Amauropelta

Smith, Alan R. & Kessler, Michael, 2017, Prodromus of a fern flora for Bolivia. XXX. Thelypteridaceae, Phytotaxa 331 (1), pp. 1-34 : 3-6

Key to the Bolivian species of Amauropelta

1 Most hairs on costae and rachises abaxially clustered, appearing forked or stellate at their bases (lacking a common stalk). ....... 2

– Hairs evenly spaced or absent. ......................................................................................................................................................... 7

2 Aerophores at pinna bases scale-like (flattened), 2–8 mm long, often also at pinnule bases, to 1.5 mm long ................................ 3

– Aerophores at pinna bases absent or peglike (not flattened), <2 mm long, lacking at pinnule bases .............................................. 4

3 Blade surfaces abaxially, between veins, lacking resinous glands, but usually with erect hairs 0.05–0.2 mm long (especially visible below sinuses) ............................................................................................................................................................... A. canadasii

– Blade surfaces abaxially, between veins, with usually numerous yellowish to red, sessile, resinous glands, usually lacking erect hairs ............................................................................................................................................................................... A. thomsonii

4 Costal scales dark brown .......................................................................................................................................... A. phacelothrix

– Costal scales absent or whitish to tan ............................................................................................................................................... 5

5 Hairs clustered in groups of mostly 3–7, few simple hairs present; segments set roughly at right angles to the costae. A. fasciola

– Hairs clustered in groups of mostly 2–3, many simple hairs present; segments at 60–70° to the costae ........................................ 6

6 Blade surfaces abaxially between veins with orange to red (sometimes black in dried specimens) glands; vein pairs 8–18 per segment ......................................................................................................................................................................... A. achalensis

– Blade surfaces abaxially between veins lacking glands; vein pairs 4–6 per segment ............................................... A. chaparensis

7 Blades abaxially with hooked (hamate) hairs between veins and/or on axes (straight hairs also often present); blade surfaces adaxially between veins with numerous appressed hairs 0.1–0.2 mm long ..................................................................................... 8

– Blades abaxially with straight hairs or glabrous; blade surfaces adaxially between veins glabrous or pubescent, hairs appressed or spreading ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 20

8 Pinnae entire or nearly so, the largest 0.5–1.5 cm long; buds present in axils of distal pinnae ......................................... A. pusilla

– Pinnae shallowly lobed to pinnatifid, largest ones> 1.5 cm long; buds mostly absent .................................................................... 9

9 Costae abaxially with spreading or ascending, castaneous or blackish scales ............................................................................... 10

– Costae abaxially lacking persistent scales, if scales present then these appressed, dull, light tan ................................................. 12

10 Indusia large; aerophores lacking ...................................................................................................................................... A. funckii

– Indusia absent; tuberculiform or peglike aerophores to 1 mm long abaxially at pinna bases ........................................................ 11

11 Rachises abaxially with numerous, persistent, lustrous scales 3–5 mm long; reduced proximal pinnae 3–5 pairs, the lowermost not glanduliform, 5–10 mm long ............................................................................................................................................. A. leoniae

– Rachises abaxially lacking persistent scales, or if scales present then sparse, not spreading; reduced proximal pinnae>5 pairs, the lowermost glanduliform, 1–2 mm long ................................................................................................................................. A. rudis

12 Sori round, indusiate (the indusia may be partly hidden in mature sori) ....................................................................................... 13

– Sori round to oblong or elongate, exindusiate ................................................................................................................................ 15

13 Costae, veins, and blade surfaces abaxially with numerous, short-stipitate (0.05–0.1 mm long) glands; indusia glandular ............. ................................................................................................................................................................................ A. ptarmiciformis

– Costae, veins, and blade surfaces abaxially without scales, or glands sparse; indusia setose ........................................................ 14

14 Blades proximally abruptly reduced with 3–6 reduced pinna pairs; rhizomes ascending to erect; in a variety of habitats, but not in swamps or marshes ...................................................................................................................................................... A. oligocarpa

– Blades proximally gradually reduced with 6–10 reduced pinna pairs; rhizomes creeping; in swamps and marshes ......................... ................................................................................................................................................................................... A. rivularioides

15 Pinnae <3(5) cm long; fronds lacking buds .................................................................................................................................... 16

– Pinnae> 5 cm long; fronds lacking buds or buds present in axils of distal pinnae ......................................................................... 18

16 Rachis and costae hairs, adaxially, mostly 1–2 mm long, often septate, straight and stiff; sori round ......................... A. argentina

– Rachis and costal hairs, adaxially, mostly <1 mm long, usually 1-celled, sometimes flexuous; sori round or elongate ............... 17

17 Sori round; reduced proximal pinnae 5–10 pairs, the smallest often <1/10 the length of the longest pinnae ................. A. andicola

– Sori oblong or elongate along the veins; reduced proximal pinnae 1–2 pairs, these 1/3–1/2 the length of the longest pinnae .......... ...................................................................................................................................................................................... A. aspidioides

18 Sori elongate 1.5–3 mm along veins; one or more bud(s) present in axil(s) of distal pinnae ......................................... A. linkiana

– Sori round; buds present or absent ................................................................................................................................................. 19

19 Sporangia setose; buds lacking .................................................................................................................................... A. longipilosa

– Sporangia glabrous; buds often present in axils of distal pinnae .................................................................................. A. yungensis

20 Indusia absent ................................................................................................................................................................................. 21

– Indusia present ................................................................................................................................................................................ 39

21 Sporangial capsules minutely setulose, with hairs less than 0.1 mm long ..................................................................................... 22

– Sporangia glabrous ......................................................................................................................................................................... 23

22 Costal hairs mostly 0.1–0.5 mm long; costae abaxially with scattered linear-lanceolate scales; receptacular hairs 0.1–0.5 mm long ................................................................................................................................................................................. A. comptula

– Costal hairs 0.1 mm or less; costae abaxially without scales; receptacular hairs absent or <0.1 mm long ................... A. concinna

23 Scales lacking on costae abaxially ................................................................................................................................................. 24

– Scales present on costae abaxially (may be sparse) ....................................................................................................................... 30

24 Aerophores at pinna bases peglike ................................................................................................................................................. 25

– Aerophores at pinna bases lacking or tuberculiform ...................................................................................................................... 26

25 Reduced proximal pinnae 2–4 pairs; petioles and rachises reddish to stramineous; costae abaxially with few hairs ........................ ................................................................................................................................................................................... A. lumbricoides

– Reduced proximal pinnae 4–6 pairs; petioles and often rachises atropurpureous; costae abaxially moderately densely hairy ......... ....................................................................................................................................................................................... A. pavoniana

26 Sori elongate .................................................................................................................................................................... A. fayorum

– Sori round ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 27

27 Costae moderately pubescent abaxially .......................................................................................................................................... 28

– Costae glabrous abaxially, or nearly so .......................................................................................................................................... 29

28 Blades abaxially between veins glabrous or nearly so; petioles 5–10 cm long; proximal ca. 3 pairs of pinnae subabruptly reduced, the lowermost 1–3 mm long; pinnae 0.8–1 cm wide ........................................................................................................ A. demissa

– Blades abaxially between veins with moderately dense hairs; petioles 1.5–4.5 cm long; proximal 3–5 pairs of pinnae subabruptly reduced, the lowermost glanduliform; pinnae 0.5–0.8 cm wide ............................................................................... A. madidiensis

29 Rhizomes erect, sheathed by the tightly clustered petiole bases; petiole scales brown, slightly shiny, broadly lanceolate ............... ............................................................................................................................................................................................ A. deflexa

– Rhizomes creeping, petioles not tightly clustered; petiole scales pale brown, dull, ovate .............................................. A. nubicola

30 Fertile blades subacrostichoid, sporangia at maturity nearly covering the abaxial lamina .............................. A. subacrostichoides

– Fertile blades with discrete sori at maturity, not covering the abaxial lamina ............................................................................... 31

31 Costal hairs spreading, pluricellular, often> 1 mm long; costal scales stramineous to tan, not clathrate, with lateral walls not easily seen ...................................................................................................................................................................................... A. nitens

– Costal hairs lacking or spreading to antrorse, unicellular, 0.1 mm to occasionally> 1 mm long; costal scales brown or darker, often clathrate or subclathrate .................................................................................................................................................................. 32

32 Costae and rachises abaxially lacking hairs ................................................................................................................... A. euchlora

– Costae and rachises abaxially with at least a few hairs .................................................................................................................. 33

33 Pinnae strongly inequilateral, with basal basiscopic segments 1/3–1/10 the length of the opposite acroscopic segments ................ .............................................................................................................................................................................. A. inaequilateralis

– Pinnae equilateral or almost so ....................................................................................................................................................... 34

34 Blades relatively small, pinnae mostly <5 × 1.5 cm; reduced basal pinnae 1–3(4) pairs ........................................... A. caucaensis

– Blades usually large, pinnae>(5)10 × 1.5 cm; reduced basal pinna>3 pairs (look for glanduliform pinnae at the blade bases)... 35

35 Costal scales decidedly clathrate, the lateral walls black and the lumina clear; costules and veins adaxially with stout hispid hairs 1 mm long or more ................................................................................................................................................... A. corazonensis

– Costal scales weakly clathrate or uniformly colored; costules and veins adaxially glabrous or with short hairs <0.5 mm long .. 36

36 Costae abaxially with moderately dense to dense hairs 0.2–1 mm long; laminae adaxially glabrescent or with hairs on veins and often on tissue between veins ......................................................................................................................................................... 37

– Costae abaxially with scattered, relatively few hairs 0.5–1 mm long; veins and tissue between veins adaxially lacking hairs .... 38

37 Costae abaxially with spreading hairs; blade surfaces abaxially between veins glabrous or with sparse straight hairs ..................... .................................................................................................................................................................................. A. pilosohispida

– Costae abaxially with antrorse hairs; blade surfaces abaxially between veins with a few hooked hairs below sinuses ....... A. rudis

38 Petiole bases with abundant, lanceolate, acuminate scales; rhizomes usually erect; pinna segments acuminate; pinnae usually alternate ............................................................................................................................................................................. A. brausei

– Petiole bases with no to very few, ovate, obtuse scales; rhizomes creeping; pinna segments obtuse; pinnae (sub)opposite ............. ..................................................................................................................................................................................... A. tamandarei

39 Blades abaxially between veins with sessile, reddish, orangish, or yellowish resinous, hemispherical glands, these often also on the indusia ............................................................................................................................................................................................. 40

– Blades abaxially lacking sessile glands between the veins, or with short-stipitate, light yellowish glands .................................. 49

40 Sori elliptic to linear with elongate indusia fixed laterally to the sori ........................................................................... A. decurtata

– Sori round to oblong with reniform to peltate indusia ................................................................................................................... 41

41 Sori supramedial to inframarginal, partially covered by the strongly inrolled segment margins; veins abaxially sunken and often darkened in dried specimens; young croziers mucilaginous; aerophores peglike or scalelike ............................. A. cheilanthoides

– Sori medial to supramedial, not hidden by the segment margins; veins abaxially flush or slightly raised; young croziers usually not mucilaginous; aerophores absent or peglike ................................................................................................................................... 42

42 Costae abaxially with amorphous, mostly appressed scales; indusia ca. 1 mm in diameter ................................... A. pachyrhachis

– Costae abaxially lacking scales; indusia to 0.7 mm in diameter .................................................................................................... 43

43 Sinus bases U-shaped; aerophores 0.5–2 mm long; indusia greatly reduced, bearing long hairs ................................ A. achalensis

– Sinus bases V-shaped; aerophores lacking or <0.5 mm long; indusia 0.4–0.7 mm in diameter, glabrous, with glands or with a few, short hairs ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 44

44 Pinnae inequilateral, basiscopically reduced; pinnae ascending, oblique to the rachises .............................................................. 45

– Pinnae equilateral or nearly so; pinnae placed at roughly a right angle to the rachises ................................................................. 47

45 Reduced proximal pinnae to 12 pairs per frond; petioles <1/10 of leaf length; <1000 m ............................................. A. resinifera

– Reduced proximal pinnae usually 0–4 pairs per frond; petioles 1/3–1/5 of leaf length; 1000–3000 m ......................................... 46

46 Reduced proximal pinnae mostly 2–4 pairs; blades with short hairs 0.1 mm along costae and rachises abaxially .......... A. cinerea

– Reduced proximal pinnae 0–1 pair; blades totally glabrous abaxially ...................................................................... A. steyermarkii

47 Petioles and rachises with 3- to 10-celled hairs, 0.5–2.5 mm long, these especially dense on the petiole bases of young leaves; veins 7–12 pairs per segment ......................................................................................................................................... A. amphioxypteris

– Petioles and rachises glabrous to densely covered with 1- or 2-celled hairs 0.2–0.5 mm long; veins 3–8 or 10–16 pairs per segment ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 48

48 Segments linear-oblong; segment margins slightly revolute to planar; texture chartaceous; aerophores tuberculiform or peglike; hairs of abaxial costae sometimes septate; veins 10–16 pairs per segment ...................................................................... A. balbisii

– Segments short-oblong to deltate; segment margins strongly revolute; texture chartaceous to subcoriaceous; aerophores absent or weakly developed; hairs of abaxial costae unicellular; veins 3–8 pairs per segment ..................................................... A. opposita

49 Aerophores peglike or scalelike at pinna bases .............................................................................................................................. 50

– Aerophores lacking, or obscure and only slightly swollen ............................................................................................................. 52

50 Indusia hairy ..................................................................................................................................................................... A. pelludia

– Indusia lacking hairs or nearly so, or glandular ............................................................................................................................. 51

51 Segment margins strongly inrolled and partially covering the sori ....................................................................... A. cheilanthoides

– Segments margins not inrolled nor covering the sori .............................................................................................. A. pachyrhachis

52 Hairs lacking abaxially on blades ................................................................................................................................................... 53

– Hairs present on rachises, costae, veins, and/or blade surfaces abaxially ...................................................................................... 54

53 Blades with 1 or 2 pairs of reduced proximal pinnae, and only 1 greatly reduced pair; rhizome scales tan, ovate, appressed, glabrous; pinnae strictly opposite ......................................................................................................................................... A. exuta

– Blades with up to 7 pairs of gradually reduced pinnae proximally; rhizome scales dark brown, shiny, lanceate, with short hairs ca. 0.1–0.2 mm on surfaces and margins; pinnae subopposite to alternate ........................................................................ A. lanceolata

54 Rachises and costae glabrous or nearly so abaxially; indusia glabrous or nearly so ..................................................................... 55

– Rachises and costae moderately to densely pubescent abaxially; indusia usually with at least a few hairs; costules, veins, and laminae adaxially with at least a few hairs ..................................................................................................................................... 56

55 Costules, veins, and laminae adaxially pubescent, hairs between veins appressed, ca. 0.2 mm long ............................ A. boliviana

– Costules, veins, and laminae adaxially glabrous ........................................................................................................ A. glabrescens

56 Petioles atropurpureous to dark brown, shining, lacking hairs ...................................................................................................... 57

– Petioles stramineous to dull brownish, often with hairs ................................................................................................................. 58

57 Indusia 0.2–0.3 mm in diameter, with dense hairs 0.1 mm long; rhizome scales lanceolate, tan, 2–4 × 1–2 mm; blade surfaces abaxially between veins densely hairy ................................................................................................................................. A. furva

– Indusia 0.4–0.6 mm in diameter, with small glands along margins; rhizome scales ovate, brown, 3–5 × 2–3 mm; blade surfaces abaxially between veins glabrous or nearly so ............................................................................................................ A. nephelium

58 Indusia with sparse to dense, silky hairs to ca. 1 mm long .............................................................................. A. glandulosolanosa

– Indusia without hairs, minutely stipitate-glandular to 0.05 mm, or with stiff, sparse hairs to 0.4 mm long .................................. 59

59 Costal hairs mostly (0.3–) 0.5–1.5 mm long; indusia stipitate-glandular on margins, otherwise glabrous; petiole bases with at least a few persistent, spreading, lanceolate scales ................................................................................................................................. 60

– Costal hairs mostly 0.1–0.3(–0.5) mm long; indusia eglandular, short-pubescent; petiole bases lacking scales or with a few ovate-lanceolate scales ............................................................................................................................................................................. 61

60 Fronds small, 10–20 cm long; blades with fewer than ca. 15 pinna pairs; pinnae inequilateral, segments on basiscopic side of pinnae short and more oblique with respect to costae than acroscopic segments ............................................................ A. minima

– Fronds larger, 30–60 cm long or longer; blades with more than 20 pinna pairs; pinnae equilateral ............................... A. pilosula

61 Proximal reduced pinnae 7–14 pairs; rhizome scales glabrous .............................................................................................. A. rufa

– Proximal reduced pinnae 2–6 pairs; rhizome scales hairy or glabrous .......................................................................................... 62

62 Rhizome scales glabrous, 0.5–1 × 0.2–0.4 mm; leaves 12–25 cm long .......................................................................... A. rosulata

– Rhizome scales hairy, 1.5–5 × 0.7–1.2 mm; leaves 20–50 cm long ............................................................................................... 63

63 Rhizome scales 1.5–2.5 mm long; blade surfaces adaxially between veins with dense short-appressed hairs; indusia with hairs 0.1–0.2 mm long .............................................................................................................................................................. A. aymarae

– Rhizome scales 4–5 mm long; blade surfaces adaxially between veins glabrous; indusia glabrous or minutely stipitate-glandular to 0.05 mm ............................................................................................................................................................................ A. minima