Bactrocera (Bactrocera) kirki ( Froggatt, 1910 )

Leblanc, Luc, 2022, The dacine fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae: Dacini) of Oceania, Insecta Mundi 2022 (948), pp. 1-167 : 126-127

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) kirki ( Froggatt, 1910)

Figure 39

Distribution ( Fig. 112 ). Fiji (Rotuma). Futuna. Wallis. Samoa (Savai’i, Manono, Upolu). American Samoa. Tonga (Tongatapu Group, Ha’apai Group, Vava’u Group, Niuas Group). Niue. French Polynesia (Austral Islands, Society Islands, Tuamotu-Gambier Islands; detected 1928).

Male lure. Cue-lure.

Host plants. Category B polyphagous fruit pest ( Vargas et al. 2015) bred from 43 host species in 17 families. Host plants in French Polynesia, Samoa and Tonga: ANACARDIACEAE : Anacardium occidentale , Mangifera indica , Pleiogynium timoriense , Spondias dulcis , S. mombin . ANNONACEAE : Annona muricata , A. reticulata . APOCYNACEAE : Ochrosia oppositifolia . CARICACEAE : Carica papaya . COMBRETACEAE : Terminalia catappa , T. litoralis . ELAEOCARPACEAE : Elaeocarpus tonganus . FABACEAE : Inocarpus fagifer . LAURACEAE : Persea americana . MELIACEAE : Cedrela odorata , Eugenia brasiliensis , E. uniflora , Psidium cattleianum , P. guajava , Syzygium aqueum , S. corynocarpum , S. dealatum , S. gracilipes , S. jambos , S. malaccense , S. neurocalyx , S. richii . OXALIDACEAE : Averrhoa carambola . PASSIFLORACEAE : Passiflora edulis , P. quadrangularis . ROSA- CEAE: Eriobotrya japonica , Prunus persica . RUBIACEAE : Morinda citrifolia . RUTACEAE : Citrus maxima , C. reticulata , C. sinensis , Micromelum minutum . SAPINDACEAE : Pometia pinnata . SAPOTACEAE : Pouteria caimito . SOLANACEAE : Capsicum annuum , C. frutescens , Solanum lycopersicum , S. melongena .

Edible hosts common names. Abiu, avocado, Brazil cherry, cashew, chilli pepper, common guava, custard apple, eggplant, giant granadilla, hog-plum, Jew plum, loquat, Malay-apple, mango, noni, orange, Pacific lychee, papaya, peach, pomelo, purple granadilla, rose-apple, soursop, starfruit, strawberry guava, Surinam cherry, sweet pepper, Tahitian chestnut, tangerine, tomato, tropical almond, watery rose-apple.

Biology. Adults mate late morning to early afternoon, when light intensity is highest (Allwood 1997). Monthly trapping data illustrated on Figure 116 , and in Litsinger et al. (1991). This species is parasitized by Fopius arisanus in Tonga and Samoa and Pstyttalia fijiensis in Tonga ( Heimoana et al. 1997; Vargas et al. 2012a).

Notes. Heat tolerance of immature stages investigated in Samoa ( Tunupopo et al. 2019).

Figures

Figure 39. Bactrocera (Bactrocera) kirki (Froggatt). A) Head. B) Head and scutum. C) Abdomen, female. D) Abdomen, male. E) Wing. F) Lateral view, male.

Figure 112. Distribution and invasion history of polyphagous pest fruit flies in the Bactrocera frauenfeldi complex in Oceania: Bactrocera frauenfeldi (Schiner), B. trilineola Drew, B. psidii (Froggatt), and B. kirki (Froggatt). Photos from Steve Wilson.

Figure 116. Mean (±SE) daily captures of Bactrocera kirki (Froggatt) in cue-lure traps maintained: A) in Samoa (Upolu Island) between January 2000 and June 2001, based on 13 trapping sites (n = 225, mean FTD = 10.64), and B) in Tonga (Tongatapu and Vava’u Islands) between January and December 1995 and 1999, based on 10 trapping sites (n = 149, mean FTD = 1.91).