Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood), 1915

Hernández-Suárez, Estrella, Martin, Jon H., Gill, Raymond J., Bedford, Ian D., Malumphy, Christopher P., Betancort, J. Alfredo Reyes & Carnero, Aurelio, 2012, 3212, Zootaxa 3212, pp. 1-76 : 31

Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood)

( Figures 38 & 85)

Aleyrodes vaporariorum Westwood, 1856: 852 .

Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood) Quaintance & Baker, 1915 : xi.

lecanioides Maskell, 1879: 215. ( Asterochiton ) [Synonymised by Quaintance & Baker, 1914: 105.]

papillifer Maskell, 1890: 173. ( Aleurodes ). [Synonymised by Quaintance & Baker, 1914: 105.]

nicotianae Maskell, 1896: 436. ( Aleurodes ). [Synonymised by Quaintance & Baker, 1914: 105.]

sonchi Kotinsky, 1907: 97. ( Aleyrodes ). [Synonymised by Baker & Moles, 1921: 645.]

mossopi Corbett, 1935b: 9 [Synonymised by Russell, 1948: 43.]

natalensis Corbett, 1936: 18 [Synonymised by Russell, 1948: 44.]

sesbaniae Corbett, 1936: 19 [Synonymised by Russell, 1948: 44.]

Distribution in the Canary Islands: LANZAROTE: Arrecife, Las Breñas, Costa Teguise, Haría, Puerto del Carmen. FUERTEVENTURA: Cañada del Río, Corralejo, Gran Tarajal, La Lajita, Nuevo Horizonte, Pájara. GRAN CANARIA: Arucas, Arinaga, Barranco de Guayadeque, La Aldea, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Mogán, Moya, San Nicolás, Telde, Teror, Vecindario. TENERIFE: Adeje, Agua Dulce, Agua Mansa, Arico, Bahía del Duque, Barranco de Badajoz, Barranco de los Cochinos, Buenavista, Cuevas Negras, La Orotava, La Barranquera, La Laguna, La Perdoma, Las Eras, Las Galletas, Las Mercedes, Los Realejos, Los Silos, Icod, Güímar, Guía de Isora, Playa San Juan, Puerto de la Cruz, Punta Hidalgo, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Valle Guerra. LA GOMERA: Barranco de Santiago, El Cedro, Jardín Tecina, Langrero, Hermigua, Playa Santiago, Vallehermoso, Valle Gran Rey. EL HIERRO: Road Mocanal, Frontera, Gorreta, Los Llanillos, Pozo de la Salud, Sabinosa, Tamaduste, Valverde. LA PALMA: Barlovento, Charco Verde, road Tazacorte, El Paso, El Roque, La Costa, Los Cancajos, Los Llanos, Los Nacientes, Los Sauces, Los Tilos, Santa Lucía, Santa Cruz de la Palma, Tazacorte. Elsewhere: cosmopolitan.

Host plants in the Canary Islands: Abutilon grandifolium , Ageratina adenophora , Amaranthus cruentus , Amaranthus lividus , Bidens pilosa , Canarina canariensis , Capsicum annuum , Castanea sativa , Convolvulus canariensis , Cucumis sativus , Cucurbita ficifolia , Cucurbita maxima , Cucurbita pepo , Euphorbia atropurpurea , Euphorbia balsamifera , Forsskaolea angustifolia , Gerbera sp. , Gossypium sp. , Helianthus annuus , Hibiscus calyphyllus , Hibiscus cannabinus , Hibiscus rosa-sinensis , Hyoscyamus albus , Ipomoea batatas , Lactuca sativa , Lactuca serriola , Lantana camara , Solanum lycopersicum , Malva sp. , Marcetella moquiniana , Mentha spicata , Nerium olean- der, Nicotiana glauca , Nicotiana tabacum , Oxalis pes-crapae , Parietaria judaica , Pelargonium sp. , Persea americana , Phaseolus vulgaris , Euphorbia pulcherrima , Punica granatum , Ricinus communis , Robinia pseudoacacia , Salvia officinalis , Sechium edule , Solanum tuberosum , Sonchus oleraceus , Sonchus sp. , Tagetes patula , Thymus vulgaris , Tropaeolum sp. Other host plants listed: Extremely polyphagous, recorded from more than 200 plant genera by Mound & Halsey (1978) and from many more since.

Comments: Trialeurodes vaporariorum is well known as a worldwide pest commonly called the “glasshouse whitefly”, “greenhouse whitefly” or simply “ T. vap ”. It was described from specimens collected in England in 1856; Westwood opined (almost certainly correctly) that it was of American origin. It was already moving around the world through trade, and had appeared in Australia by 1900 ( Martin, 1999). It is considered that it represents one of the most economically important whitefly species, together with Bemisia tabaci ( Martin et al., 2000) . Hill (1969) produced a comparative study in which all the different stages of Bemisia tabaci and Trialeurodes vaporariorum were compared to enable their recognition. Malumphy et al. (2009) produced a morphological and molecular comparative study of all developmental stages of B. afer sens lat., B. tabaci , T. ricini and T. vaporariorum , as these four species are commonly transported in international plant trade. Trialeurodes vaporariorum was first recorded in mainland Spain by Gómez-Menor (1943) and first reported from the Canary Islands by Gómez-Menor, in 1954. There are a considerable number of studies in the archipelago that have dealt with its pest status, population dynamics ( Rodríguez-Rodríguez, 1978) or its biological control by the aphelinid parasitoid Encarsia formosa ( Carnero & Barroso-Espinosa, 1985; Carnero et al., 1986; Barroso-Espinosa et al., 1989; Carnero et al., 1989). In the field, this species can be recognised because its dorsum is elevated from the substrate and its margin is surrounded by a rim of transparent wax and a fringe of translucent long waxy “fingers” ( Fig. 85). On slides the two Canary Islands species of Trialeurodes can be distinguished as discussed in the comments on T. ricini , above.