Simothraulopsis demerara ( Traver, 1947 )

Do, Jeane M. C., Salles, Frederico F. & Hamada, Neusa, 2017, Systematics of Simothraulopsis Demoulin, 1966 (Ephemeroptera: Leptophlebiidae), Zootaxa 4285 (1), pp. 1-81 : 9-14

publication ID	https://doi.org/ 10.5281/zenodo.828100
publication LSID	lsid:zoobank.org:pub:5E5CC15A-009D-4E12-9342-315058D35E98
DOI	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6023576
persistent identifier	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CA6B06-FF8D-6C03-FF0C-FF50EB86FA4E
treatment provided by	Plazi
scientific name	Simothraulopsis demerara ( Traver, 1947 )
status

Treatment

Simothraulopsis demerara ( Traver, 1947) View in CoL

( Figs 4–8 View FIGURE 4 View FIGURE 5 View FIGURE 6 View FIGURE 7 View FIGURE 8 )

Thraulus demerara Traver, 1947: 150 ; 1960: 73.

Simothraulopsis surinamensis Demoulin, 1966: 18 (nymph); Hubbard 1982: 266.

Simothraulopsis demerara View in CoL ; Domínguez et al. 1997: 146 (as synonym of S. surinamensis ); Kluge 2007; Salles et al. 2010; Lima et al. 2012; Lima et al. 2015; Takiya et al. 2016; Boldrini & Krolow 2017.

Diagnosis. Male imago: 1) general coloration: thorax orangish brown, abdomen grayish brown ( Figs 4 View FIGURE 4 A, B); 2) forewing with two costal cross veins basal to bulla ( Fig. 5 View FIGURE 5 A); 3) hind wing with costal projection well developed, forming an acute angle, located approximately 2/3 distance from base to apex of wing ( Figs 5 View FIGURE 5 B, C); 4) abdominal segments II–V with translucent white basal bands ( Fig. 4 View FIGURE 4 A, B); 5) penis projection spine-like, long (approximately as long as total length of penis lobes) and anteriorly directed ( Figs 5 View FIGURE 5 D, E); 6) penis lobes fused on basal 1/3 ( Figs 5 View FIGURE 5 D, E); 7) ventral region of penis lobes without a well-marked sclerotized region ( Fig. 4 View FIGURE 4 D). Mature nymph: 1) inner margin of fore tibia with pectinate setae ( Fig. 8 View FIGURE 8 A); 2) femur III relatively slender, about three times longer than wide ( Fig. 8 View FIGURE 8 C); 3) posterolateral projections presents on abdominal segments VIII and IX ( Fig. 6 View FIGURE 6 D); 4) gills gray, lateral margins hyaline ( Fig. 6 View FIGURE 6 C).

Male imago. Length: body: 4.6–5.9 mm; forewing: 4.7–5.1 mm; hind wing: 0.6–0.63 mm.

Head. Dorsal region yellowish brown with gray marks; ventral region whitish. Upper portion of compound eyes orangish, lower portion dark gray; ocelli whitish gray, surrounded by dark gray ( Figs 4 View FIGURE 4 A–B). Scape of antenna light brown, pedicel and flagellum translucent white ( Fig. 4 View FIGURE 4 B).

Thorax. Pronotum yellowish brown, margins black; with medial and submedial stripes black. Mesonotum orangish brown; medioparapsidal and lateroparapsidal sutures dark brown; scuto-scutellar impression light brown, scutellum blackish brown. Metanotum yellowish brown. Pleura brown; membranous area gray ( Figs 4 View FIGURE 4 A–B). Wings membrane hyaline ( Figs 5 View FIGURE 5 A–C). Forewing with longitudinal veins yellowish and cross veins translucent; base of veins C, Sc and anal section varying from brown to dark gray; with two costal cross veins basal to bulla; fork of vein MP symmetric. Hind wing with costal projection well developed, forming an acute angle, located approximately 2/3 distance from base to apex of wing; longitudinal and cross veins light brown, except base of vein C to costal projection black; costal region and almost the entire lower portion of hind wing black, except pale triangular area below R. Legs ( Figs 4 View FIGURE 4 A–B). Coxae and trochanters yellowish with gray marks. Femora orangish; femur I with a whitish apical band; femora II and III with apical and basal whitish bands. Tibiae: tibia I black on basal half and white on apical half; tibiae II and III completely black, except a slender apical band lighter. Tarsi white.

Abdomen. Terga grayish brown, except basal region of terga II–V translucent white; tergum IX with light brown apical band; tergum X yellowish with a laterobasal brown mark. Sterna I–IV translucent, others brown, lateral margins with darker marks ( Fig 4 View FIGURE 4 B). Genitalia ( Figs 4 View FIGURE 4 D; 5D, E). Styliger plate yellowish brown. Forceps segments dark gray, darker apically. Segment II 0.15 length of segment I, segments II and III subequal in length. Penis lobes brown, fused on basal 1/3, inner margins divergent; each lobe rounded apically, with a long (approximately as long as total length of penis lobes) and anteriorly directed spine-like projection; ventral region of penis lobes without a well-marked sclerotized region ( Fig. 4 View FIGURE 4 D). Caudal filaments whitish, basal region black.

Female imago. Length: body: 5.3–5.7 mm; forewing: 5.4–5.5 mm; hind wing: 0.62–0.64 mm. General coloration dark brown, some region yellowish ( Fig. 4 View FIGURE 4 C). Legs: coxae and trochanters yellowish brown. Femora orangish; femur I with a slender, whitish apical band; femora II and III with whitish bands on basal 1/3. Tibiae: tibia I brown on basal half and white on apical half; tibiae II and III black, except a slender apical band whitish. Tarsi white.

Mature nymph. Length: body, 5.5–6.3 mm; antenna, 2.8–3.3 mm; cerci, 6.2–6.4 mm; caudal filament, 6.5–6.9 mm. General coloration yellowish brown ( Figs 6 View FIGURE 6 A, B).

Head. Brown, with gray and whitish marks near ocelli. Upper portion of male compound eyes reddish brown, lower portion black. Eyes of female black. Ocelli black ( Figs 6 View FIGURE 6 A, B). Scape of antenna light brown, pedicel and flagellum whitish. Maximum width of labrum 1.15 times maximum width of clypeus. Labrum ( Fig. 7 View FIGURE 7 A) brown, medial region slightly lighter, with submedial gray marks; anteromedial emargination broad, with five denticles of equal size. Mandible ( Fig. 7 View FIGURE 7 B) brown on basal 2/3 and translucent on apical 1/3 (except incisors and molar area yellowish); with a rounded, yellowish white mark medially located; outer margin slightly curved, with 4–6 filiform, long, thick setae medially located. Maxilla ( Fig. 7 View FIGURE 7 C) yellowish translucent, outer margin brown, with dark gray marks. Segment II of maxillary palpi 1.2 length of segment I, 1.8 length of segment III. Hypopharynx as in figure 7D. Labium as in figure 7E.

Thorax. Terga brown with margins and marks black; medial suture yellowish; anterior margin of pronotum with 2–4 spines; pleura grayish brown; sterna whitish yellow. Legs. Coxae brown with gray marks. Trochanters whitish. Femora whitish with medial and subapical brown bands and whitish apical area (in femur III these bands are broader). Tibiae whitish, with basal and subapical dark brown bands. Tarsi white with basal brown band. Femur III relatively slender, about three times longer than wide ( Fig. 8 View FIGURE 8 C). Leg I. ( Fig. 8 View FIGURE 8 A). Coxa bare. Trochanter with thick, filiform setae. Femur: outer margin with apical half with long stout setae and basal half with short stout setae; inner margin with short stout setae; dorsal surface with few lanceolate and spatulate setae; with pectinate setae near inner margin. Tibia: inner margin and dorsal region near inner margin with pectinate setae; outer margin with filiform setae. Tarsus with few stout setae along inner margin and few filiform setae along outer margin. Leg II ( Fig. 8 View FIGURE 8 B). Coxa bare. Trochanter with thick, filiform setae. Femur: outer margin with apical region with stout setae; with short stout setae along its entire length; inner margin with short stout setae; dorsal surface with lanceolate and spatulate setae. Tibia: inner margin with stout setae and outer margin with few filiform setae. Tarsus with few filiform setae near outer margin; inner margin bare. Leg III ( Fig. 8 View FIGURE 8 C). Coxa bare. Trochanter with lanceolate setae. Femur: outer margin with stout setae along its entire length; apical half with long, stout setae; inner margin with apical half with short stout setae, basal half bare; dorsal surface with spatulate setae and lanceolate setae. Tibia: inner margin with stout setae; outer margin with filiform setae and short stout setae; dorsal surface with spatulate setae near inner margin. Tarsi: inner margin with few stout setae; outer margin with filiform setae.

Abdomen. Terga grayish brown, margins black; with medial orangish stripe; tergum IX yellowish brown, anterior margin white, without rounded anterolateral mark. Sterna yellowish brown. Gills gray, with lateral margins hyaline ( Fig. 6 View FIGURE 6 C). Posterolateral projections present on abdominal segments VIII and IX ( Fig. 6 View FIGURE 6 D). Caudal filaments whitish brown.

Life cycle association. Reared.

Comments. S. demerara has the widest distribution among the species of the genus and the new records presented here expand the distributional range to several new regions of Brazil ( Fig. 49 View FIGURE 49 ). Nymphs were abundant in all sampled sites, occurring in both small and large streams. Apparently, this is a generalist species, occupying almost all types of substrate although they have been more abundantly collected under submerged stones.

Some intraspecific variations were observed among different populations of S. demerara , as previously commented by Dominguez et al. (1997). In male imago, these variations are related mainly to color pattern. The most notable variation refers to the abdominal sterna VI–IX, which may be completely pale or pigmented, a variation observed even in nearby populations. Another important difference is the hind wing pigmentation, in which pigmented areas between veins C and Sc can be broad in some specimens and reduced in others. Also, the pigmentation of the lower portion is variable - the unpigmented area below vein R may be more evident or not. Small structural differences also were observed, especially in the shape of forewing and penis lobes in some specimens. In the nymphs, variations were observed on pigmentation of the mandibles, some specimens having pronounced medial whitish spot and less pronounced in others. Additionally, the distribution and arrangement of setae on the legs was somewhat variable among populations.

Given the wide distribution of this species compared to others and with the observed intraspecific variations, the possibility of cryptic species within what is called here S. demerara is not excluded.

Material examined: BRAZIL: Amazonas State: Manaus: Br 147, Km 18,5 stream (S 02°49'0,8"; W 60°02'05,6"; 87m) 22/i/2009, Salles FF col GoogleMaps : 10 I ♂; 26/x/2009, Boldrini R & Cruz PV cols: 13 I ♂, 3 N; 21/xi/2012, Nascimento JMC & Salles, FF cols: 16 I ♂, 9 I ♀, 8 N. Pantera stream (S 02°00'52"; W 60°01'43"; 34m) 20/i/2009, Salles, FF col: 6 I ♂, 12 N. Novo Airão: Campineiro Grande stream (S 05°32'52,0"; W 60°13'07,9"; 50m) 08/ix/ 2004, Salles, FF col: 3 SI ♂ GoogleMaps . Barcelos : Rio Negro (S 00°28'58.5"; W 64°46'23.9"; 55m) 13/xii/2012, Nascimento, JMC col GoogleMaps : 4 I ♂, 2 N; Jauaperi river (S 01°25'08.3"; W 061°35'07.5"; 25m) 15/xii/2012, Nascimento, JMC col GoogleMaps : 3 I ♂. Amapá State: Tartarugalzinho: Tartarugalzinho stream (N 01°45'55.7"; W 50°52'40.2"; 17m) 11/viii/2013, Hamada N, Nascimento JMC & Silva, JO cols GoogleMaps : 5 I ♂. Amapá : Amapá Grande river (N 02°09'43.1"; W 50°55'17.3"; 16m) 07/viii/2013, Hamada N, Nascimento JMC & Silva, JO cols GoogleMaps : 21 I ♂, 3 ♀, 15 N; Davi Grande river (N 01°55'53.5"; W 50°51'38.0"; 12m) 07/viii/2011, Hamada N, Pes AMO, Cruz, PV & Fernandez, A cols GoogleMaps : 2 I ♂, 2 I ♀, 8 N; Serra do Navio: Cachaço river (N 00°53'18.8"; W 52°01'22.9"; 61m) 02/viii/2011, Hamada N, Pes AMO, Cruz, PV & Fernandez, A cols: 8 SI ♂ GoogleMaps , 2 I ♀, 8 N; Pedra Grande do Amapari : (N 00°37'38.9"; W 51°38'15.2; 40m) 03/viii/2011, Hamada N, Pes AMO, Cruz, PV & Fernandez cols GoogleMaps : 2I ♂; Oiapoque: Pantanahy river (N 03°47'54.3"; W 51°48'05.5"; 16m) 07/viii/2013, Hamada N, Nascimento JMC & Silva, JO cols: 8N; Aeroporto stream (N 03°52'13.6"; W 51°47'30.8"; 28m) 08/viii/2013, Hamada N, Nascimento JMC & Silva, JO cols: 5N GoogleMaps ; Oiapoque river, Marripá waterfall (N 03°48'07.6"; W 51°52'31.8"; 2m) 09/viii/2013, Hamada N, Nascimento JMC & Silva, JO cols: 3 N; Calcoene: Ranof stream (N 02°40'47.4"; W 51°21'09.1"; 72m) 10/viii/ 2013, Hamada N, Nascimento JMC & Silva, JO cols: 10 N GoogleMaps ; Rio Cunani (N 02°41'32.7"; W 51°21'47.5"; 32m) 10/ viii/2013, Hamada N, Nascimento JMC & Silva, JO cols GoogleMaps : 12 N. Bahia State: Côcos, Formoso river (S 14°40'00.6"; W 45°49'32.3"; 785m) 11/viii/2010, Hamada N, Querino, R & Boldrini cols GoogleMaps : 9 I ♂, 2 I ♀, 13 N. Ceará State: Padre Vieira: Piranji river, Pirapora waterfall (S 03°33'31.8"; W 041°21'56.9"; 180m) 30/vii/2010, Hamada N, Querino, R & Cruz PV cols GoogleMaps : 3 I ♂, 1 I ♀, 3 N. Espírito Santo State: São Mateus: Preto river (S18°44'08.0''; W39°47'47.0''; 5m) 30/i/2008, Salles FF, Nascimento JMC, Barcelos-Silva, P, Massariol F & Angeli K cols GoogleMaps : 28 I ♂, 13 SI ♂, 8 I ♀, 9 N; 10/viii/2008, Salles FF, Nascimento JMC & Barcelos-Silva, P cols: 11 I ♂, 3 I ♀, 15 N; 10/vi/ 2007, Salles FF, Nascimento JMC, Rudio JA, Massariol F & Rizzi EA cols: 7 I ♂, 9 I ♀, 5 N; Conceição da Barra: Córrego na Estrada (S 18°38'02.5''; W 39°48'50.4''; 23m) 15/iv/2008, Salles FF, Nascimento JMC & Barcelos-Silva cols GoogleMaps : 5 I ♂, 13 N; Mato Grosso State: Nova Xavantina: Colher stream (S 14.1° 38'41.8"; W 52°26'38.5"; 414m) 13/i/2006, Salles FF & Shimano Y cols GoogleMaps : 3 I ♂, 8 N; Aripuanã: Balneário Oásis, Aripuanã river (S 10°10'11.0"; W 59°27.2'34"; 300m) 22/vi/2006, Hamada N col: 4 I ♂, 8 SI ♂, 2 I ♀. Pará State: Santarém: Ramal para a Galiléia (S 03°28'55.5"; W 54°50'25.0"; 80m) 02/x/2012, Nascimento, JMC col: 1 SI ♂ GoogleMaps , 3 I ♂; Jaramaquá river (S 02°49'37.7"; W 55°01'42.5"; 34m) 05/xi/2012, Nascimento JMC col GoogleMaps : 1 I ♂, 11 SI ♂; Novo Progresso: Curuá waterfall (S 08°44'08.9"; W 54°57'44.4"; 32m) GoogleMaps , 04/xi/2012, Nascimento JMC & Fernandes, A cols: 58 SI ♂; Itaituba: Hotel Praia Doce, Tapajós river (S 04°17'09.7"; W 56°01'44.6"; 23m) 30/ix/2013, Hamada N & Couceiro, SRM cols: 5 I ♂, 1 SI ♂, 1 I ♀; Rurópolis: Grim waterfall (S 04°05'36.1"; W 55°00'28.0"; 137m) 05/xi/2012, Hamada N, Nascimento JMC & Couceiro SEM cols GoogleMaps : 7 I ♂, 15 SI ♂, 3 I ♀, 13 N; Alter do Chão: Tambor river (S 04°06'09.9"; W 54°58'23.3"; 2m) 8/x/2012, Nascimento JMC & Fernandes AS cols GoogleMaps : 7 N. Pernambuco State: Amajari: Amajari river (S 08°21'48.9"; W 35°28'49"; 354m) 28/iv/2012 GoogleMaps , Lima LRC, col: 25 I ♂ , 3 I ♀, 13 N; 21/iv/ 2012, Lima LRC col: 3 I ♂ , 1 I ♀, 4 N; Satinho: Mamucaba river (S 08°43'21.6"; W 35°11'14"; 67m) 04/v/2012 GoogleMaps , Lima LRC col: 36 I ♂ . Piauí State: Barra: Longa river (S 04°12'19.9"; W 42°14'10.6"; 80m) 28/v/2011, Hamada N, Querino, R & Cruz PV cols GoogleMaps : 9 I ♂, 2 I ♀, 5 N; São João da Fronteira: Genipapo river (S 04°00'13.1"; W 041°26'54.1"; 213m) 31/v/2011, Hamada N, Querino, R & Cruz PV cols GoogleMaps : 3 I ♂; Santa Cruz dos Milagres: São Nicolau river (S 05°48'34.8"; W 041°53'19.8"; 393m) 29/v/2011, Hamada N, Querino, R & Cruz PV cols GoogleMaps : 1 I ♂, 2 I ♀. Rondonia State: Candeias do Jamari: Candeias river (S 08°47'30.2"; W 63°42'20.3"; 107m) 26/viii/2012, Boldrini R & Fernandes, A col GoogleMaps : 9 I ♂, 7 N; Colorado do Oeste: Hermes river (S 13°12'07.5"; W 60°23'25.1"; 411m) 26/viii/2012, Hamada N, Nascimento JMC, Boldrini R & Fernandes A cols GoogleMaps : 3 I ♂, 1 I ♀, 9 N; Nova Londrina, Urupá river (S 11°02'05.8"; W 62°08'34.1"; 182m) 02/ix/2012, Hamada N, Nascimento JMC, Boldrini R & Fernandes A cols GoogleMaps : 7 I ♂, 5I ♀, 10 N. Roraima State: Bonfim: Arraia river (N 03°21'04.1"; W 59°54'13.8"; 427m) 21/iii/2013, Nascimento JMC, Cruz PV & Silva, JO cols GoogleMaps : 35 I ♂, 12 I ♀, 23 N; Caroebe: Rio no Balneário Municipal (N 00°52'28.8"; W 59°39'47.5"; 380m) 15/iii/2013, Nascimento JMC, Cruz PV & Silva, JO cols GoogleMaps : 18 I ♂, 15 I ♀, 19 N; Caracaraí: Bem-Querer river (N 01°56'01.3"; W 61°01'38.4"; 154m) 26/iii/2012, Hamada N, Cruz PV & Boldrini R cols GoogleMaps : 21 I ♂, 19 N; Caroebe: Caroebe river (N 00°57'09.2"; W 59°37'00.5"; 134m) 19/iii/2013, Nascimento JMC, Cruz PV & Silva, JO col: 7 N; São João da Baliza: Igarapé do Ramal 28 (N 00°55'51.2"; W 59°52'21.3"; 136m) 18/iii/2013, Nascimento JMC, Cruz PV & Silva, JO cols: 3 N; Pacaraima: Ereu river (N 04°02'02.9"; W 61°23'09.5"; 460m) 23/iii/2012, Hamada N, Cruz PV & Boldrini R cols GoogleMaps : 8N.