Ophrynopus, Konow, 1897

Vilhelmsen, Lars, 2003, Phylogeny and classification of the Orussidae (Insecta: Hymenoptera), a basal parasitic wasp taxon, Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 139 (3), pp. 337-418 : 381

Ophrynopus carina (19: 3); however, these characters are very strong, exhibiting few changes over the entire tree. Alternative positions of Leptorussus nonetheless occur: sistergroup of Pseudoryssus (conc1–2; Fig. 111 ), of Pedicrista + ‘ophrynopine’ genera (conc3; Fig. 112 ), of ( Pedicrista + ( Chalinus + Mocsarya )) + ‘ophrynopine’ genera (conc5–6; k = 2–3), and of Pedicrista + ( Pseudoryssus + ( Orussus + ( Chalinus + Mocsarya ) (k = 1; Fig. 113 ). These are mostly weakly corroborated, the presence of a distally swollen 9th female antennomere (38: 0 i,r) and the absence of the posterolateral carina on the hindcoxa (95: 0 i,r) lending some support to the Leptorussus + ( Pedicrista + ‘ophrynopine’ genera) and Leptorussus + (( Pedicrista + ( Chalinus + Mocsarya )) + ‘ophrynopine’ genera) topologies.

Chalinus + Mocsarya is the most well supported intergeneric relationship in the entire Orussidae . Prominent synapomorphies, several of which are unique, are the metallic body colour, including the frons (14: 2), the very reduced maxillary and labial palps (46: 2 i), the posterior margin of the mesoscutellum reaching posterior to the cenchrus (76: 1 r), the absence of a distinct mesosubalar carina (84: 0 i), the absence of a distinct angle between forewing veins 2r and Rs (116: 1 i), the forewing discal cell reaching vein R anteriorly (119: 2), the smooth area laterally on the 2nd abdominal tergum being triangular (143: 0 i), and the presence of a deep, narrow groove medioventrally on the female 9th abdominal tergum (152: 2). The sistergroup of Chalinus + Mocsarya is usually Pedicrista ( Figs 106 , 107 , 109, 110 , 114 , 115 ); this is corroborated by the presence of a median longitudinal frontal carina (9: 1 i,r), the presence of maxillary and labial palps with four and two segments, respectively (46: 1 c; asuming that this condition evolved prior to the more reduced condition in Chalinus and Mocsarya ), having only sparse sculpture on the mesoscutellum (74: 0 i), and the presence of a straight, nonprotruding posterior margin on the male 9th abdominal sternum (157: 0 i). However, Chalinus + Mocsarya occasionally comes out as the sistergroup of Orussus (conc1–3; k = 1–3 ( Figs 111–113 ). This is supported by the presence of shortened antennomeres 4–5 in the female antenna (37: 1) and having the forecoxa expanded medially (55: 1i); these traits only change a few times over the whole tree and the topology they support must be considered a serious alternative.

Pedicrista may occupy several different positions in addition to the one just discussed: sistergroup of ( Leptorussus + Pseudoryssus ) + Orussobaius (conc1–2; Fig. 111 ), supported by the wide mesonotum (64: 1 i,r) and the presence of distinctly carinayte lateral

Figures

Figure 106. Strict consensus of 540 trees, produced by equal weights, amb- analysis in PAUP*. Numbers at branches are Bremer support values.

Figure 107. Preferred topology, used for mapping character evolution. One of two trees derived by implied weights analysis in PAUP*, k = 7–9, amb-. The tribal classification of Benson (1955a)/Guiglia (1965) is superimposed on the right. Taxa formerly placed in Heliorussus are indicated with asterisks.

Figure 115. Topology of genera of Orussidae, from PAUP* with settings k = 13–18. Note that Guiglia is paraphyletic.

Figures 111–112. Topology of genera of Orussidae, from Pee-Wee with concavity constant 111. conc1, and 112. conc3.

Figures 113–114. Topology of genera of Orussidae, from PAUP* with settings 113. k = 1, 114. k = 4–5.

Figures 109–110. Topology of genera of Orussidae, from successive weightings in PAUP* with 109.CI and 110.RI.