Selenocopris Burmeister

Nunes, Rafael V. & Vaz-De-Mello, Fernando Z., 2016, New brachypterous species of Dichotomius (Selenocopris) Burmeister (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) with the definition of species groups and taxonomic notes in the subgenus, Zootaxa 4139 (1) : -

Key for species groups and brachypterous species of Selenocopris Burmeister

The following key allows the identification of the Selenocopris species groups and the brachypterous species of the subgenus, now assigned to the quadraticeps species group. When not specified, the characters fit both for males and females. Females differ from males by always having the 6th abdominal sternite not shortened medially (usually three times wider than the 5th sternite) and/or having modifications on the median portion of it or at the apex of pygidium ( Figs. 1 A, 1H–L).

1 Clypeo-genal junction border rounded, lacking angulation ( Fig. 1 F) and/or clypeal teeth separated from adjacent clypeal bor- der by external emarginations ( Fig. 1 F). Female pygidium swollen, apex excavated in some species ( Figs. 2 B–C) and/or female 6th abdominal sternite bearing a rounded central lobe advancing above pygidium apex. ( Fig. 1 I). South portion of Atlantic Forest ( Brazil, Paraguay, Argentina) and gallery forests at Central Brazil and South America Chaco ................................................................................................. bicuspis species group

- Clypeo-genal junction border not rounded, forming at least an obtuse angle, which may be very obtuse on smaller males and females ( Fig. 1 G), clypeal teeth never separated from adjacent clypeal border by external emarginations ( Fig. 1 G). Female pygidium normally convex, apex never excavated; female 6th abdominal sternite either 3x wider than other segments ( Fig. 1 L) or having other modifications at the median portion (emarginations, grooves, projecions or tubercles) ( Figs. 1 H, 1K). Forest habitats in South America............................................................................... 2

2 Male 6th abdominal ventrite with strong transverse groove all along its extension ( Fig. 1 J). Female 6th abdominal ventrite with a "U" shape emargination at medial portion ( Fig. 1 K). Apex of male paramera curved inward (dorsal and ventral view) lacking rounded or circular excavations near basis (dorsal view). Pronotum simply convex, having at most a pair of tubercles at anterior portion......................................................................... ascanius species group

- Male 6th abdominal segment lacking strong transverse groove all over its extension. Female 6th abdominal sternite with tubercles or other modifications at medial portion ( Figs. 1 A,H,L). Male paramera curved inward or outward (dorsal and ventral view) and/or truncated at apex and having rounded or circular excavations near basis (dorsal view) ( Fig. 3 C–D). Pronotum simply convex or having excavations, tubercles, lobes or strong declivity at anterior portion......................... 3

3 Male clypeo-genal junction border either in straight sub-straight or even acute angle, in some cases expanded ( Fig. 1 G). Genal border usually curved inward and clypeal teeth always curved upward. Female 6th abdominal sternite or 3x larger then 5th segment medially or having a central pair of tubercles ( Figs. 1 A, 1L)...... quadraticeps species group (continues on couplet 5)

- Male clypeo-genal junction border always obtuse and never expanded. Genal border straight and clypeal teeth curved upward or not. Female 6th abdominal sternite with a pair of triangular projections advancing beneath pygidial apex ( Fig. 1 H)..... 4

4 Body almost always over 15 mm in length. Elytral striae and its punctures shallowly and weakly impressed ( Fig. 1 D). Elytral interstriae flat, with either silky aspect given by its microsculpture (chagrination) and/or bearing brown or blue reflections. Male paramera bearing longitudinal excavations (dorsal and ventral view) (as those on Fig. 3 C–D)...... fissus species group

- Body almost always under 15 mm in length. Elytral striae and its punctures deeply impressed ( Fig. 1 E). Elytral interstriae shinny, not bearing microsculpture (chagrination), sometimes with color reflections. Male paramera lacking longitudinal excavations.......................................................................... spadiceus species group

5 Brachypterous species (atrophied hind wings) ( Fig. 2 E): lacking humeral callus; pronotum wider than elytra (dorsal view); elytra strongly convex (lateral view) ( Fig. 1 B).............................................................. 6

- Macropterous species (fully developed hind wings) ( Fig. 2 E): having humeral callus; pronotum with the same width as elytra (dorsal view); elytra normally convex (lateral view).............................. macropterous species not dealt here

6 Pygidium bearing ocellate punctures near anterior margin (basis) ( Fig. 2 D). Chapada dos Guimarães, Mato Grosso state, Brazil........................................................... Dichotomius (S.) ingens (Luederwaldt 1935) ( Fig. 3 )

- Pygidium lacking ocellate punctures ( Fig. 2 C), at most having very fine punctures (20x)............................. 7

7 Posterior portion of pronotal disc bearing ocellate punctures ( Figs. 6 A–B). Elytral striae widened, lacking distinct punctures ( Figs. 6 A–B, E). Chapada dos Parecis at Mato Grosso state, Brazil................ Dichotomius (S.) paresi n.sp. ( Fig. 6 )

- Pronotal disc lacking ocellate punctures, those being sometimes restricted to posterior margin, anterior angles and/or to the anterior excavation. Elytral striae narrow and always bearing distinct punctures all over its extension ( Fig. 1 E).......... 8

8 Cephalic carina surface wrinkled (striated) ( Figs. 4 A–B, E). Anterior excavation of pronotum bearing coarse punctures ( Fig. 4 F). Chapadão do Céu, Goiás state, Brazil.............................................. Dichotomius (S.) darwini

- Cephalic carina lacking striation. Anterior excavation of pronotum bearing at most fine punctures (20 x) (as on Fig. 7 E)... 9

9 Clypeo-frontal horn carinate, strongly transverse, widely emarginated at the apex and producing two tubercles at each apex ( Fig. 7 A). On smaller individuals, cephalic horn not producing lateral tubercles but still with a conspicuous emargination at apex. Smaller species (maximum body length: 19.5 mm; maximum pronotum width: 13 mm). Descalvado Municipality, São Paulo state, Brazil..................................................... Dichotomius (S.) periotoi n. sp. ( Fig. 7 )

- Clypeo-frontal horn carinate but not strongly transverse, lacking emargination and tubercles at the apex ( Fig. 5 A). Females and smaller individuals unknown. Larger species (maximum body length: 25 mm; maximum pronotum width: 14 mm). Serra da Canastra, Southwest of Minas Gerais state, Brazil.............................. Dichotomius (S.) manni n. sp. ( Fig. 5 )

Figures

FIGURE 1. (A) Ventral habitus of a female of Dichotomius (Selenocopris) periotoi n. sp. The white arrow at the head indicates the position of the ventral clypeal process and the white at the abdomen indicates the modification at the medial portion of the 6 th sternite; (B) lateral view of the same specimen. The white arrow indicating the position of the mesepisternum.; (C) detail of the mesepisternum of the same specimen. The white arrow indicates the posterior portion of the upper margin of the mesepisternum ending in an acute angle, which is typical of Selenocopris; (D) elytral striae and interstriae of D. (S.) fissus (Gillet); (E) elytral striae and interstriae of D. (S.) fissiceps (Felsche) (quadraticeps group); (F) head and clypeal teeth of D. (S.) bicuspis (Germar); (G) head and clypeal teeth of D. (S.) fissiceps (quadraticeps group); (H) 6 th abdominal sternite of the female of D. (S.) spadiceus (Luederwaldt); (I) 6 th abdominal sternite of the female of D. (S.) punctulatipennis (Luederwaldt) (bicuspis group); (J) 6 th abdominal sternite of the male of D. (S.) ascanius (Harold); (K) 6 th abdominal sternite of the female of D. (S.) ascanius (Luederwaldt); (L) 6 th abdominal sternite of the female of D. (S.) quadraticeps (Felsche).

FIGURE 2. (A) Pygidium of D. (S.) punctulatipennis (bicuspis group). The white arrow indicates the excavation at the pygidium apex; (B) swollen pygidium of D. (S.) bicuspis; (C) pygidium of D. (S.) periotoi; (D) pygidium of D. (S.) ingens. The white arrow indicates the ocellate punctures near the basis of the pygidium; (E) macropterous hind wing of D. (S.) fissceps and brachypterous hind wing of D. (S.) ingens. The black arrows in the macropterous wing (larger one) indicates the anal and cubital vein. This wing is damaged at two points, one along the coastal vein and other on the posterior portion. Scale bar = 5 mm.

FIGURE 3. Dichotomius (Selenocopris) ingens (Luederwaldt): (A) male dorsal habitus; (B) female dorsal habitus; (C) dorsal view of male paramera; (D) lateral view of male paramera; (E) holotype labels (NHML). Scale bar = 5 mm.

FIGURE 4. Paratypes of Dichotomius (Selenocopris) darwini n. sp.: (A) male dorsal habitus; (B) female dorsal habitus; (C) dorsal view of male paramera; (D) lateral view of male paramera; (E) detail of male cephalic carina with striation; (F) detail of the anterior pronotal excavation with ocellate punctures. Scale bar = 5 mm.

FIGURE 5. Holotype of Dichotomius (Selenocopris) manni n. sp.: (A) male dorsal habitus; (B) male paramera.

FIGURE 6. Paratypes of Dichotomius (Selenocopris) paresi n. sp.: (A) male dorsal habitus; (B) female dorsal habitus (black arrows indicate the ocellate punctures at the posterior portion of the pronotal disc); (C) dorsal view of male paramera; (D) lateral view of male paramera; (E) detail of elytra, white arrow indicating the elytral striae widened near the basis. Scale bar = 5 mm.

FIGURE 7. Dichotomius (Selenocopris) periotoi n. sp.: (A) male dorsal habitus; (B) female dorsal habitus; (C) dorsal view of male paramera; (D) lateral view of male paramera; (E) detail of the fine punctures of the anterior pronotal excavation. Scale bar = 5 mm.