Phanaeus funereus Balthasar, 1939

Moctezuma, Victor & Halffter, Gonzalo, 2021, Taxonomic revision of the Phanaeus endymion species group (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae), with the descriptions of five new species, European Journal of Taxonomy 747, pp. 1-71 : 18-21

publication ID	https://doi.org/ 10.5852/ejt.2021.747.1333
publication LSID	lsid:zoobank.org:pub:3F0B6EAF-C616-4865-811A-414A094B590C
DOI	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4726221
persistent identifier	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CA87F2-FFEF-FFD5-FDB8-4443BDDC3F39
treatment provided by	Plazi
scientific name	Phanaeus funereus Balthasar, 1939
status	stat. nov.

Treatment

Phanaeus funereus Balthasar, 1939 View in CoL stat. rev.

Figs 1E View Fig , 2C View Fig , 5 View Fig , 17 View Fig , 18F View Fig , 19F View Fig

Phanaeus (s. str.) funereus Balthasar, 1939: 241 View in CoL .

Phanaeus funereus View in CoL – Edmonds 1972: 830; 1994: 3, 9, 45–46 (as synonym of P. pyrois View in CoL ). — Howden & Young 1981: 137 (in part). — Arnaud 1982: 116 (as synonym of P. blanchardi View in CoL ); 2002b: 97 (as subspecies of P. pyrois View in CoL ). — Krajcik 2006: 152 (as synonym of P. pyrois View in CoL ). — Solís & Kohlmann 2012: 8 (as synonym of P. pyrois View in CoL ). — Edmonds & Zídek 2012: 3, 5, 13 (as synonym of P. pyrois View in CoL ). — Chamorro et al. 2019: 220–221 (as synonym of P. pyrois View in CoL ).

Phanaeus (Phanaeus) funereus View in CoL – Martínez & Pereira 1967: 53, 68 (as synonym of P. olsoufieffi View in CoL ).

Phanaeus (Notiophanaeus) pyrois funereus View in CoL – Arnaud 2002b: 97–98 (as subspecies of P. pyrois View in CoL ). — Chamorro et al. 2019: 220 (as synonym of P. pyrois View in CoL ).

Phanaeus pyrois funereus View in CoL – Kohlmann et al. 2018: 79, 93 (as subspecies of P. pyrois View in CoL ).

Phanaeus (s. str.) funereus View in CoL – Chamorro et al. 2019: 220–221 (as synonym of P. pyrois View in CoL ).

Non Phanaeus pyrois View in CoL (error) – Medina et al. 2001: 140 (in part). — Moctezuma & Halffter 2017: 55 (in part). — Moctezuma et al. 2017: 114, 130 (in part). — Chamorro et al. 2018: 98.

Diagnosis

Easily diagnosed species by the dull black colour with dull red sheen dorsally; and striae not strongly impressed basally ( Fig. 5 View Fig ). Additionally, the major male with a keel absent in the middle of anterior pronotal margin ( Figs 2C View Fig , 5A View Fig ); endophallite copulatrix as Fig. 1E View Fig . The major female with the pronotal process lacking concavity; middle pronotal tubercle more developed, slightly projected frontally than lateral tubercles; all pronotal tubercles rounded; and posterior pronotal midline completely effaced ( Fig. 5B View Fig ).

Type material (studied from photographs, 1 ♂)

Holotype

ECUADOR • ♂, Balthasar 1939: 242 ( Fig. 5C View Fig ); “ P. funereus (illegible data). Dr. V. Balthasar det./ Mus. Nat. Pragae Inv. 26347 / ex coll. V. Balthasar National Museum Prague, Czech Republic/ Pucay F.O.I0.6.05. / ♂ / H. Blut determ. Phanaeus blanchardi Olsouf. / Fesche det. Phanaeus pyrois Bts. / TYPUS ”; NMPC.

Non-type material revised (5 ♂♂, 7 ♀♀)

COLOMBIA – Chocó • 1 ♂; “ Quibdó. La Troje - Sept. 972. Coll. Martínez ”; VMC .

ECUADOR – Esmeraldas • 1 ♂; “Tsejpí Ex. Pitfall heces humanas 17/02/01 I. Yépez ”; VMC • 1 ♂; “ Tsejpí. Ex. Pitfall heces humanas. 18/02/01. I. Yépez ”; TAMU • 1 ♀; “ Colón del Ónzole . Ex.Pitfall carroña. 04/05/01 I. Yépez ”; TAMU .– Guayas • 1 ♂; “ Pucay ( Bucay ). F. Ohs. 14.7.05.”; GHC . – Los Ríos • 1 ♂, 1 ♀; “ Quevedo, Pichilingue (75 m) V-76. A. Martínez col.”; TAMU • 2 ♀♀; “ Quevedo, Pichilingue. V-76. A. Martínez, leg.”; GHC • 1 ♀; same collection data as for preceding; VMC . – Manabí • 1 ♀; “ 300 m, 90kmWSW Sto. Domingo. 73 km NE Chone. 6–9.vi.76. S. Peck. 3 for. dung traps 3–5”; IEXA . – Pichincha • 1 ♀; “ Quito . III.915”; TAMU .

Type locality

Ecuador, Pucay (probably Bucay).

Redescription

Major male

HEAD. Clypeus bidentate, dull black on anterior margin, dull red on posterior portion, roughened sculpture. Genae dull black, with dull red sheen, rough sculpture. Front dull black. Cephalic horn black, curved posteriorly over pronotum ( Figs 2C View Fig , 5A View Fig ).

PRONOTUM. Keel absent in the middle of anterior pronotal margin. Disc triangular, flat; with two elongate, weakly developed tubercles on anterior portion. Triangle dull black, scabriculous, with almost effaced punctures, smooth sculpture. Sides dull black-red; scabriculous, with smooth sculpture, almost effaced punctures. Lateral lines of triangle straight. Posterolateral angles short, slightly widened. Lateral fossae distinctly impressed. Basal fossae absent or almost effaced. Posterior margin with almost effaced punctures ( Figs 2C View Fig , 5A View Fig ).

ELYTRA. Striae fine, smooth, dull black, scabriculous, not strongly impressed basally; with dull green or blue-green sheen, almost effaced punctures. Interstriae dull black, scabriculous, with smooth surface, almost effaced to effaced punctures. Sutural margin without apical tooth ( Fig. 5A View Fig ).

PROTIBIAE. Quadridentate with apical spine.

TERGITE VIII. Dull black, with dark red to dark brown sheen; scabriculous sculpture; rough, distinctly impressed punctures. Basal margin with setae variable in size.

GENITALIA. Right lobe of endophallite copulatrix larger in size than left lobe. Right lobe obtusely triangular in shape, with superior portion projected frontally. Left lobe lobed inferiorly, bent superiorly. Central ridge less developed than central column ( Fig. 1E View Fig ).

Minor male

Like the major male, except for the attenuation of the secondary sexual characters (i.e., cephalic horn, pronotal triangle and tubercles, and pronotal posterolateral angles; Fig. 5C View Fig ).

Female

Similar to the male, except for the head showing a cephalic trituberculate carina, with similar in size, conical tubercles; middle tubercle more frontally projected than lateral tubercles; frons with almost effaced punctures; pronotal sculpture completely smooth, impunctate or with almost effaced punctures; pronotum almost completely dull black, dark metallic red laterally and posteriorly; pronotal process trituberculate lacking concavity; middle pronotal tubercle more developed, slightly projected frontally than lateral tubercles; all tubercles rounded; posterior pronotal midline completely effaced ( Fig. 5B View Fig ).

Variation

Mean length 19.3 mm (16–21.9 mm). The male specimen from Colombia has acute posterolateral pronotal angles that are posteriorly projected.

Distribution

Pacific slope of the Andes, north-central Ecuador and Colombia ( Fig. 17 View Fig ). The Colombian specimen represents the first record of P. funereus from Colombia.

Remarks

Phanaeus funereus was considered by previous authors as a synonym of P. pyrois ( Martínez & Pereira 1967; Edmonds 1994; Edmonds & Zídek 2012; Solís & Kohlmann 2012; Chamorro et al. 2019). Nevertheless, a diagnosis and a key to separate both species are provided by us. As a consequence, full species status is confidently assigned to P. funereus . The lectotype (a minor male) and some specimens from Ecuador (n=12) were used for the redescription of P. funereus . The only specimen studied from Colombia differed in the posterolateral angles of pronotum, but not in colour pattern, pronotal and elytral sculpturing, or genital morphology.

NMPC	Czech Republic, Prague, National Museum (Natural History)
TAMU	USA, Texas, College Station, Texas A & M University
NMPC	National Museum Prague

Copyright notice

No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.

Taxonomy

Kingdom	Animalia
Phylum	Arthropoda
Class	Insecta
Order	Coleoptera
Family	Scarabaeidae
Genus	Phanaeus