flowering

Araújo, Diogo & Alves, Marccus, 2010, Climbing plants of a fragmented area of lowland Atlantic Forest, Igarassu, Pernambuco (northeastern Brazil), Phytotaxa 8, pp. 1-24 : 5-12

Key to the identification of the climbing plants of Igarassu based on flowering material

Note that for species of the Sapindaceae flowering plant family, fruiting characters are included as these are essential for identification to species.

1. Tendrils present, but not associated with the inflorescence.......................................................................................... 2

1. Tendrils not present, or where present unbranched .................................................................................................... 34

2. Leaves opposite............................................................................................................................................................. 3

2. Leaves alternate ............................................................................................................................................................ 6

3. Leaves simple ................................................................................................................................ Strychnos parviflora

3. Leaves compound. ........................................................................................................................................................ 4

4. Branches of the inflorescence flattened in cross-section, the calyx spathe-like… .............. Phryganocydia corymbosa

4. Branches of the inflorescence circular in cross-section, the calyx campanulate .......................................................... 5

5. Glands of the calyx 5, discoid, present on the calyx outer surface ( Fig. 2A ); corolla yellow, anthers glabrous............ ........................................................................................................................................... Adenocalymma hypostictum

5. Glands absent from the outer surface of the calyx; corolla red to pink, anthers hairy .......................... Lundia cordata

6. Leaves simple or 1-foliolate compound........................................................................................................................ 7

6. Leaves compound and with more than one leaflet ..................................................................................................... 26

7. Flowers zygomorphic ................................................................................................................................................... 8

7. Flowers actinomorphic ................................................................................................................................................. 9

8. Basal third of the leaflet connate; bracts reniform; petal outer surface completely hairy ............... Phanera outimouta

8. Basal two-thirds of the leaflets connate; bracts linear-lanceolate; petals outer surface hairy only along the midvein .. ..................................................................................................................................................... Phanera trichosepala

9. Tendrils opposite the leaves ( Fig. 3A ) ............................................................................................... Cissus verticillata

9. Tendrils axillary to the leaves, either in the leaf sheath (appearing emergent from the petiole) or at the base of the inflorescence ( Fig. 3B, C, D, F, G ) ............................................................................................................................. 10

10. Tendrils 2, at the apex of the leaf sheath (appearing emergent from the petiole, Fig. 3G ) ................ Smilax syphilitica

10. Tendril 1, in the leaf’s axils or borne at an acute angle to the petiole ( Fig. 3D ) ........................................................ 11

11. Flowers unisexual ....................................................................................................................................................... 12

11. Flowers bisexual ......................................................................................................................................................... 17

12. Calyx urceolate ( Fig. 2B ); stamens 2.......................................................................................................................... 13

12. Calyx infundibuliform or campanulate ( Fig. 2C ); stamens 3 ..................................................................................... 15

13. Leaves 5-lobate; anthers straight ....................................................................................................... Psiguria umbrosa

13. Leaves 1–3-lobate; anthers twice-folded from the base ............................................................................................. 14

14. Lobes of the calyx longer than the lobes of the corolla ................................................................... Gurania acuminata

14. Lobes of the calyx shorter than the lobes of the corolla ................................................................... Gurania spinulosa

15. Flowers solitary ............................................................................................................................ Momordica charantia

15. Flowers borne in clusters (racemes) ........................................................................................................................... 16

16. Adaxial surface of the leaves with stiff recurved hairs; flowers grouped in lax, larger than 2cm long racemes, bearing more than 3 flowers ............................................................................................................................ Cayaponia tayuya

16. Leaves glabrous; flowers grouped in congested, up to 2cm, racemes bearing less than 3 flowers ( Fig. 2D ) ................ ..................................................................................................................................................... Melothria fluminensis

17. Ovary inferior ....................................................................................................................................... Gouania virgata

17. Ovary superior ............................................................................................................................................................ 18

18. Plant hairy; petals absent ................................................................................................................ Passiflora suberosa

18. Plant glabrous; petals 5 ............................................................................................................................................... 19

19. Leaves entire ............................................................................................................................................................... 20

19. Leaves lobate .............................................................................................................................................................. 22

20. Flowers grouped in racemes; styles 4 .................................................................................................. Passiflora ovalis

20. Flowers solitary or in pairs; styles 3 ........................................................................................................................... 21

21. Stem 4-angulate; petiole with 2–6 sessile glands ................................................................................. Passiflora alata

21. Stem cylindrical; petiole with 2 stalked glands ............................................................................... Passiflora galbana

22. Stems 2-angulate; leaves bearing 8–12 circular glands on the adaxial surface .................................. Passiflora misera

22. Stems not angulate; leaves eglandular ........................................................................................................................ 23

23. Leaves 5-lobate ............................................................................................................................. Passiflora cincinnata

23. Leaves 3-lobate ........................................................................................................................................................... 24

24. Petiole with 2 sessile glands ................................................................................................................ Passiflora edulis

24. Petiole with 2–6 stalked glands .................................................................................................................................. 25

25. Apex of the leaves and stipules mucronate; bracts lanceolate, green… ..................................... Passiflora watsoniana

25. Apex of the leaves and stipules truncate; bracts obovate, pink ..................................................... Passiflora edmundoi

26. Tendrils opposite to the leaves ( Fig. 3A ) .................................................................................................... Cissus erosa

26. Tendrils in the axils of the leaves or at the base of the inflorescence ( Fig. 3B, C, D, F, G )....................................... 27

27. Flowers actinomorphic ............................................................................................................................................... 28

27. Flowers zygomorphic ................................................................................................................................................. 29

28. Calyx narrow in its length, geen, glabrous ........................................................................................ Psiguria triphylla

28. Calyx wide at basis with narrowed entering, orange, hairy .......................................................... Gurania bignoniacea

29. Fruit divided into three samaras.................................................................................................................................. 30

29. Fruit a simple capsule ................................................................................................................................................. 31

30. Sepals with velvety margin ( Fig. 2G ) ....................................................................................... Serjania subimpunctata

30. Sepals entirely glabrescent or glabrous ( Fig. 2H ) ........................................................................ Serjania salzmaniana

31. Fruit without wings ............................................................................................................................. Paullinia pinnata

31. Fruit with wings.......................................................................................................................................................... 32

32. Fruit with one wing ................................................................................................................... Machaerium aculeatum

32. Fruit with three wings ................................................................................................................................................. 33

33. Leaf margin entire; wings of the fruit obovate, apiculate ( Fig. 2E ) ................................................ Paullinia racemosa

33. Leaf margin dentate; wings of the fruit elliptical, not apiculate ( Fig. 2F ) ......................................... Paullinia trigonia

34. Leaves opposite or verticillate .................................................................................................................................... 35

34. Leaves alternate .......................................................................................................................................................... 50

35. Flowers grouped into a capitate compound inflorescence ................................................................... Mikania obovata

35. Flowers grouped but not into a capitate compound inflorescences ............................................................................ 36

36. Nectariferous disk conspicuous, surrounding the ovary............................................................................................. 37

36. Nectariferous disk inconspicuous or absent............................................................................................................... 38

37. Plant with hairs that are rough to the touch .............................................................................. Prionostemma asperum

37. Plant without hairs or with hairs that are not rough to the touch ................................................ Hippocratea vollubilis

38. Petiole glandular, glands 2, discoid ............................................................................................................................ 39

38. Petiole glandular or eglandular, where glandular glands not discoid ......................................................................... 41

39. Glands 2 at the base of the petiole ( Fig. 2J ) ............................................................................. Heteropterys nordestina

39. Glands 2 at the apex of the petiole ( Fig. 2I ) ............................................................................................................... 40

40. Surface abaxial of the leave hirsute ........................................................................................ Stigmaphyllon blanchetii

40. Surface abaxial of the leave glabrous ...................................................................................... Stigmaphyllon salzmanii

41. Stipules borne between the petioles ........................................................................................................ Sabicea grisea

41. Stipules not borne between the petioles...................................................................................................................... 42

42. Flowers actinomorphic, the number of stamens more than double the number of petals ......................................... 43

42. Flowers zygomorphic, the number of stamens double, equal, or less than number of petals .................................... 48

43. Petiole twining; latex absent; stigma feather-like .................................................................................. Clematis dioica

43. Petiole not twining; latex present; stigma not plumose .............................................................................................. 44

44. Plant glabrous ............................................................................................................................................................. 45

44. Plants hairy ................................................................................................................................................................. 46

45. Leaves oblong-elliptic; glands 2, broader at the base ( Fig. 2K ) ................................................... Blepharodon nitidum

45. Leaves obovate; glands 2,not broader at the base ( Fig. 2L ) ................................................. Mandevilla moricandiana

46. Glands absent from the leaf lamina ............................................................................................. Temnadenia odorifera

46. Glands 2–6, borne on the leaf lamina ......................................................................................................................... 47

47. Glands 2–6, borne along the midvein ............................................................................................... Mandevilla scabra

47. Glands 2–6, borne at the base of the midvein ( Fig. 2M ) ................................................................... Matelea maritima

48. Corolla with wholly distinct petals; stamens 10 ....................................................................... Niedenzuella acutifolia

48. Corolla with wholly or partially fused petals; stamen 4 ............................................................................................ 49

49. Plant herbaceous; petiole winged; flowers orange ............................................................................. Thunbergia alata

49. Plant woody; petiole not winged; flowers white ( Fig. 4I and J )… ......................................... Mendoncia blanchetiana

50. Ochrea present ( Fig. 2N ) ............................................................................................................. Coccoloba ochreolata

50. Ochrea absent.............................................................................................................................................................. 51

51. Leaves compound ....................................................................................................................................................... 52

51. Leaves simple or compound unifoliolate.................................................................................................................... 71

52. Palms. Terminal leaflets reduced, stiff and hook-like ( Fig. 4A )................................................................................. 53

52. Not palms. Terminal leaflets not hook-like, foliaceus ................................................................................................ 54

53. Raphe unarmed, leaflets unarmed or sometimes armed with thorns at the base of the leaflets; apex of bracts covered in narrow thorns ( Fig. 4B ) ..................................................................................................... Desmoncus orthacanthos

53. Raphe and abaxial surface of the leaflets armed with stiff and twisted thorns; apex of bracts covered in pustular thorns ( Fig. 4C ) ...................................................................................................................... Desmoncus polyacanthos

54. Inflorescences opposite to the leaves.......................................................................................................... Cissus erosa

54. Inflorescences never opposite to the leaves................................................................................................................ 55

55. Leaves digitate ............................................................................................................................. Merremia macrocalyx

55. Leaves with 3 or more leaflets, never digitate ............................................................................................................ 56

56. Prickles or thorns present ................................................................................................................ Senegalia tenuifolia

56. Prickles or thorns absent ............................................................................................................................................. 57

57. Calyx 2-lobate/divided................................................................................................................................................ 58

57. Calyx 4 or 5 lobed....................................................................................................................................................... 60

58. Surface abaxial of the leave glabrous ........................................................................................... Canavalia parviflora

58. Surface abaxial of the leave glabrescent to pubescent................................................................................................ 59

59. Calyx lobes of differing lengths .................................................................................................. Canavalia braziliensis

59. Calyx lobes of uniform length ......................................................................................................... Canavalia dictyota

60. Calyx 5 lobed .............................................................................................................................................................. 61

60. Calyx 4 lobed ............................................................................................................................................................. 68

61. Calyx including a spur ................................................................................................................................................ 62

61. Calyx lacking a spur ................................................................................................................................................... 63 62. Stem cylindrical in cross-section; calyx lobes unequal in size, the larger lobe twice the length of the calyx tube, flowers lilac ................................................................................................................................ Centrosema pubescens

62. Stem angulate in cross-section; calyx lobes equal in size, the lobes not twice the length of the calyx tube; flowers yellow ........................................................................................................................................... Centrosema plumieri

63. Bracteole caducous; calyx campanulate ..................................................................................................................... 64

63. Bracteole persistent; calyx tubular.............................................................................................................................. 65

64. Stems bearing lenticels, glabrous; leaflets lanceolate .................................................................... Connarus blanchetii

64. Stem lacking lenticels, hairy; leaflets ovate ............................................................................... Rynchosia pyramidalis

65. Stigma straight ....................................................................................................................................... Clitoria falcata

65. Stigma twisted............................................................................................................................................................. 66

66. Corolla wings conspicually larger than the standard ............................................................ Macropitilium prostratum

66. Corolla wings never larger than the standard ............................................................................................................. 67

67. Plants glabrous; bracteoles stiff, adpressed to the rachis ........................................................................... Vigna luteola

67. Plants hirsute; bracteoles membranaceous, free ..................................................................................... Vigna vexillata

68. Lobes of the calyx of differingt lengths ( Fig. 4D ) .............................................................................. Mucuna pruriens

68. Lobes of the calyx of uniform length.......................................................................................................................... 69

69. Plants herbaceous ..................................................................................................................... Centrosema brazilianum

69. Plants woody............................................................................................................................................................... 70

70. Stem hairy; calyx glabrous .................................................................................................................... Dioclea virgata

70. Stem glabrous; calyx hairy .................................................................................................................. Dioclea violacea

71. Flowers grouped in a flower-like inflorescence ......................................................................................................... 72

71. Flowers borne in racemes, panicles, glomerules or solitary ....................................................................................... 75

72. Flowers arranged into a capitate head .................................................................................... Cyrtocymura scorpioides

72. Inflroescence protected by two bright involucral bracts, flowers not arranged into a capitulum.

73. Involucral bracts entire ( Fig 4E ) ....................................................................................... Dalechampia convolvuloides

73. Involucral bracts 3-lobate ........................................................................................................................................... 74

74. Stipules linear-subulate; seeds rough, dark-brown ( Fig 4F ) .................................................. Dalechampia braziliensis

74. Stipules reniform; seeds smooth, light-brown ( Fig 4F ) .................................................. Dalechampia pernambucensis

75. Flowers unisexual ....................................................................................................................................................... 76

75. Flowers bisexual ......................................................................................................................................................... 80

76. Hairs urticating; flowers of both sexes borne in the same inflorescence.................................................................... 77

76. Hairs not urticating, when present; male and female flowers borne in separate inflorescences ................................ 78

77. Leaves 5-veined .................................................................................................................................... Tragia volubilis

77. Leaves 3-veined ................................................................................................................................ Tragia lessertiana

78. Plants dioecious; nectariferous disk present; ovary inferior ........................................................ Dioscorea marginata

78. Plants monoecious; nectariferous disk absent; ovary superior ................................................................................... 79

79. Leaves peltate; bracts cordate; stamens fused at their base, sessile ........................................ Cissampelos glaberrima

79. Leaves not peltate; bracts filiform; stamens fused at their base, stalked ............................. Cissampelos andromorpha

80. Flowers zygomorphic ................................................................................................................................................. 81

80. Flowers actninomorphic ............................................................................................................................................. 85

81. Perianth composed of distinct sepals and petals ......................................................................................................... 82

81. Perianth composed of tepals ....................................................................................................................................... 84

82. Papilionoid corolla ..................................................................................................................... Securidaca diversifolia

82. Corolla not papilionoid ............................................................................................................................................... 83

83. Basal third of the leaflets connate; bracts reniform; petals hairy over their entire surface ............. Phanera outimouta

83. Apical third of the leaflets connate; bracts linear-lanceolate; petals hairy along the midvein only ............................... ..................................................................................................................................................... Phanera trichosepala

84. Pseudo-stipules reniform; lip (expanded part of corolla tube) smooth .................................... Aristolochia braziliensis

84. Pseudo-stipules absent; lip (expanded part of corolla tube) papillose ........................................ Aristolochia papillaris

85. Flowers with completely separate petals .................................................................................................................... 86

85. Flowers with the petals fused...................................................................................................................................... 89

86. Flowers borne in axillary or cauliflorous glomerules .................................................................. Doliocarpus dentatus

86. Flowers borne in panicles or cymes............................................................................................................................ 87

87. Plant glabrous; inflorescences borne opposite to the leaves ............................................................. Cissus verticillada

87. Plant with rough hairs; inflorescences terminal.......................................................................................................... 88

88. Sepals unequal, inner two larger than the outer three, surrounding the flowers ( Fig. 4H ) ..................... Davilla aspera

88. Sepals equal, not surrounding the flowers ...................................................................................... Tetracera breyniana

89. Flowers solitary .............................................................................................................................. Operculina altissima

89. Flowers grouped in inforescences............................................................................................................................... 90 90. Stigma globose............................................................................................................................................................ 91

90. Stigma oblong ............................................................................................................................................................. 96

91. Leaves pinnatifid.............................................................................................................................. Ipomoea quamoclit

91. Leaves entire to 3–5 lobed .......................................................................................................................................... 92

92. Leaves sagitate; sepals with liguliform appendix on their inner surface.......................................... Ipomoea bahiensis

92. Leaves never sagitate; sepals without an appendix on their inner surface ................................................................. 93

93. Leaves 3–5-lobed; sepals corniculate ............................................................................................ Ipomoea hederifolia

93. Leaves entire; sepals not corniculate .......................................................................................................................... 94

94. Leaves and sepals glabrous................................................................................................................. Ipomoea obscura

94. Leaves and sepals hairy to velvety ............................................................................................................................. 95

95. Leaves elliptic; hairs golden .......................................................................................................... Bonamia maripoides

95. Leaves cordate; hairs white.................................................................................................................... Ipomoea martii

96. Plants velvety, hairs stellate ........................................................................................... Jacquemontia menispermoides

96. Plants glabrous to glabrescent, where glabrescent the hairs simple ............................................... Merremia umbelata

Figures

FIGURE 2. A Adenocalymma hypostictum, discoid glands of the calyx. B. Gurania bignoniacea, urceolate calyx. C. Cayaponia tayuya, campanulate calyx. D. Melothria fluminensis, short laxiflorous raceme. E. Paullinia racemosa, fruit with oblong and apiculate wings. F. Paullinia trigonia, fruit with elliptical wings and absent apicule. G. Serjania subimpunctata, fruit with oblong wings. H. Serjania salzmanianna, fruit with ovate wings. I. Stigmaphyllon salzmanii, fertile branch with fruit showing the wing expansion facing the base. J. Heteropterys nordestina, fertile branch with fruit showing the wing expansion facing the apex. K–M. Leaves and detail of the colleters, K. Blepharodon nitidum, L. Mandevilla moricandiana, M. Matelea maritima. N. Coccoloba ochreolata, ochrea.

FIGURE 3. Tendril disposition. A. Cissus erosa, opposite to the leaves. B. Gouania virgata, C. Passiflora alata, axillary. D. Psiguria umbrosa, in acute angle with the petiole E-F. Serjania subinpunctata, E. In the inflorescence base, F. detail G. Smilax syphilitca, on the apex of the sheath.

FIGURE 4. A. Desmoncus polyacanthos, leaf. B–C. Bract and inflorescence, B. D. orthacanthos, C. D. polyacanthos. D. Mucuna pruriens, part of the inflorescence. E–G. Dalechampia species, bracts, E. D. convolvuloides, F. D. Braziliensis, G. D. pernambucensis. H. Davilla aspera, heteromorphic sepals, internal 2, bigger than the external 3. I–J. Mendoncia blanchetiana, I. Branch with fruits surrounded by bracts and persistent stigma J. Detail of bract.