinose; stems 12-32 cm; sheaths glabrous or puberulent; upper glume 3 -9-4-9 mm 134. oviniformis 138 Not pruinose; stems 30-57 cm; sheaths with patent hairs 2 mm; upper glume 5 -2-6-2 mm 135. hirtovaginata 137 Panicle rather lax; upper glume very gradually acuminate 139 Panicle-branches scabrid; awn not more than I as long as lemma 136. ticinensis 139 Panicle-branches densely hairy; awn at least I as long as lemma 140 Lemma 6-9-7-3 mm, shortly setulose above; awn c. | as long as lemma 137. grandiaristata 140 Lemma 5 -5-6-7 mm, with long hairs above; awn at least | as long as lemma 138. toracica 136 Sheaths usually closed below 141 Sclerenchyma-ringuniform 142 Lemma 6-2-7- 5 mm; awn at least $ as long as lemma 139. hercegovinica 142 Lemma 5-6- 5 mm; awn c. | as long as lemma 140. robustifolia 141 Sclerenchyma-ringunevenlythickenedor sclerenchyma in separate stout strands 143 Leaves angular in cross-section 144 Leaves O-3-O-6 mm wide; sheaths closed in lower awn more than | as long as lemma 141. panciciana 144 Leaves (0-5-)0-6-0-9 mm wide; sheaths closedin lower; awn not more than i as long as lemma 145 Leaves not pruinose; spikelets 8-9-4 mm; lemma 5-2-6-9 mm 142. apuanica 145 Leaves pruinose; spikelets (8-)9- 5-10 mm; lemma (5-5-)6- 5-7- 8 mm 143. koritnicensis 143 Leaves not angular in cross-section 146 Leaves circular in cross-section, rigid, slender 147 Leaves smooth; veins 7 146. polita 147 Leaves scabrid above; veins usually 5 148 Lemma 3 - 8- 4-7 mm; awn as long as lemma 144. pohleana 148 Lemma 4-9-6- 5 mm; awn about as long as lemma 145. macedonica 146 Leaves laterally compressed, soft, stout 149 Leaves with 7 veins; sheaths closed for at least I their length; spikelets 7-2-7- 3 mm 149. igoschiniae 149 Leaves with 7-9(-12) veins; sheaths closed for not more than | their length; spikelets (7-5—)8—11 mm 150 Usually pruinose; upper glume lanceolate, long-acuminate 147. curvula 150 Not pruinose; upper glume ovatelanceolate, shortly acuminate 148. pachyphylla 135 Sclerenchyma-ring uniform or slightly thickened at sides 151 Sheaths closedin at leastthe lower| 152 Leavesscabrid,at leastabove 153 Stems pubescent above; leaves scabrid throughout; lemma usually pubescent or ciliate 133. degenii 153 Stems smooth or weakly scabrid above;

leaves ±scabrid above; lemma scabrid

above

154 Leaves with 1 rib, often with 2 indistinct

lateral ribs; panicle dense; awn 1 - 6-

1 -7 mm 131. brigantina

154 Leaves with 3 distinct ribs; panicle lax;

awn up to 0- 7 mm 132. valentina

152 Leaves smooth

155 Stems(5-)12- 35(-44)cm; non-flowering

shoots with numerous leaves

156 Stems (5-)12-25(-44) cm; ribs 1 (—3);

sheaths closed in the lower 127. huonii

156 Stems 20-35 cm; ribs 3; sheaths closed

in the lower | 128. gracilior

155 Stems (20-)35-60 cm; non-flowering

shoots with very few leaves

157 Stems smooth; upper glume 3 - 6-4-6 mm

129. liviensis

157 Stems mostly pubescent above; upper

glume 4-5-5 mm 130. ochroleuca

151 Sheaths open for most of their length

158 Leaves scabrid, rarely pruinose

159 Leavesofthesamenon-floweringshoot

differing greatly in width (0-45- 1-35

mm); spikelets (7-)7-5-8-l (-9- 5) mm

112. heteropachys

159 Leavesofthesamenon-floweringshoot

uniform in width (0-6-0-85 mm); spike­

lets 5-5-7-5 mm

160 Leaves 0-6-0- 7(-0-85) mm wide; rib

l (-3);veins 7 113. guestfalica

160 Leaves (0-43-)0-62-0-79(-l- 14) mm

wide; ribs (1—)2—3; veins (5—)7(—9)

114. lemanii

158 Leaves smooth or scabrid above, always

pruinose

161 Leavessmooth

162 Veins 9-13; sheaths usually pubescent

163 Spikelets 4-3-6-5 mm; lemma ovate,

rounded at apex; awn absent or very

short 118. vaginata

163 Spikelets 6-2-8 mm; lemma oblong-

ovate or acuminate, shortly awned

119. psammophila

162 Veins 7(—9); sheaths usually glabrous

164 Spikelets (6-4-)7-2-8 - 5(-9-4) mm; awn

as long as lemma 115. arvemensis

164 Spikelets 5-5-7-7 mm; awn not more

than i as long as lemma

165 Ligule glabrous; sheaths open to base;

upper glume ovate-lanceolate; awn

as long as lemma 116. longifolia

165 Ligule pubescent; sheaths closed in

lower |- 1; upper glume lanceolate;

awn usually absent 117. inops

161 Leavesusuallyscabridabove

166 Lemma 5 -2-5 - 8 mm; spikelets with 5-9

florets 120. pannonica

166 Lemma 2-5-5 -4 mm; spikelets with 3-6

(-7) florets

167 Leaves obtuse, not deciduous; sheaths

glabrous; stems glabrous or scabrid

above

168 Stems 18-35 cm; sheaths closed in the

lower | - i; awn not more than | as

long as lemma 125. cinerea

168 Stems 30-40 cm; sheaths open to base;

awn often at least | as long as

lemma 126. pallens

167 Leaves acuminate, deciduous; sheaths

often pubescent; stems pubescent

169 Spikelets (5-)6-5-7-5(-8) mm; awn

usually more than 1 mm 170 Leaves ± pungent; sclerenchyma forming an even ring; ribs 5—7(—9); upper glume 2-9-4-4 mm 122. poleska 170 Leaves not pungent; sclerenchyma forming an interrupted or uneven ring; ribs 3(-5); upper glume 4—4 -8 mm 123. javorkae 169 Spikelets (4-5-)5-5-7 mm; awn usually

less than 1 mm

171 Leaves with 7-9 veins; sclerenchyma- ring of even thickness 121. beckeri 171 Leaves with 7—11(— 13) veins; scler- enchyma-ring often thickened

basally 124. arenicola

(A) Stem-base usually tuberous. Ovary with rigid hairs.