Ityphilus calinus Chamberlin, 1957

Pereira, Luis Alberto, 2013, Further contribution to the knowledge of Ityphilus calinus Chamberlin, 1957, a poorly known ballophilid centipede from Colombia, with description of Ityphilus bonatoi, a new diminutive geophilomorph species from Brazil (Myriapoda: Chilopoda, Geophilomorpha), Zootaxa 3716 (4), pp. 501-527 : 502-514

Ityphilus calinus Chamberlin, 1957

( Figs. 1–52 )

Ityphilus calinus Chamberlin, 1957:25 , 30; Pereira & Minelli, 1996:110; Foddai et al., 2000:153; Adis et al., 2002:18; Foddai et al., 2002:473; Foddai et al, 2004:276; Bonato et al., 2007:3; Pereira, 2010:663; Pereira 2012: 291, 292, 296, 297, 300– 302, 304, 306, 307; Pereira 2013a: 13, 23.

Diagnosis. A Neotropical species of Ityphilus with internal edge of the forcipular tarsungulum completely smooth. The other Neotropical members of the genus sharing the same trait are I. cavernicolus (Matic, Negrea & Fundora Martinez, 1977) (from Cuba); I. idanus Crabill, 1960 (from Antigua and Barbuda); I. lilacinus Cook, 1899 (from South Bimini Island: Bahamas: British West Indies; Sugarloaf Key: Florida: USA); I. palidus (Matic, Negrea & Fundora Martinez, 1977) (from Cuba); and I. polypus (Matic, Negrea & Fundora Martinez, 1977) (from Cuba). Ityphilus calinus can be differentiated from all these taxa by the low number of leg-bearing segments, 43 (against 49 to 93 in the others). Among them, those having a range of leg-bearing segments roughly similar to I. calinus are I. cavernicolus and I. idanus .

Ityphilus calinus can be confidently differentiated from I. cavernicolus by means of the following selected traits (the corresponding traits in the latter are given in parentheses): body length of male 19 mm (50 mm (female?)); male with 43 leg-bearing segments (49, 51, 53, 55, 57, 59, “frequently 51–53” (sex not specified for each number)); antennae moderately clavate, not truly geniculate (strongly clavate and geniculate); a.a. XIV longer than wide (wider than long); cephalic plate ca. as long as wide (wider than long); telopodites of first maxillae with lappets (without lappets); forcipular coxosternum with complete, strongly developed chitin-lines, Fig. 21 : a (“very fine and difficult to observe”); ventral pore-fields circular in shape (transversally subrectangular); tergites smooth (roughened).

Ityphilus calinus can be confidently differentiated from I. idanus by means of the following selected traits (the corresponding traits in the latter are given in parentheses): male with 43 leg-bearing segments (male with 55, female with 59); dorsal side of a.a. IX and XIII with ca. 9 spine-like deeply pigmented specialized sensilla (ca. 2); clypeus with 2+2 postantennal setae (1+1); mid-piece of labrum smooth (with a fringe of minute hair-like structures); first maxillary telopodite lappets present (absent); labrum side-pieces with 3+3 teeth (1-2+1-2); shape of calyx of poison gland cylindrical, Fig. 23 (like a bunch of grapes, Fig. 118 : a); sternite of ultimate leg-bearing segment with ratio of width of anterior border/width of posterior border, ca. 2.47: 1 (ca. 1.58: 1).

Remarks. Morphological traits included in Table 1 differentiate I. calinus from all the other Neotropical species of Ityphilus with internal edge of forcipular tarsungulum smooth.

Ityphilus calinus can be confidently separated from I. savannus and I. ceibanus (of which it is unknown whether the forcipular tarsungulum is serrate or smooth) by means of the following selected traits (corresponding features for I. calinus already mentioned above).

I. savannus : terminal portion of the antennae greatly thickened; male with 55 leg-bearing segments.

I. ceibanus : antennae strongly clavate and geniculate; head longer than wide; more than 69 leg-bearing segments (sex unknown).

Type material examined. COLOMBIA: Valle del Cauca Department: 13 miles W of Santiago de Cali, 20 March 1955: holotype ♂, 43 leg-bearing segments, body length about 19 mm (right ultimate leg missing, rest of the body complete).

Depository of type. CAS.

Remarks. The holotype is on a permanent original slide made in glycerin gelatin water-based mounting medium. The entire specimen is in dorsal position, head not separated from the body (mouth parts not dissected), trunk undivided. Head, forcipular segment, and leg-bearing segments 1 to 35 under the cover slip (very well cleared and preserved); leg-bearing segments 36 to 43 and postpedal segments not covered and included in overflowed mounting medium only (therefore the preservation is not adequate for microscopic observation).

Description. Male holotype. Forty-three leg-bearing segments, body length about 19 mm. Trunk attenuate in anterior and posterior regions, with exception of the ultimate leg-bearing segment which is ca. 1.25 times as wide as the penultimate. Width of selected leg-bearing segments as follows: 1 (0.50 mm); 2 (0.47 mm); 3 (0.47 mm); 6 (0.54 mm); 12 (0.62 mm); 18 (0.75 mm); 22 (0.80 mm); 27 (0.87 mm); 32 (0.65 mm); 39 (0.61 mm); 42 (0.43 mm); 43 (0.54 mm). Width of cephalic plate 0.45 mm. Width of forcipular coxosternite 0.50 mm. Ground color (of preserved specimen in permanent slide) ocher.

Antennae. Relatively short, ca. 1.64 times as long as the cephalic plate, curved at middle, not truly geniculate, apically slightly thickened, moderately clavate ( Figs. 1, 2 ). Basal a.a. not overlapping medially ( Figs. 12, 13 , 24 ). Ratio of width of a.a. XII (= widest a.a. of distal antennal half) / width of a.a. III (= narrowest a.a. of basal antennal half) ca. 1.34: 1. A.a. XIV of same length as the three previous a.a. taken together. Length / width ratio of right a.a. I–XIV (in ventrodorsal position) as follows: I (0.51:1); II (0.89:1); III (1.04:1); IV (0.92:1); V (0.70:1); VI (0.71:1); VII (0.72:1); VIII (0.68:1); IX (0.64:1); X (0.55:1); XI (0.53:1); XII (0.50:1); XIII (0.52:1); XIV (1.34:1). Ventral chaetotaxy: setae on a.a. I to IX of various lengths, and relatively few in number, those of a.a. X to XIV much shorter and very numerous ( Fig. 1 ). Dorsal chaetotaxy: setae on a.a. I to IX similar to those on ventral side, setae on a.a. XI to XIV much longer and less numerous than those on ventral side ( Fig. 2 ). A.a. XIV with ca. 18 claviform sensilla on the external border and ca. 13 on the internal border ( Fig. 3 : a); distal end of this a.a. with ca. 6 very small hyaline specialized sensilla apparently not split apically ( Fig. 3 : b). Ventral and dorsal surface of a.a. II, V, IX, and XIII with very small specialized sensilla. Ventrally, sensilla restricted to an apical latero-internal area ( Figs. 4–7 ), represented by two different types: a and b. Type a sensilla very thin and not split apically ( Fig. 7 : a); type b sensilla ( Fig. 7 : b) very similar to those on the apex of a.a. XIV. Specialized sensilla on dorsal side distributed on apical half of the specified a.a. ( Figs. 8–11 ), represented by three different types: a and b similar to a and b of ventral side ( Fig. 10 : a, b), and type c sensilla “spine-like, larger, not divided apically, and more deeply colored (brownish-ochreous) ( Fig. 10 : c). Number and distribution of specialized sensilla on ventral and dorsal sides of a.a. II, V, IX, and XIII as in Table 2 .

Cephalic plate. Ca. as long as wide; about as wide as the forcipular tergite; shape and chaetotaxy as in Figure 12 .

Clypeus. With 2+2 setae near the anterior margin and 1+1 setae in the center ( Fig. 13 ).

Labrum. Poorly sclerotized and poorly pigmented. Central part membranous with posterior border convex and without teeth or hairlike structures; sidepieces with 3+3 small sharply pointed teeth ( Fig. 14 ).

Mandibles. Dentate lamella not subdivided into blocks, with 8 teeth of which the two most ventral are largest ( Figs. 15–17 ); pectinate lamella with ca. 17 hyaline teeth.

First maxillae. Coxal projections subtriangular, well-developed, round tipped and provided with 1+1 ventral setae ( Fig. 18 ). Telopodites with lappets, bearing 1+1 ventral setae ( Fig. 18 ).

Second maxillae. Apical claw of telopodites well developed, bipectinate, dorsal edge with ca. 13 teeth ( Figs. 19, 20 ), ventral edge with ca. 10 teeth. Dorsal chaetotaxy of telopodites as in Figure 19 .

Forcipular segment. When closed, telopodites not extending beyond anterior margin of head. Forcipular tergite a little narrower than the tergite of the first leg-bearing segment (ratio 0.93: 1), chaetotaxy represented by 14 setae distributed as in Figure 24 . Coxosternite: with complete chitin-lines ( Fig. 21 : a); maximum width / length at the middle ratio, ca. 1.58: 1; central part of anterior margin as in Figure 21 . Telopodites: all articles without teeth; trochanteroprefemur with greatest length / greatest width 1.06: 1; internal edge of tarsungula not serrate, completely smooth ( Figs. 21, 22 ). Calyx of poison gland subcylindrical, shape and relative size as in Figures 22, 23 . Shape and chaetotaxy of coxosternite and telopodites as in Figures 21 , 24 .

Tergites. Surface of pretergites and metatergites smooth, sulci not evident, chaetotaxy similar along all the body length ( Fig. 25 ).

Sternites of leg-bearing segments 1 to penultimate. Sternite 1 without pore-field, sternites 2 to 40 with an uninterrupted series of pore-fields; presence/absence of pore-fields on sternite 41 (antepenultimate) and 42 (penultimate) unclear due to inadequate mounting conditions in the original slide. All pore-fields undivided, subcircular in shape, and located on subcircular raised prominences. Form and relative size of pore-fields changing along trunk as in Figures 26–43 . Number of pores on selected sternites as follows: sternite 2 (13); 3 (31); 4 (51); 5 (63); 6 (58); 7 (81); 10 (108); 14 (119); 19 (138); 22 (100); 24 (74); 27 (44); 29 (28); 31 (21); 33 (21); 34 (27); 35 (25); 39 (22).

Legs (pair 1 to penultimate). First pair shorter than second pair in the proportion ca. 0.86: 1, articles of leg-pair 1 a little narrower that those of leg-pair 2 (relative size as in Figures 44, 45 ); chaetotaxy of legs similar throughout the entire body. Distribution, number and relative size of setae as in Figures 44–48 . Claws with three thin and pale accessory spines ventrobasally, one anterior and two posterior ( Fig. 49 ). Claws of a few walking legs with two accessory spines only, one anterior, one posterior ( Fig. 50 ), (an additional presumptive posterior spine, lost by damage or truly absent?).

Ultimate leg-bearing segment. About 1.25 times as wide as the penultimate leg-bearing segment; intercalary pleurites present at both sides of the ultimate pretergite; ultimate presternite divided along sagittal plane; length / width ratio of the tergite 0.82:1; length / width ratio of the sternite 0.91:1. Shape and chaetotaxy of tergite and sternite as in Figures 51, 52 . Coxopleura very slightly protruding at distal internal ventral ends, setae distributed on almost the whole ventral, lateral and dorsal surfaces ( Figs. 51, 52 ). Two single (“homogeneous”) coxal organs in each coxopleuron, the anterior being smaller than the posterior ( Fig. 52 ), coxal pores opening on the membrane between coxopleuron and sternite, partially covered by the latter ( Fig. 52 ). Ultimate legs with seven articles. Articles strongly thickened, femur wider than all the other telopodite articles (ratio of width of femur / width of tarsus 2 ca. 2.66: 1). Ratio of length of telopodites of ultimate legs / length of sternite ca. 1.34: 1. Shape and chaetotaxy of ultimate legs as in Figures 51, 52 . Ultimate pretarsus represented by a long, straight, setiform structure.

Postpedal segments. Intermediate tergite with posterior margin convex ( Fig. 51 ); intermediate sternite with posterior margin very slightly concave, posterior margin of first genital sternite very slightly convex ( Fig. 52 ). Gonopods apparently uniarticulate (suture between the presumptive basal and apical articles not evident), bearing ca. 4–5 ventral setae ( Fig. 52 ).

Female. Unknown.

Remarks. Ityphilus calinus was insufficiently described by Chamberlin on the basis of a unique specimen (male holotype). The original description only includes a single figure, "fig. 7" (here reproduced as Figure 106 ), showing the anterior end of the body in dorsal view; it does not state whether the forcipular tarsungulum is serrate or smooth; and completely lacks information on pilosity of the antennae, kind and number of specialized sensilla of a.a. II, V, IX and XIII, shape and teeth of labrum, shape and pilosity of the cephalic plate and clypeus, anterior and posterior limits of ventral pore-field series, etc.

In his description Chamberlin stated “Dorsal plates bisulcate, but in the holotype as preserved the sulci are apparently absent. The author also said “Claws of prehensors when closed extending a little beyond anterior margin of head, but, this statement is only valid when the prehensors are fully extended (see Fig. 24 ), not when flexed. Furthermore, he stated: "This species differs from I. guianensis in having the antennae much less strongly crassate and less geniculate; also differing in the number of pairs of legs - 43 as against 49–55". Strikingly, he omitted to mention that the forcipular tarsungulum is smooth in I. calinus and serrate in I. guianensis .

Since the entire holotype is mounted in dorsal position (and not dissected at all), observing shape and pilosity of first and second maxillae is difficult; for this reason the data and illustrations given herein for these structures are incomplete. Description of the shape of penis is not feasible for the same reason.

Pereira (2012) gave a few approximate length/width ratios of some a.a. and cephalic plate, tentatively deduced from the original illustration given by Chamberlin ( Fig. 106 ). The corresponding new ratios taken directly from the specimen reveal that the figure is imprecise.

The male holotype of Ityphilus calinus is the only specimen recorded to date for this species.

Type locality. C OLOMBIA: Valle del Cauca Department: 13 miles West of Santiago de Cali.

Known range. Only known from the type locality.

Remark. The inclusion of Brazil in the geographic distribution of I. calinus by Adis et al. (2002); Foddai et al. (2000, 2002, 2004); Pereira et al. (2000); and Bonato et al. (2007) is not valid, because it was based on specimens described subsequently as Ityphilus donatellae Pereira, 2012 .

Figures

FIGURES 1 – 5. Ityphilus calinus Chamberlin, 1957 (male holotype; COLOMBIA: Valle del Cauca Department: 13 miles W of Santiago de Cali): (1) Right antenna, ventral. (2) Right antenna, dorsal. (3) Apical portion of right a. a. XIV, dorsal (a: claviform sensilla, b: apical specialized sensilla). (4) Right a. a. II, ventral (b: b type sensilla). (5) Right a. a. V, ventral (a, b: a, b type sensilla). Scale bars: 0.05 mm (3 – 5); 0.2 mm (1, 2).

FIGURES 6 – 14. Ityphilus calinus Chamberlin, 1957 (male holotype; COLOMBIA: Valle del Cauca Department: 13 miles W of Santiago de Cali): (6) Right a. a. IX, ventral (a, b: a, b type sensilla). (7) Right a. a. XIII, ventral (a, b: a, b type sensilla). (8) Right a. a. II, dorsal (a: a type sensilla). (9) Right a. a. V, dorsal (a, b: a, b type sensilla). (10) Right a. a. IX, dorsal (a, b, c: a, b, c type sensilla). (11) Right a. a. XIII, dorsal (a, b, c: a, b, c type sensilla). (12) Cephalic plate and bases of antennae. (13) Clypeus and bases of antennae. (14) Labrum. Scale bars: 0.05 mm (6 – 11); 0.1 mm (14); 0.3 mm (12, 13).

FIGURES 15 – 23. Ityphilus calinus Chamberlin, 1957 (male holotype; COLOMBIA: Valle del Cauca Department: 13 miles W of Santiago de Cali): (15) Dentate lamella of right mandible, dorsal. (16) Dentate lamella of right mandible, ventral. (17) Dentate lamella of left mandible, ventral. (18) Left side of first maxillae, dorsal. (19) Left telopodite of second maxillae, dorsal. (20) Claw of left telopodite of second maxillae, dorsal. (21) Forcipular segment, ventral (a: chitin-lines). (22) Duct (a) and calyx (b) of poison gland in left forcipular telopodite, dorsal. (23) Detail of calyx of poison gland in left forcipular telopodite, dorsal. Scale bars. 0.03 mm (15 – 17, 20, 23); 0.05 mm (18); 0.1 mm (19, 22); 0.3 mm (21).

FIGURES 24 – 30. Ityphilus calinus Chamberlin, 1957 (male holotype; COLOMBIA: Valle del Cauca Department: 13 miles W of Santiago de Cali): (24) Dorsal view of anterior region of the body, showing antennae, cephalic plate, forcipular segment and anterior portion of leg-bearing segment 1 (setae suppressed on antennae and cephalic plate). (25) Leg-bearing segments 1 – 3, dorsal. (26) Sternite 2. (27) Sternite 3. (28) Sternite 4. (29) Sternite 5. (30) Sternite 6. Scale bar: 0.3 mm.

FIGURES 31 – 39. Ityphilus calinus Chamberlin, 1957 (male holotype; COLOMBIA: Valle del Cauca Department: 13 miles W of Santiago de Cali): (31) Sternite 7. (32) Sternite 10. (33) Sternite 14. (34) Sternite 19. (35) Sternite 22. (36) Sternite 24. (37) Sternite 27. (38) Sternite 29. (39) Sternite 31. Scale bar: 0.3 mm.

FIGURES 40 – 50. Ityphilus calinus Chamberlin, 1957 (male holotype; COLOMBIA: Valle del Cauca Department: 13 miles W of Santiago de Cali): (40) Sternite 33. (41) Sternite 34. (42) Sternite 35. (43) Sternite 39. (44) Left leg (pair 1), anteroventral view. (45) Left leg (pair 2), ventral. (46) Left leg (pair 11), posteroventral view. (47) Left leg (pair 19), posteroventral view. (48) Left leg (pair 27), anteroventral view. (49) Claw of the right leg (pair 2), anteroventral view. (50) Claw of the left leg (pair 19), anteroventral view. Scale bars: 0.03 mm (50); 0.05 mm (49); 0.3 mm (40 – 48).

FIGURES 51 – 52. Ityphilus calinus Chamberlin, 1957 (male holotype; COLOMBIA: Valle del Cauca Department: 13 miles W of Santiago de Cali): (51) Ultimate leg-bearing segment and postpedal segments, dorsal. (52) Ultimate leg-bearing segment and postpedal segments, ventral. Scale bar: 0.3 mm.

FIGURES 106 – 118. (106). Ityphilus calinus Chamberlin, 1957 (male holotype; COLOMBIA: Valle del Cauca Department): Anterior end of the body, dorsal. (From Chamberlin, 1957). (107). Ityphilus donatellae Pereira, 2012 (female paratype; BRAZIL: Amazonas: 02 º 34´S, 60 º 06´W): Left antenna dorsal. (From Pereira, 2012). (108 – 117). Ityphilus donatellae Pereira, 2012 (female holotype; BRAZIL: Amazonas: 02 º 34´S, 60 º 06´W): (108) Left a. a. XIII, dorsal (a, b, c: a, b, c, type sensilla). (109) Detail of calyx of poison gland in left forcipular telopodite, ventral. (110) Sternite 2. (111) Sternite 3. (112) Sternite 5. (113) Sternite 8. (114) Sternite 17. (115) Sternite 27. (116) Sternite 35. (117) Sternite 42. (From Pereira et al., 2000). (118). Ityphilus idanus Crabill, 1960 (female holotype; BRITISH WEST INDIES: Barbuda, Damby Cave): Right forcipular telopodite, ventral (a: detail of calyx of poison gland). (From Crabill, 1960). Scale bars: 0.05 mm (108); 0.1 mm (107, 109 – 117). No scales available (106, 118).

Tables

TABLE 2. Number of type a, b and c sensilla on antennal articles II, V, IX and XIII in the male holotype of Ityphilus calinus Chamberlin, 1957.

	Ventral		Dorsal			Figures
	a	b	a	b	c
II	-	1	1	-	-	4, 8
V	1	1	1	1	-	5, 9
IX	1	1	1	1	9	6, 10
XIII	1	1	1	1	9	7, 11