Leucania rawlinsi Adams, 2001

Cocco, Jéssica, Dolibaina, Diego Rodrigo, Casagrande, Mirna Martins, Specht, Alexandre & Foerster, Luís Amilton, 2019, First records of Leucania rawlinsi Adams and L. senescens M ̂ schler (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in Brazil: redescription, potential association with Bt maize, larval parasitoids, and spatial and temporal distribution, Zootaxa 4604 (3), pp. 441-460 : 443-445

Leucania rawlinsi Adams, 2001

( Figs 1–2 , 5–6 , 9 , 11 , 13–17 )

Cirphis latiuscula ; Hampson, 1905: 542 [in part], pl. 93, fig. 20.— Wolcott, 1923:161.— Draudt, 1924: 167, pl. 24, row G.— Schaus, 1940: 186 [not Herrich-Schäffer, 1868: 148] [misidentification].

Leucania rawlinsi Adams, 2001 . 70(3): 186, fig. 1B holotype [dorsal] (holotype male from Jamaica, St. Andrew Parish, Irishtown deposited in the Private collection of Morton S. Adams), fig. 4C–D male genitalia, fig. 13B female genitalia.—Perez- Gelabert, 2008. 1831: 280.—Núñez & Barro, 2011. 224, in: Núñez & Barro.—Núñez & Barro, 2012. 3384: 47.—Perez- Gelabert, 2015. 8: 73.

Diagnosis. Leucania rawlinsi can be distinguished from several American congeners by the dark brown dorsal forewing ground color, darker over the cubitus; the presence of a small white dot at the end of the discal cell; a somewhat triangular caramel patch between the end of the discal cell and the apex, crossed by dark brown lines at the middle of the space of veins; and the postdiscal area with a row of dark dots over the veins ( Figs 1–2 ). However, the above cited characters are also present in some other members of the genus. Thus, the species can be identified confidently only by the examination of the male genitalia, in which the valva is about as long as wide; the sacculus is rounded and narrowed dorsally; the cucullus is knob-like and distally expanded; the digitus and clasper are short and pointed, both arranged in a C-shaped aspect; the aedeagus has a simple vesica, without an appendix, and bears two long, distally curved cornuti ( Fig. 9 ). In the female genitalia the ductus bursae is laterally narrow, gradually membranous towards the appendix bursae and as long as the corpus bursae; the appendix bursae is longer than the ductus bursae, bent left and coiled, with the proximal area broad; and the corpus bursae is ovoid, completely membranous, and lack a signum ( Fig. 11 ).

Redescription. Head: Mostly dark brown mixed with light caramel scales. Compound eyes hairy. Labial palpi dark brown, short. Antennae filiform, covered by dark and light brown scales dorsally ( Fig. 5 ).

Thorax: Dorsally and ventrally most dark brown mixed with caramel, black, and light scales; metathorax with two grayish black spots at center. Patagia with two light bands dividing dark area into three bands, with distal dark band widest ( Fig. 6 ). Legs with outer surface dark, inner surface light brown, mesotibiae with one pair of distal spurs, metatibiae with two pairs of spurs, one distal and one at middle length.

Dorsal forewing: Length 13–16 mm in males (n = 42), 14–17 mm in females (n = 23). Ground color dark brown, darker over cubitus; veins covered by mixture of white and brown scales; costal area (from costal margin to anterior most part of discal cell) with alternating pattern of dark and white longitudinal stripes; small white dot at end of dis- cal cell; a somewhat triangular caramel patch running from end of discal cell to apex, delimiting posterior dark zone from postdiscal area to outer margin; postdiscal area with row of dark dots over veins; dark brown line between veins from discal area to outer margin; submarginal area with veins covered by caramel scales, extending to fringe ( Figs 1–2 ).

Dorsal hind wing: Almost pure white; costal area suffused by brown scales; submarginal area with veins from Rs to CuA 2 covered by brown scales; small marginal dark brown dots between veins from Rs to CuA 2; fringe caramel from apex to CuA 2, then white ( Figs 1–2 ).

Abdomen: Brown, dorsally darker in males, with two grayish black spots over tergum I and II ( Fig. 6 ). Tip of abdomen densely covered by light cream scales ( Figs 1–2 ).

Male genitalia: Uncus slender, long, pointed, curved ventrally immediately beyond base, with distance between base and tip longer than length of tegumen. Saccus triangular, slightly shorter than cucullus. Valvae about as long as wide; sacculus rounded, broad basally, narrowed dorsally and bearing 2–3 setae over distal margin; cucullus knob-like, expanded distally, with about 9 spine-like setae on distal margin; sensory plate short; digitus robust, short, pointed, as long as clasper and arranged with it in a C-shaped aspect; clasper narrow, pointed, longer than its base; ampulla digitiform, slender, slightly shorter than clasper. Aedeagus with anterior half of distiphallus broad and rounded, narrowed distally; vesica simple, without appendix, bearing two long, distally curved cornuti ( Fig. 9 ).

Female genitalia: Lamella postvaginalis short, rectangular, fused with tergum VIII; anterior apophysis narrow, as long as posterior apophysis; ductus bursae laterally narrow, gradually membranous towards appendix bursae, as long as corpus bursae; appendix bursae longer than ductus bursae, bent left, coiled, proximal area broad; corpus bursae ovoid, completely membranous, without signum. Papilla analis somewhat triangular, shorter than posterior apophysis, distal margin rounded; posterior apophysis narrow, straight, as long as anterior apophysis ( Fig. 11 ).

Global distribution. Leucania rawlinsi has a broad geographical range, from the Antilles ( Barbados, Cuba, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Jamaica—type locality, Puerto Rico, Saint Croix, Saint Lucia, Saint Martin and Saint Vincent) and Central America to northeastern South America ( Adams 2001; Janzen & Hallwachs 2009). Specimens deposited in collections confirm this species for Colombia (HT, MZUSP, NHMUK), Venezuela (NHMUK), Trinidad (NHMUK), Ecuador (MGCL, NHMUK, USNM, VOB) and Argentina (CHT).

Distribution in Brazil. A total of 1,935 Brazilian specimens of L. rawlinsi were examined, 1,735 of which were collected in light traps ( Figs 14–16 ). Leucania rawlinsi was recorded in all Brazilian regions and biomes including all Brazilian states except for Amapá, Ceará, Paraíba, Pernambuco and Sergipe ( Fig. 13 ). The altitudinal distribution of L. rawlinsi in Brazil ranges from sea level to 2,410 m, with ca. 52% (1,012) of the specimens collected below 500 m.

Temporal distribution. Adults were found throughout the year, more frequently from February to August; the peak of abundance for this species is June ( Fig. 14 ).

Taxonomic comments. The only American species of Leucania that can be confused with L. rawlinsi is L. subpunctata (Harvey, 1875) . The latter is known only from the USA and a single specimen from the Bahamas ( Adams 2001; Lafontaine & Smith 2010; Poole 2018). Although the available data suggest these two species are parapatric, the only diagnostic character that distinguishes them is the presence of an appendix on the vesica of L. subpunctata , which is absent in L. rawlinsi ( Adams 2001) .

Analyzed material. BRAZIL— Acre: Mâncio Lima (Parque Nacional da Serra do Divisor, Topo da Serra), 450m, 7–10, 13. X.2018, 1 ♁, O. Mielke, Casagrande, Dolibaina & Medeiros leg. DZ 40.311 (DZUP). Rio Branco , 14. VI.2015, 1 ♁, 23–24. VI.2015, 3 ♁, 9. VII.2015, 1 ♁, 15–16. VII.2015, 5 ♁ and 2♀, 13. VIII.2015, 1 ♀, Fazolin leg. 3685, 2643, 2642, 3688, 3718, 3753, 3740, 3623, 3753, 2716, 2644, 3611, 3838 ( EMBRAPA) ; and the following specimens are preserved in alcohol 13–24. VI.2015, 15 ♁ and 11♀, 9–16. VII.2015, 22 ♁ and 19♀, 11–13. VIII.2015, 2 ♀, Fazolin leg. ( EMBRAPA) . Amazonas : Benjamin Constant (Rio Javari), 1♀, Pohl leg. ( MZUSP) . Fonte Boa , VII.1906, 1 ♁, VIII.1906, 1 ♁, VIII.1907, 1 ♀, S. M. Klages leg. 0 10915083, 0 10915082, 0 10915081 ( NHMUK) . Tefé , I.1905, 1 ♁, M. de Mathan leg. 0 10915080 ( NMHUK) . Bahia : Camacan ( RPPN Serra Bonita), 800m, 9– 20. IV.2005, 1 ♁, IV.2008 1 ♁, IX.2008 1 ♁, VI.2009 1 ♁, Becker leg. 136260, 140097, 141149, 143384 ( VOB) . Correntina , 977m, 17. III.2015, 1 ♀, 3757 ( EMBRAPA) . Encruzilhada (Campinas, ex. Arraial de Cachimbo), 680m, 1890, 5♁ and 2♀ C. Pujol leg. 0 10915072, 0 10915073, 0 10915074, 0 10915075, 0 10915077, 0 10915071, 0 10915076 ( NHMUK) . Formosa do Rio Preto , 767m, 30. I.2015, 1 ♁, 848 (Embrapa). Jussiape, 700m, 15. IV.1997, 2 ♁, 10–25. IV.1997, 1 ♀, 20. IV.1997, 3 ♁, 20. VI.1997, 1 ♀, 1–30. VII.1997, 1 ♁, 1–30. XI.1997, 1 ♀, Thöny leg. ( CHT) . Luís Eduardo Magalhães , 778m, 30. VI.2014, 1 ♁, 18.V.2015 1♁ and 1♀, Castro leg. 3617, 3612, 3652 (EMBRA- PA). Palmeiras (Morro do Pai Inácio), 950m, VI.1999, 1 ♁, Moser leg. ( CLAM) . Porto Seguro (Arraial d’Ajuda), 20m, 10. VII.2010, 1 ♀ Becker leg. 146438 ( VOB) . São Desidério , 880m, 17. III.2015, 1 ♀ 3900 ( EMBRAPA) . Distrito Federal : Planaltina (Embrapa Cerrados), 1007m , 15. XII.1976, 2 ♁, V. O. Becker leg. 18952, 18952* ( VOB) , 1. VIII.2013, 1 ♀, 2. VIII.2013, 1 ♀, 3. VIII.2013, 2 ♀, 4. VIII.2013, 1 ♀, 6. VIII.2013, 1 ♀, 7. VIII.2013, 1 ♀, 8. VII.2013, 1 ♁, 9. VII.2013, 2 ♁ and 1♀, 10. VIII.2013, 2 ♁ and 2♀, 11. VIII.2013, 1 ♀, 27. VIII.2013, 2 ♁ and 1♀, 28. VIII.2013, 1 ♁ and 1♀, 28. I.2014, 1 ♁ and 1♀, 3. II.2014, 1 ♁, 26. IV.2014, 1 ♀, 28. IV.2014, 1 ♁, 29. IV.2014, 1 ♁, 23. V.2014, 1 ♁, 25. V.2014, 1 ♀, 27. V.2014, 1 ♁, 19. VI.2014, 1 ♁ and 2♀, 24. VI.2014, 1 ♀, 25. VI.2014, 1 ♁, 22. VII.2014, 1 ♁ and 2♀, 4. VIII.2014, 3 ♀, 7. VIII.2014, 1 ♀, 19. X.2014, 1 ♁, 27. X.2014, 1 ♀, 16. I.2015, 1 ♀, 23. V.2015, 1 ♁, 18. VI.2015, 1 ♁, A. Specht leg. 726, 706, 469, 694, 785, 450, 757, 702*, 557, 753*, 780, 917, 693, 758, 763, 769, 730*, 843*, 783, 764, 756, 698, 567, 734, 821, 479*, 623, 1998, 697, 452*, 441*, 712, 745, 462, 449*, 850, 442, 443, 705, 786, 451, 777, 798, 774, 852, 596, 461* ( EMBRAPA), (Embrapa Cerrados, Serrinha) , 1169m, 11. VI.2015, 3 ♀, 01. II.2016, 1 ♀, A. Specht leg. 3828, 3794, 3758, 3694 ( EMBRAPA) ; and the following specimens are preserved in alcohol 11. III.2016, 1 ♁, 1. VI.2016, 1 ♁, 2. VI.2016, 2 ♁, 6. VI.2016, 1 ♀, 31. V.2016, 1 ♁, A. Specht leg. ( EMBRAPA) . Espírito Santo : Alegre, 120m, 12. V.2015, 1 ♁, 11. VI.2015, 1 ♁, 12. VII.2015, 1 ♁ and 1♀, 13.VII.2015 1♁ and 5 ♀, 16.VII.2015 1♁, 13.VIII.2015 1♁, 10.IX.2015 1♁, 8.X.2015 1♁, 7.XI.2015 1♁, 6.III.2016 1♁, Zanuncio Jr. leg. 3633, 3624, 3731, 3741, 3699, 3627, 3640, 3722, 3647, 3648, 3730, 2709, 3651, 3786, 3752, 4339 ( EMBRAPA) ; and the following specimens are preserved in alcohol 10–13. VI.2015, 13 ♁ and 9♀, 12–16. VII.2015, 18 ♁ and 13♀, 12–16. VIII.2015, 8 ♁ and 4♀, 10–11. IX.2015, 2 ♁ and 2♀, 6. X.2015, 1 ♁ and 1♀, 5–8. I.2016, 3 ♁ and 3♀, 4. II.2016, 1 ♁, 3–7. III.2016, 9 ♁ and 31♀, 7. IV.2016, 1 ♁ and 2♀, Zanuncio Jr. leg. ( EMBRAPA) . Domingos Martins , 950m, 16. VI.2015, 2 ♀, 19. VII.2015, 1 ♁, 3–5. V.2016, 1 ♁ and 2♀, Zanuncio Jr. leg. 3748, 3689, 3645, 4348, 4367, 4346 ( EMBRAPA) ; and the following specimens are preserved in alcohol 14. VI.2015, 2 ♁, 15–17. VI.2015, 7 ♁ and 11♀, 13–14. VII.2015, 3 ♁ and 8♀, 17–19. VIII.2015, 5 ♁, 7. X.2015, 1 ♀, 3–6. IV.2016, 9 ♁ and 5♀, 3–5. V.2016, 30 ♁ and 25♀, Zanuncio Jr. leg. ( EMBRAPA) . Linhares , 40m, 29. II.1992, 1 ♁, 5–9. IV.1992, 1 ♀, V. O. Becker leg. 80992, 82117* ( VOB) . Santa Leopoldina (Tirol) , 650m, 8–20. XII.1996, 3 ♀, H. Thöny leg. ( CHT) , 800m, 24–29. I.1997, 1 ♁, H. Thöny & A. Moser leg. ( CLAM) , 650m, 15. III.1997, 1 ♀, H. Thöny leg. ( CHT) , 10.VI–10. VII.1997, 3 ♁, H. Th ̂ny leg. ( CHT) , 8–20. VIII.1997, 1 ♁, H. Thöny leg. ( CHT) , 15. X.1997, 1 ♁ and 1♀, H. Thöny leg. ( CHT) , 600– 800m, 25–28. VI.1998, 2 ♁, H. Thöny & A. Moser leg. ( CLAM) . Goiás : Goiás, 500m, 13–15. X.1984, 1 ♀, V. O. Becker leg. 52600 ( VOB) . Mato Grosso : Conquista D’Oeste, 2. I.2017, 1 ♁, J. P. Santos & L. Queiroz–Santos leg. DZ 40.187* ( DZUP) . Nortelândia , 13. V.2015, 2 ♁, J. Cocco leg. DZ 33.213*, DZ 33.193 ( DZUP) . Sinop , 11– 12. VI.2015, 1 ♁ and 3♀, Filipiake, Rodrigues & Pitta leg. 3637, 3736, 3937, 3889 ( EMBRAPA) , 15. VII.2015, 1 ♀, 3942 ( EMBRAPA) , 5. III.2016, 1 ♀ 3925 ( EMBRAPA) ; and the following specimens are preserved in alcohol 10– 14. VI.2015, 20 ♁ and 68♀, 14–17. VII.2015, 6 ♁ and 10 ♀, 10–14. VIII.2015, 7 ♁ and 8♀, 01–5. II.2016, 4 ♁ and 7♀, 2–5. III.2016, 4 ♁ and 9♀, 4–7.IV.2016, 33♁ and 23 ♀, 2–3. V.2016, 2 ♀, 13. VIII.2016, 3 ♁ and 1♀, Filipiake, Rodri- gues & Pitta leg. ( EMBRAPA) . Mato Grosso do Sul : Chapadão do Sul, 11–14. VI.2015, 3 ♁ and 3♀, 4337, 4365, 4343, 4341, 4366, 4344, 12–14. VII.2015, 3 ♁ and 1♀, Taira leg. 4342, 4347, 4364, 4345, 2–6. V.2016, 2 ♁, 4340, 4349 ( EMBRAPA) ; and the following specimens are preserved in alcohol 10–14. VI.2015, 43♁ and 50♀, 9– 13. VII.2015, 20 ♁ and 24♀, 15. VIII.2015, 2 ♁, 9–11. IX.2015, 4 ♁, 6. III.2016, 1 ♁, 2–6.IV.2016, 34♁ and 14♀, 2– 6.V.2016, 150♁ and 75♀, Taira leg. ( EMBRAPA) . Corumbá , 600m, 20–22. IV.1985, 1 ♀, V. O. Becker leg. 63443 ( VOB) . Miranda , 12. VI.2015, 3 ♁ and 1 ♀, 13. VI.2015, 1 ♀, 15. VI.2015, 1 ♁, 16. VI.2015, 1 ♁ and 1♀, 17. VI.2015, 1 ♀, 11. VII.2015, 2 ♁, 12. VII.2015, 1 ♁, 2. II.2016, 3 ♁, 3. II.2016, 3 ♁, 4. II.2016, 2 ♁, 4. III.2016, 2 ♀, 30. V.2016, 1 ♀, 31. V.2016, 2 ♀, 1. VI.2016, 1 ♀, 2. VI.2016, 1 ♁, 3. VI.2016, 2 ♀, Specht, W. Camargo & Concone leg. 3859, 3860, 3943, 3893, 3891, 3862, 3865, 3866, 3837, 3885, 3938, 3871, 3873, 4335, 3878, 3867, 3872, 3863, 3874, 3868, 3912, 3870, 3877, 3879, 3883, 3864, 3884, 3858, 3861 ( EMBRAPA) ; and the following specimens are preserved in alcohol 12–16. VI.2015, 6 ♁ and 11♀ plus 39 specimens, 11–17. VII.2015, 12 ♁ and 11 ♀ plus 105 specimens, 31.I– 4. II.2016, 27 ♁ and 24♀ plus 146 specimens, 30.V–3. VI.2016, 14 ♁ and 18♀, Specht, W. Camargo & Concone leg. ( EMBRAPA) . Minas Gerais : Alto Caparaó ( PN Caparaó, Casa Queimada), 2160m, 12. XI.2012, 1 ♀, Expedição Lab Lep MZSUP leg. ( MZUSP) . Itamonte ( PN Itatiaia), 2150m, 8. XI.2011, 1 ♁, Expedição Lab Lep MZSUP leg. ( MZUSP) . Mariléia (PE Rio Doce, trilha lagoa carioquinha), 310m, 6–8. XI.2015, 1 ♀, Moraes leg. ( MZUSP) . Poté , 500m, 30. V.1996, 1 ♀, 15. VI.1996, 1 ♁ and 1♀, 15. X.1996, 1 ♁, 1–30. I.1997, 4 ♁, 15. V.1997, 1 ♁, 10–25. V.1997, 3 ♁, H. Thöny leg. ( CHT) . São Gonçalo do Rio Preto (PE do Rio Preto), 814m, 19. IV.2010, 1 ♁, Expedição Lab Lep MZSUP leg. ( MZUSP) . Santana do Riacho (Serra do Cipó), 1400m, 17–19. IV.1991, 1 ♀, V. O. Becker leg. 77874 ( VOB) . Uberaba , 819m, 8. VII.2015, 1 ♀, 10. III.2016, 1 ♀, Moreira leg. 3887, 3939 ( EMBRAPA) ; and the following specimens are preserved in alcohol 16–20. VI.2015, 9 ♁ and 5♀, 7–10. VII.2015, 4 ♁ and 4♀, 9. X.2015, 1 ♀, 9–13. III.2016, 7 ♁ and 9♀, 13–17. IV.2016, 12 ♁ and 9 ♀, 10–12. V.2016, 1 ♁ and 6♀, Moreira leg. (EMBRA- PA). Pará: Mojuí dos Campos, all specimens are preserved in alcohol 10–14. VI.2015, 9 specimens, 9–12. VII.2015, 5 specimens, 11. VIII.2015, 1 specimen, 8. II.2016, 9 specimens, 7–11. III.2016, 12 specimens, 5–8. IV.2016, 19 specimens, 5–7. V.2016, 3 specimens, Coradini & Teston leg. ( EMBRAPA) . Paraná: Castro , 1♁, E. D. Jones leg. 0 10914976 (NHMUK). Cornélio Procópio (PE Mata São Francisco) 550m, 3–5. V.2016, 3 ♁, Santos, Silva & Quei- roz–Santos leg. DZ 36.769, DZ 36.792, DZ 36.852 ( DZUP) . Curitiba , 930m, 10. I.1975, 1 ♁, V. O. Becker leg. 3260 ( VOB) . Guaratuba (Morro dos Perdidos), 1200m, 1♁, A. Medeiros, F. Dias, D. Dolibaina & L. Venâncio leg. DD 403 (DD). Lapa, 800m, 4. IX.1999, 2 ♀, A. Moser leg. ( CHT) . Londrina , 594m, 7. X.2015, 1 ♁, 16. XII.2015, 1 ♀, Sosa–Gomez leg. 4336, 4338 ( EMBRAPA) ; and the following specimens are preserved in alcohol 15–19. VI.2015, 22 ♁ and 24♀, 9–17. VII.2015, 12 ♁ and 4♀, 10–11. VIII.2015, 1 ♁ and 2♀, 14–18. IX.2015, 2 ♁ and 1♀, 7–15. X.2015, 10 ♁ and 16 ♀, 10–15. XII.2015, 2 ♁ and 3♀, 6. I.2016, 1 ♁, 1–2. II.2016, 2 ♀, Sosa–Gomez leg. ( EMBRAPA) . Morretes (Morro do Meio), 14. V.1970, 1 ♀, V. O. Becker leg. 3375 ( VOB), (Estrada da Graciosa) , 700m, 14. VII.2017, 2 ♁, Dolibaina , C. Mielke, Siewert & Stlaurent leg. DD 356, DD 357 (DD). Ponta Grossa, 950m, 25. IX.1975, 1 ♁, V. O. Becker leg. 3294 ( VOB) . Tibagi (PE do Guartelá ), 1000m, 25–27. VII.2017, 19 ♁ and 2♀, Medeiros, Dias, Dolibaina & Queiroz-Santos leg. DD 349, DD 350, DD 358, DD 359, DD 360 (DD), DZ 40.076*, DZ 40.136, DZ 40.176, DZ 40.186*, DZ 40.196, DZ 40.216, DZ 40.236, DZ 40.246, DZ 40.266, DZ 40.276, DZ 40.286, DZ 40.296*, DZ 40.306*, DZ 40.316*, DZ 40.166, DZ 40.226 ( DZUP) , 11–12. X.2018, 1 ♀, Carneiro , Venâncio, Mo- reira & Orlandin leg. DZ 40.411 ( DZUP) . Rio de Janeiro : 1♁, DZ 31.137 ( DZUP) . Itatiaia , 1♀, J. Arp leg. ( MNRJ) , XI.1936, 1 ♀, Pohl leg. ( MZUSP), (Maromba) , 23. X.1926, 1 ♁ and 1♀, 31. VIII.1929, 1 ♀, 5. IX.1929, 1 ♁, 5. XII.1931, 2 ♁, 27. VI.1933, 1 ♀, 20. XI.1933, 1 ♀, 17. XII.1935, 2 ♀, 20. XI.1938, 1 ♀ Zikán leg. ( CEIOC), ( Pico do Itatiaia ) , 28.III–01. IV.1958, 1 ♀, H. B. D. Kettlewell leg. 0 10915068 ( NHMUK), ( PN do Itatiaia) , 2410m, 16–17. III.2013, 4 ♁ and 3♀, Silva, Pinheiro & Muñoz leg. ( MZUSP *) . Nova Friburgo , 1100m, 29.IV–3. V.2001, 1 ♁, A. Moser leg. ( CLAM) . Petrópolis , 1♁, P. Gagarin leg. DZ 31.118* ( DZUP) . Rio de Janeiro , 1♀, Derg leg. 0 10915070 ( NH- MUK) , 6. VIII.1958, 1 ♀, E. P. Wiltshire leg. 0 10915078 ( NHMUK), (Deodoro) , 27. VII.1934, 1 ♁, Zikán leg. ( MNRJ), (Gávea) , 1♀ ( MNRJ) . Rio Grande do Norte : Pipa, 20m, 28–31. III.1994, 1 ♁, V. O. Becker leg. 91163 ( VOB) . Rio Grande do Sul : Farroupilha, 750m, 11–12. XII.2007, 1 ♁ and 2♀ ( CEUCS) . Iraí , 21. VI.1998, 1 ♁, 23. VIII.1998, 1 ♁, 17. II.1999, 2 ♁, 17. V.1999, 1 ♁, Teston leg. 11201, 11202, 9965, 11203, 11204 ( MCTP) . Lagoa Vermelha , 9. X.1999, 1 ♁, A. Specht leg. 11199 ( MCTP) . Passo Fundo , 682m, 11. X.2015, 1 ♀, 4. IV.2016, 1 ♁, Pereira leg. 3776, 2719 ( EMBRAPA) . Pelotas , 10m, 10. X.1967, 1 ♁, V. O. Becker leg. 3306 ( VOB) . Salvador do Sul , 28. I.1995, 1 ♁, 3. VI.1997, 1 ♀, A. Specht leg. 4223, 11205 ( MCTP) . São José dos Ausentes ( Silveira ), 1200m, 28– 31. I.2000, 1 ♀, A. Moser leg. ( CHT) . São Leopoldo , 50m, 18. VIII.2014, 1 ♁, A. Moser leg. ( CLAM) . São Pedro da Serra , 23. V.1998, 1 ♁, Mallmann leg. 11206 ( MCTP) . Triunfo (Copesul), 4. V.1996, 1 ♀, FZBRS leg. 5017 ( MCTP) . Rondônia : Cacaulândia, 140m, 01. XI.1991, 1 ♁, 15–18. X.1993, 1 ♁, 01. XI.1994, 1 ♁, V. O. Becker leg. 79146, 87974, 94885 ( VOB) , 350m, 1–20. XI.1999, 2 ♁, ( Rancho Grande ), 350m, 1–26. III.1999, 4 ♁ and 3♀, H. Thöny leg. ( CHT) . Roraima : Alto Alegre, 20–21. VI.2015, 2 ♁, 13. VII.2015, 1 ♀, Morais leg. 3903, 3909, 3857* ( EMBRAPA) ; and the following specimens are preserved in alcohol 19–22. VI.2015, 3 ♁ and 8♀, 10–13. VII.2015, 15 ♁ and 4♀, Morais leg. ( EMBRAPA) . Santa Catarina : Blumenau [Nova Bremen], 16. IX.1932, 1 ♁, F. Hoffmann leg. 0 10915079 ( NHMUK) . São Bento do Sul , 2–29. IV.1998, 2 ♁ and 5♀, 1–30. V.1998, 1 ♁, 1–30. VI.1998, 1 ♁, 1–29. I.1999, 1 ♁, 1–30. VIII.1999, 2 ♁ and 2♀, H. Thöny leg. ( CHT) . Seara (Nova Teotônia), 27. IX.1935, 1 ♀, F. Plaumann leg. ( MZUSP) . Timbó , X.1935, 1 ♁, Pohl leg. ( MZUSP) . São Paulo : 1♁, Garbe leg. ( MZUSP), (Alto da Serra) , III.1938, 1 ♁, Pohl leg. ( MZUSP) . Cajati (PE Rio Turno, mirante do Aleixo), 1018m, 1–3. XII.2013, 1 ♁ and 1♀, Quintero & Silva leg. ( MZUSP) . Campos do Jordão , 1668m, 16–17. V.2015, 1 ♁, Quintero, Silva & Moraes leg., (PE, mirante pau arcado), 1815m, 15. V.2015, 4 ♀, Silva & Moraes leg., 18–19. V.2015, 1 ♁ and 2♀ Quintero, Silva & Moraes leg. ( MZUSP) . Jundiaí (Serra do Japi), 850m, 4–5. VII.2002, 1 ♁, A. Moser leg. ( CLAM) . Piracaia , 820m, VII.1969, 1 ♀, Bernardi leg. ( MZUSP) . Poloni , 520m, 21. V.1984, 1 ♀, 27. VI.1984, 1 ♁ and 1♀, 11. IV.1985, 1 ♀, 24.IV.1987, Pe. Pinto leg. ( MZUSP) . Santo André (Resbio Alto da Serra de Paranapiacaba, alojamento), 835m, 27–28. III.2015, 2 ♁, R. O. Silva leg. ( MZUSP) . São Luís do Paraitinga , 900m, 12–17. XI.2001, 1 ♀, V. O. Becker leg. 133885 ( VOB) . São Paulo , 1♀, 0 10915069 ( NHMUK), (Ipiranga) , 3.XII, 1♁, ( Cantareira ), X.1921, 1 ♀, Pohl leg. ( MZUSP) . Tocantins : Porto Nacional, 9. VIII.2015, 1 ♀, B. A. Evangelista & D. B. Fragoso leg. 3920 ( EMBRAPA) ; and the following specimens are preserved in alcohol 15. VI.2015, 1 ♀, 8. I.2016, 1 ♀, B. A. Evangelista & D. B. Fragoso leg. ( EMBRAPA) .

Figures

FIGURE 13. Geographic distribution of Leucania rawlinsi and L. senescens in Brazil.

FIGURE 14. Abundance of Leucania rawlinsi and L. senescens in Brazil based on standardized collections and data from entomological collections.

FIGURE 15. Relative abundance of Leucania rawlinsi and L. senescens based on standardized collections in Brazil. Abbreviations of states are in the Material and Methods section. MS–C: Chapadṳo do Sul, Mato Grosso do Sul; MS–M: Miranda, Mato Grosso do Sul; ES–A: Alegre; ES–D: Domingos Martins.

FIGURE 16. Distribution of the abundance of Leucania rawlinsi and L. senescens in different Brazilian biomes based on standardized collections.

FIGURE 17. Leucania larvae collected in conventional and transgenic maize, Nortelândia, Mato Grosso state, Brazil.

FIGURES 1–4. Adults male (left) and female (right) of species of Leucania in dorsal view. 1–2, L. rawlinsi, male from Estrada da Graciosa, Morretes, Paraná, Brazil (DD 357), female from Parque Estadual do Guartelá, Tibagi, Paraná, Brazil (DD 350). 3–4, L. senescens, male from Parque Estadual de Campos do Jordṳo, Campos do Jordṳo, Sṳo Paulo, Brazil (MZUSP), female from Chapadṳo do Sul, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil (EMBRAPA 4372). Scale bar: 10 mm.

FIGURES 5–8. Anterior view of the head (upper) and dorsal view of the thorax (bottom) of species of Leucania. 5–6, L. rawlinsi, male from Estrada da Graciosa, Morretes, Paraná, Brazil (DD 357). 7–8, L. senescens, male from Parque Estadual de Campos do Jordṳo, Campos do Jordṳo, Sṳo Paulo, Brazil (MZUSP). Scale bar: 2mm.

FIGURES 9–10. Male genitalia in posterior (left) and lateral view (right) and aedeagus of species of Leucania. 9, L. rawlinsi from Conquista d’Oeste, Mato Grosso, Brazil (DZ 40.187). 10, L. senescens from Parque Estadual de Campos do Jordṳo, Campos do Jordṳo, Sṳo Paulo, Brazil (MZUSP). The vesica is about 70% smaller than remaining genitalia. Scale bar: 1mm.

FIGURES 11–12. Female genitalia in ventral (left) and lateral view (right) of species of Leucania. 11, L. rawlinsi from Petrópolis, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (DZ 31.118). 12, L. senescens from Chapadṳo do Sul, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil (EMBRAPA 4372). Scale bar: 1mm.