Lycopodina calyx ( Hentschel, 1914 )

Ekins, Merrick, Erpenbeck, Dirk & Hooper, John N. A., 2020, Carnivorous sponges from the Australian Bathyal and Abyssal zones collected during the RV Investigator 2017 Expedition, Zootaxa 4774 (1), pp. 1-159 : 123-141

publication ID

https://doi.org/ 10.11646/zootaxa.4774.1.1

publication LSID

lsid:zoobank.org:pub:B0C4A2F8-F2AB-4147-BB12-63720EEF2516

DOI

https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3846459

persistent identifier

https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D287B6-9134-3B94-FF7E-F92EFB67FD1A

treatment provided by

Plazi

scientific name

Lycopodina calyx ( Hentschel, 1914 )
status

 

Lycopodina calyx ( Hentschel, 1914) View in CoL

Fig. 26 View FIGURE 26 , Tables 14 View TABLE 14 & 15 View TABLE 15

Asbestopluma calyx Hentschel, 1914: 66 View in CoL , Pl. IV, Fig. 4 View FIGURE 4 , PL. V, Fig. 11 View FIGURE 11 ; Burton 1932: 293;

Burton 1934: 24; Koltun 1964: 32, Pl. V, Figs 8–12 View FIGURE 8 View FIGURE 9 View FIGURE 10 View FIGURE 11 View FIGURE 12 .

Asbestopluma (Asbestopluma) cf. calyx: Lopes & Hajdu 2014: 333 View in CoL , Fig. 3 View FIGURE 3 .

Lycopodina calyx: Goodwin et al. 2017: 54 View in CoL , Fig. 11 View FIGURE 11 ; Dressler-Allame et al. 2017: 200, Fig. 13 View FIGURE 13 .

Material examined: QM G337513 off Central New South Wales, Tasman Sea, Station 88, New South Wales, Australia, 30° 15’ 50.4”– 30° 17’ 12.1” S, 153° 52’ 12”– 153° 49’ 48.7” E, 4481– 4401 m, Beam Trawl, Coll. Merrick GoogleMaps Ekins on RV Investigator, Cruise IN2017_ V03 , Sample 88-141, 2 specimens, 6/vi/2017 . QM G337463 same collection details as QM G337513 , Sample 88-141.2 . QM G337476 , off Gippsland , Tasman Sea, Station 33, Victoria, Australia, 38° 31’ 15.6”– 38° 29’ 52.8” S, 150° 12’ 46.8”– 150° 12’ 25.2” E, 4107– 4064 m, Brenke epibenthic Sledge, Coll. Merrick Ekins on GoogleMaps RV Investigator, Cruise IN2017_ V03 , Sample 33-156, 24/v/2017 . SAMA S314 , off Kaiser Wilhelm Land , Antarctica, BANZARE Station 100, 65° 48’ S, 89° 49’ E, 393 m, large rectangular dredge, Coll. BANZARE, 3/v/1931 GoogleMaps .

Distribution: This species is a Southern Ocean species known predominately from the mesophotic, bathyal and abyssal depths of Antarctica ( Hentschel 1914, Burton 1932, 1934, Koltun 1964, Dressler-Allame et al. 2017), Drakes Passage ( Goodwin et al. 2017), Campos Basin, SE Brazil, SW Atlantic Ocean ( Lopes & Hajdu 2014), and now off Southern and central Eastern Australia, Tasman Sea, at abyssal depth.

Description:

Growth form: A delicate erect cup-shaped pedunculate sponge on a thin stem, with a slightly expanded basal attachment ( Figure 26 A View FIGURE 26 , K–M). Stems measure 7–30 mm long, 0.5–1 mm diameter; sponge bodies are elongated, 3–7 mm long, 3–4 mm in diameter. Apex of the body is a shallow convex cup.

Colour: Beige on deck and in ethanol.

Ectosomal skeleton: The ectosome on the exterior surface of the cup-shaped body is composed of a palisade of radially projecting mycalostyles 3, formed into vertical columns tangential to the surface all orientated towards the cup aperture ( Figure 26 A View FIGURE 26 , I–J). These are overlaying the two other sizes of mycalostyle in the endosome in parallel. There are also anisochelae incorporated into the ectosome. The ectosome on the interior surface is covered with anisochelae ( Figure 26 J View FIGURE 26 ). The ectosome of the stem is also covered with the anisochelae and perforated by the smallest mycalostyles 3, forming a hispid surface.

Endosomal skeleton: The endosome of the body is composed of ribs of longitudinally projecting large mycalostyles 1, formed into vertical columns tangential to the surface all orientated towards the cup aperture, together forming a palisade. This palisade is overlaid by the smaller mycalostyles 2, which in turn are overlaid by the smallest mycalostyles 3, in the ectosome, all in parallel. The endosome of the stem is a series of longitudinally orientated mycalostyles 1.

Megascleres: There are three size classes of mycalostyles. The largest mycalostyle 1 with tapering points, slightly subtylote or tylote bases, and with their largest diameter in the midsection of the spicule (511-(667)-911 x 9.6-(16.7)- 30.1 µm, n=29) ( Figure 26 View FIGURE 26 C–D).

Mycalostyle 1 provides all the support longitudinally aligned in the stem and forms the structural component of the axis of the calyx body. The medium sized mycalostyle 2, also with tapering points, slightly subtylote or tylote bases, and with their largest diameter in the midsection of the spicule (371-(464)-566 x 6.0-(8.7)-11.6 μm, n=12) ( Figure 26 View FIGURE 26 E–F).

Mycalostyle 2 only occurs in the calyx surrounding the mycalostyle 1 and projecting all the way to the lip of the calyx. The smallest mycalostyle 3 occurs in the calyx as a protective sheath over mycalostyles 2 and at right angles to the longitudinally mycalostyles 1 in the stem, producing the hispid stem (128-(174)-234 x 2.6-(4.1)-6.1 μm, n=15) ( Figure 26 View FIGURE 26 G–H). ( Table 15 View TABLE 15 ).

Microscleres: Anisochelae have three larger upper palmate alae with the two lateral alae fully attached to the fimbriae, and three smaller basal arcuate alae, partially or nearly fully fused together, and with serrations on the upper edges of the alae ( Table 15 View TABLE 15 ) ( Figure 26 B View FIGURE 26 ).

Molecular data: It was not possible to get unambiguous molecular data from the present material

Remarks: These specimens from the Tasman Sea conform to the description and measurements of the predominately Antarctic species, L. calyx , as described by Hentschel (1914). The spicule measurements also fall within the range of those published by other authors ( Koltun 1964, Lopes & Hajdu 2014, Dressler-Allame et al. 2017, Goodwin et al. 2017). The general morphology of these specimens differ from those of Goodwin et al. (2017) in that the external surface of the cup is composed entirely of subtylostyles ( Figure 26 A View FIGURE 26 , I–J), and it is only the inside of the cup that contains all the anisochelae ( Figure 26 J View FIGURE 26 ). This species currently has a Southern circum-polar distribution and may possibly be found to extend into lower latitudes as deep-ocean sampling continues.

TABLE 14. Comparative morphological and distributional data for all known species of Lycopodina.

Species Source Morphology Total height x width (mm) Skeleton Spicules of main axis (LxW μm) Spicules of lateral filaments or body (LxW μm) Spicules of basal attachment (LxW μm) Chelae (L μm) other microscleres (LxW μm) Forceps (LxW μm) Locality/ depth range
Lycopodina nikitawimandi sp. nov. present work Erect stipitate, with multiple filaments covering the upper 80% of the stem, bulbous holdfast with protruding spicules 28 x 1–2 Axis of stem with longitudinal bundles of larger mycalostyles 1 only found in the stem, and smaller mycalostyles 2 occuring throughout the sponge including stem, filaments and basal holdfast Long mycalostyles 1, 1040–910 x 12–37 Small mycalostyles 2, 209–992 x 3–19 small mycalostyles 2 small mycalostyles 2 palmate anisochelae 9–18 x 2–6 absent absent Central E Coast of Australia to Tasmania, bathyalabyssal
Lycopodina cassida sp. nov. present work Erect, pedunculate, of ‘crinorhiza’ form, with short stem supporting radial upper section of filaments crowned by a pointed apex, basal attachment unknown 3 x 2 Axis of stem and filaments with longitudinal bundles of subtlyostyles Subtylostyles 374-(536)-1220 x 4-(7)-15 undifferentiated unknown larger palmate anisochelae 16-(19)-22 x 4–11 smaller anisochelae 9–15 x 3–5 absent absent Off Fraser Island, Queensland, Australia, bathyal
Lycopodina brochidodroma sp. nov. present work Erect, central axis with 4 long columns of lateral filaments on opposite sides, alternating every second row, basal attachment unknown 20 x 1 Axis with longitudinal bundles of mycalostyles and secondary subtylostyles, and subtylostyles also occur as supporting structures where the filaments attach to the main axis Mycalostyles 621-(1364)-1816 x 7-(19)-33 Subtylostyles 202-(285)-328 x 4-(5)-8 undifferentiated unknown palmate anisochelae (11-(13)-15 x 2-(3)-5 absent absent Off Moreton Island, Queensland, Australia, abyssal

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TABLE 15. A comparison of spicule measurements (µm) between the different records of Lycopodina calyx.

Specimens Anisochelae Mycalostyles 1 (axis of stem and body) Mycalostyles 2 (axis of body) Mycalostyles 3 (dermis of stem and body)
Hentschel, 1914 14–21 x 7–8 456–592 x 8–9 296–392 x 10 200–256 x 6
Koltun, 1964 14–21 456–600 x 8–9 290–390 x 10 200–256 x 6
Dressler-Allame et 14-(22)-33 al., 2017 600-(733)-850 x 15-(26)-32 400-(500)-650 x 9-(13)-30 150-(226)-340 x 6-(9)-12
Goodwin et al., 2017 20–25   326-(496)-588 x 9-(12)-14 278-(379)-533 x 7-(10)-14
Lopes & Hajdu, 2014 13-(16)-25 287-(517)-729 x 8-(9)-15 226-(390)-657 x 8-(9)-13 185-(560)-821 x 3-(7)-10 92-(186)-257 x 8-(8)-10
QM G337513 16.3-(19.8)-22.6 x 8.5-(10.2)-12, n=55 511-(667)-911 x 9.6-(16.7)-30.1, n=29 371-(464)-566 x 6.0-(8.7)-11.6, n=12 128-(174)-234 x 2.6-(4.1)-6.1, n=15
QM

Queensland Museum

RV

Collection of Leptospira Strains

SAMA

South Australia Museum

Kingdom

Animalia

Phylum

Porifera

Class

Demospongiae

Order

Poecilosclerida

Family

Cladorhizidae

Genus

Lycopodina

Loc

Lycopodina calyx ( Hentschel, 1914 )

Ekins, Merrick, Erpenbeck, Dirk & Hooper, John N. A. 2020
2020
Loc

Lycopodina calyx:

Goodwin, C. E. & Berman, J. & Downey, R. V. & Hendry, K. R. 2017: 54
Dressler-Allame, M. & Gocke, C. & Kersken, D. & Plotkin, A. & Janussen, D. 2017: 200
2017
Loc

Asbestopluma (Asbestopluma) cf. calyx:

Lopes, D. A. & Hajdu, E. 2014: 333
2014
Loc

Asbestopluma calyx

Burton, M. 1932: 293
Hentschel, E. 1914: 66
1914
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