fruiting

Araújo, Diogo & Alves, Marccus, 2010, Climbing plants of a fragmented area of lowland Atlantic Forest, Igarassu, Pernambuco (northeastern Brazil), Phytotaxa 8, pp. 1-24 : 12-15

Key to the identification of the climbing plants of Igarassu based on fruiting material

1. Tendrils present, but not associated with the inflorescence.......................................................................................... 2

1. Tendrils absent, or where present just a simple branch .............................................................................................. 34

2. Leaves opposite............................................................................................................................................................. 3

2. Leaves alternate ............................................................................................................................................................ 6

3. Leaves simple ................................................................................................................................ Strychnos parviflora

3. Leaves compound ......................................................................................................................................................... 4

4. Leaflets bearing two dark glands at their base, branches of the inflorescence flattened in cross-section ...................... ............................................................................................................................................. Phryganocydia corymbosa

4. Leaflets without dark glands, branches of the inflorescence cylindrical in cross-section ............................................ 5

5. Fruits oblongoid, seeds not winged ................................................................................... Adenocalymma hypostictum

5. Frutis elongated, seeds winged .............................................................................................................. Lundia cordata

6. Leaves simple or 1-foliolate compound........................................................................................................................ 7

6. Leaves compound and with more than one foliole..................................................................................................... 26

7. Tendrils hook-like ......................................................................................................................................................... 8

7. Tendrils twining ............................................................................................................................................................ 9

8. Basal third of the leaflet connate; fruit indehiscent ..................................................................... Phanera trichosepala

8. Basal two-thirds of the leaflets connate; fruit dehiscent .................................................................. Phanera outimouta

9. Tendrils axillary to the leaves ..................................................................................................................................... 10

9. Tendril not axillary to the leaves................................................................................................................................. 19

10. Fruits winged, grouped in short (<20cm) racemes ............................................................................... Gouania virgata

10. Fruits berries, solitary, in pairs or long (> 20cm) racemes .......................................................................................... 11

11. Leaves entire ............................................................................................................................................................... 12

11. Leaves 2- or more lobbed ........................................................................................................................................... 14

12. Fruits grouped in racemes up to 1.5 m in length ................................................................................. Passiflora ovalis

12. Fruits solitary or in pairs............................................................................................................................................. 13

13. Stem 4-angulate in cross-section; petiole with 2-6 sessile glands ........................................................ Passiflora alata

13. Stem cylindrical in cross-section; petiole with 2 stalked glands ..................................................... Passiflora galbana

14. Leaves 5-lobbed ............................................................................................................................ Passiflora cincinnata

14. Leaves 2- or 3-lobbed ................................................................................................................................................. 15

15. Mature fruits never more than 15mm long ................................................................................................................. 16

15. Mature fruits always more than 15mm long ............................................................................................................... 17

16. Stem hairy, flattened in cross-section ................................................................................................. Passiflora misera

16. Stem glabrous, cylindrical in cross-section .................................................................................... Passiflora suberosa

17. Petiole with two sessile glands ............................................................................................................ Passiflora edulis

17. Petiole with 2-6 stalked glands ................................................................................................................................... 18

18. Apex of the leaves and stipules mucronate ................................................................................. Passiflora watsoniana

18. Apex of the leaves and stipules truncate ........................................................................................ Passiflora edmundoi

19. Tendrils opposite to the leaves ( Fig. 3A ) ........................................................................................... Cissus verticillata

19. Tendrils in the leaf sheath, at the basis of the inflorescence, or forming an acute angle with petiole ( Fig. 3B, C, D, F, G ) ................................................................................................................................................................................ 20

20. Tendrils two, in the apex of the leaf sheath ( Fig. 3G ) ....................................................................... Smilax syphilitica

20. Tendril solitary, in the leaf’s axils, forming an acute angle with the petiole or at the basis of the inflorescence ( Fig. 3D ) .............................................................................................................................................................................. 21 21. Leaves glabrous .......................................................................................................................................................... 22

21. Leaves hairy................................................................................................................................................................ 23

22. Latex watery; seeds arilate................................................................................................................. Psiguria umbrosa

22. Latex absent; seeds without an aril .............................................................................................. Melothria fluminensis

23. Mature fruits green or yellow striped ......................................................................................................................... 24

23. Mature entirely yellow to orange................................................................................................................................ 25

24. Petioles to 3 cm long; leaves scabrous on the adaxial surface.......................................................... Gurania spinulosa

24. Petioles to 15 cm long; leaves pubescent on the adaxial surface..................................................... Guranis acuminata

25. Mature fruit orange, dehiscent; seeds red .................................................................................... Momordica charantia

25. Mature fruit yellow (rarely red), indehiscent; seeds white ................................................................ Cayaponia tayuya

26. Tendrils borne opposite to the leaves ( Fig. 3A ).......................................................................................... Cissus erosa

26. Tendrils borne in the axils of the leaves or at the basis of the inflorescence ( Fig. 3B, C, D, F, G )............................ 27

27. Fruits fleshy ................................................................................................................................................................ 28

27. Fruits dry..................................................................................................................................................................... 32

28. Leaves with 2 or 3 foliolules....................................................................................................................................... 29

28. Leaves with more than 3-foliolules ............................................................................................................................ 30

29. Plants glabrous; fruits solitary ........................................................................................................... Psiguria triphylla

29. Plants pubscent to scrabous; fruit borne in racemes ..................................................................... Gurania bignoniacea

30. Fruits without wings ........................................................................................................................... Paullinia pinnata

30. Fruit 3-winged............................................................................................................................................................. 31

31. Leaf margin entire; wings of the fruit obovate, apiculate................................................................ Paullinia racemosa

31. Leaf margin dentate; wings of the fruit elliptical, not apiculate ........................................................ Paullinia trigonia

32. Stem flattened in cross-section; leaves pinnate ........................................................................ Machaerium aculeatum

32. Stem cylindrical in cross-section; leaves 3-foliolate or ternate .................................................................................. 33

33. Fruit divided into three oblong-winged samaras ....................................................................... Serjania subinpunctata

33. Fruit divided into three ovate-winged samaras............................................................................ Serjania salzmaniana

34. Leaves opposite or verticillate .................................................................................................................................... 35

34. Leaves alternate .......................................................................................................................................................... 48

35. Stipules borne between the petioles........................................................................................................ Sabicea grisea

35. Stipules not borne between the petioles...................................................................................................................... 36

36. Plants hairy ................................................................................................................................................................. 37

36. Plants glabrous............................................................................................................................................................ 42

37. Latex present............................................................................................................................................................... 38

37. Latex absent ................................................................................................................................................................ 40

38. Glands absent from the leaf limb ................................................................................................. Temnadenia odorifera

38. Glands present on the leaf limb .................................................................................................................................. 39

39. Leaves scabrous, glands 2-6, distributed along the midvein ............................................................ Mandevilla scabra

39. Leaves not scabrous, glands 2-6 grouped at the base of the midvein ................................................ Matelea maritima

40. Leaf covered with long fine hairs; fruit divided into 3 samaras ........................................... Stigymaphyllon blanchetii

40. Leaf covered with short thick hairs............................................................................................................................. 50

41. Fruit a 3-valved capsule; seeds winged .................................................................................... Prionostemma asperum

41. Fruits grouped into a capitate compound infrutescence ...................................................................... Mikania obovata

42. Fruit winged ................................................................................................................................................................ 43

42. Fruit not winged.......................................................................................................................................................... 45

43. Wings less than three times the length of the fruit.................................................................... Niendenzuela acutifolia

43. Wings as long as or longer than three times the length of the fruit ............................................................................ 44

44. Wings oblong-falcate ( Fig. 2J ) ................................................................................................ Heteropterys nordestina

44. Wings asymmetrically obovate ( Fig. 2I ) ................................................................................. Stigmaphyllon salzmanii

45. Stigma feather-like................................................................................................................................. Clematis dioica

45. Stigma not feather-like................................................................................................................................................ 46

46. Fruit a 3-carpelar capsule; seeds winged .................................................................................... Hippocratea vollubilis

46. Fruit a berry or a 2-carpelar capsule; seeds not winged ............................................................................................. 47

47. Fruit a capsule, 2-carpelar................................................................................................................... Thunbergia alata

47. Fruit a berry ............................................................................................................................ Mendoncia blanchetiana

48. Ochrea present ( Fig. 2N ) ............................................................................................................. Coccoloba ochreolata

48. Ohcrea absent.............................................................................................................................................................. 49

49. Leaves compound ....................................................................................................................................................... 50

49. Leaves simple or compound unifoliolate.................................................................................................................... 69

50. Palms. Terminal leaflets reduced, stiff and hook-like ( Fig. 4A )................................................................................. 51 50. Not palms. Terminal leaflets not hook-like, foliaceus ................................................................................................ 52

51. Raphe unarmed, leaflets unarmed or sometimes armed with thorns at the basis of the leaflets; apex of bracts covered in narrow thorns ( Fig. 4B ) ..................................................................................................... Desmoncus orthacanthos

51. Raphe and abaxial surface of the leaflets armed with stiff and twisted thorns; apex of bracts covered in pustular thorns ( Fig. 4C ) ...................................................................................................................... Desmoncus polyacanthos

52. Inflorescences opposite to the leaves .......................................................................................................... Cissus erosa

52. Inflorescences never opposite to the leaves................................................................................................................ 53

53. Leaves digitate ............................................................................................................................. Merremia macrocalyx

53. Leaves with 3 or more leaflets, never digitate ............................................................................................................ 54

54. Prickles or thorns present ................................................................................................................ Senegalia tenuifolia

54. Prickles or thorns absent ............................................................................................................................................. 55

55. Calyx persistent, 2-lobed ............................................................................................................................................ 56

55. Calyx persistent, 4 or 5 lobed ..................................................................................................................................... 58

56. Abaxial surface of the leave glabrous ........................................................................................... Canavalia parviflora

56. Abaxial surface of the leave glabrescent to pubescent ............................................................................................... 57

57. Calyx lobes of unequal lengths ................................................................................................... Canavalia braziliensis

57. Calyx lobes of equal lengths ............................................................................................................ Canavalia dictyota

58. Calyx 5 lobed .............................................................................................................................................................. 58

58. Calyx 4-lobed.............................................................................................................................................................. 66

59. Calyx including a spur ................................................................................................................................................ 60

59. Calyx lacking a spur ................................................................................................................................................... 61

60. Stem cylindrical; calyx lobes unequal in size, the larger lobe twice the length of the calyx tube.................................. ................................................................................................................................................... Centrosema pubescens

60. Stem angulate; calyx lobes of equal size ...................................................................................... Centrosema plumieri

61. Bracteole caducous; calyx campanulate ..................................................................................................................... 62

61. Bracteole persistent; calyx tubular.............................................................................................................................. 63

62. Stems bearing lenticels, glabrous; leaflets lanceolate; calyx persistent in fruit ............................. Connarus blanchetii

62. Stem lacking lenticels, hairy; leaflets ovate; calyx not persistent ............................................. Rynchosia pyramidalis

63. Seeds more than ten per fruit ................................................................................................... Macroptilum prostratum

63. Seeds 4-6 per fruit....................................................................................................................................................... 64

64. Legume obtusely quadrangular; seeds spherical ................................................................................... Clitoria falcata

64. Legume oblong to linear ............................................................................................................................................. 65

65. Plants glabrous; bracteoles stiff, adpressed to the rachis ........................................................................... Vigna luteola

65. Plants hirsute; bracteoles membranaceous, free ..................................................................................... Vigna vexillata

66. Lobes of the calyx of unequal length ( Fig. 4D ); fruit with urticating hairs… .................................... Mucuna pruriens

66. Lobes of the calyx of equal length; fruit without urticating hairs .............................................................................. 67

67. Plants herbaceous ..................................................................................................................... Centrosema brazilianum

67. Plants woody............................................................................................................................................................... 68

68. Stem hairy; calyx glabrous .................................................................................................................... Dioclea virgata

68. Stem glabrous; calyx hairy .................................................................................................................. Dioclea violacea

69. Fruits grouped in a flower-like inflorescence ............................................................................................................. 70

69. Fruits borne in racemes, panicles, glomerules or solitary........................................................................................... 73

70. Fruits arranged into a capitate compound inflorescence ....................................................... Cyrtocymura scorpioides

70. Fruits protected by two persistent, bright involucral bracts, not arranged into a capitulum ...................................... 71

71. Involucral bracts entire ( Fig 4E ) ....................................................................................... Dalechampia convolvuloides

71. Involucral bracts 3-lobed ............................................................................................................................................ 72

72. Stipules linear-subulate; seed rough, dark-brown ( Fig 4F ) ................................................... Dalechampia brasiliensis

72. Stipules reniform; seeds smooth, light-brown ( Fig 4F ) .................................................. Dalechampia pernambucensis

73. Plant bearing urticating hairs; fruit a 3-lobed capsule; a single seed per locule......................................................... 74

73. Plant not bearing urticating hairs; fruit 3-lobed or not, where 3-lobed more than one seed per locule ..................... 75

74. Leaves 5-veined ..................................................................................................................................... Tragia volubilis

74. Leaves 3-veined ................................................................................................................................. Tragia lessertiana

75. Fruit solitary................................................................................................................................................................ 76

75. Fruit borne in racemes, panicles or glomerule............................................................................................................ 77

76. Pseudo-stipules reniform ......................................................................................................... Aristolochia brasiliensis

76. Pesudo-stipules absent .............................................................................................................. Aristolochia pappillaris

77. Fruit a pod................................................................................................................................................................... 78

77. Fruit not a pod............................................................................................................................................................. 79

78. Apical third of the leaflets connate; bracts linear-lanceolate ....................................................... Phanera trichosepala

78. Basal third of the leaflets connate; bracts reniform ......................................................................... Phanera outimouta

79. Fruits winged .............................................................................................................................................................. 80

79. Fruits not winged ........................................................................................................................................................ 81

80. Fruits 3-winged; seeds numerous, flattened ................................................................................. Dioscorea marginata

80. Fruits 1-winged; one seed per fruit, spherical ............................................................................ Securidaca diversifolia

81. Fruits fleshy ................................................................................................................................................................ 82

81. Fruits dry..................................................................................................................................................................... 84

82. Fruits born in a cime, opposite to the leaves ....................................................................................... Cissus verticilata

82. Fruits born in caulinar or terminal racemes ................................................................................................................ 83

83. Leaves peltate; bracts cordate .................................................................................................. Cissampelos glaberrima

83. Leaves no peltate; bracts filiform ........................................................................................ Cissampelos andromorpha

84. Stems not releasing latex when cut............................................................................................................................. 85

84. Stems releasing white or colourless latex when cut ................................................................................................... 86

85. Sepals persistent, unequal, internal 2 bigger than the external 3, surrounding the fruit ( Fig. 4H ); seeds with a white aril ............................................................................................................................................................ Davila aspera

85. Sepals persistent, equal in size, not surrounding the fruit; seeds without a white aril ............................................... 87

86. Fruits solitary ................................................................................................................................. Operculina altissima

86. Fruits grouped in infrutescences ................................................................................................................................. 88

87. Fruits born in terminal racemes ...................................................................................................... Tetracera breyniana

87. Fruits born in axillary or cauliflorous glomerules ....................................................................... Doliocarpus dentatus

88. Leaves pinatifid ................................................................................................................................ Ipomoea quamoclit

88. Leaves entire to 5-lobed.............................................................................................................................................. 89

89. Leaves sagitate; inner surface of sepals with liguliform appendix ................................................... Ipomoea bahiensis

89. Leaves never sagitated; inner surface of sepals without appendix ............................................................................. 90

90. Leaves 3–5-lobed; sepals ............................................................................................................... Ipomoea hederifolia

90. Leaves entire; sepals not corniculate .......................................................................................................................... 91

91. Leaves and sepals glabrous......................................................................................................................................... 92

91. Leaves and sepals hairy .............................................................................................................................................. 93

92. Fruits irregulary dehiscent; seeds triangular ................................................................................... Merremia umbelata

92. Fruits regulary dehiscent; seeds with two surfaces flat, one convex .................................................. Ipomoea obscura

93. Fruits 4-valved, each valve dividing into two ................................................................ Jacquemontia menispermoides

93. Fruits 4-valved, valves not subdividing upon opening............................................................................................... 94

94. Leaves elliptic; hairs golden .......................................................................................................... Bonamia maripoides

94. Leaves cordate; hairs white .................................................................................................................... Ipomoea martii

Figures

FIGURE 2. A Adenocalymma hypostictum, discoid glands of the calyx. B. Gurania bignoniacea, urceolate calyx. C. Cayaponia tayuya, campanulate calyx. D. Melothria fluminensis, short laxiflorous raceme. E. Paullinia racemosa, fruit with oblong and apiculate wings. F. Paullinia trigonia, fruit with elliptical wings and absent apicule. G. Serjania subimpunctata, fruit with oblong wings. H. Serjania salzmanianna, fruit with ovate wings. I. Stigmaphyllon salzmanii, fertile branch with fruit showing the wing expansion facing the base. J. Heteropterys nordestina, fertile branch with fruit showing the wing expansion facing the apex. K–M. Leaves and detail of the colleters, K. Blepharodon nitidum, L. Mandevilla moricandiana, M. Matelea maritima. N. Coccoloba ochreolata, ochrea.

FIGURE 3. Tendril disposition. A. Cissus erosa, opposite to the leaves. B. Gouania virgata, C. Passiflora alata, axillary. D. Psiguria umbrosa, in acute angle with the petiole E-F. Serjania subinpunctata, E. In the inflorescence base, F. detail G. Smilax syphilitca, on the apex of the sheath.

FIGURE 4. A. Desmoncus polyacanthos, leaf. B–C. Bract and inflorescence, B. D. orthacanthos, C. D. polyacanthos. D. Mucuna pruriens, part of the inflorescence. E–G. Dalechampia species, bracts, E. D. convolvuloides, F. D. Braziliensis, G. D. pernambucensis. H. Davilla aspera, heteromorphic sepals, internal 2, bigger than the external 3. I–J. Mendoncia blanchetiana, I. Branch with fruits surrounded by bracts and persistent stigma J. Detail of bract.