Bactrocera (Bactrocera) frauenfeldi ( Schiner, 1868 )

Leblanc, Luc, 2022, The dacine fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae: Dacini) of Oceania, Insecta Mundi 2022 (948), pp. 1-167 : 121-123

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) frauenfeldi ( Schiner, 1868)

Mango fruit fly

Figures 29 , 30

Distribution ( Fig. 112 ). Indonesia ( Moluccas, West Papua). Australia (Queensland; detected 1974). Papua New Guinea (mainland, New Britain, New Ireland, Manus, Bougainville). Solomon Islands (Shortland Group, Choiseul, Vella Lavella, Gizo, Kolombangara, New Georgia, Isabel, Russell, Florida, Guadalcanal, Malaita, San Cristobal, Rennell and Bellona, Santa Cruz, Reef Islands). Palau. Federated States of Micronesia (widespread). Marshall Islands (widespread). Kiribati ( Gilbert Islands). Nauru. The frequently quoted record from Sapian, based on a specimen collected in 1946 ( Hardy and Adachi 1956), is likely erroneous or an accidental introduction that failed to establish. This species was never detected in the Mariana Islands in subsequent years (Leblanc 1997).

Male lure. Cue-lure, zingerone.

Host plants. Category B polyphagous fruit pest ( Vargas et al. 2015) bred from 100 hosts in 35 families throughout its range. Records in Federated Federated States of Micronesia, Kiribati, Nauru, Palau, Papua New Guinea, and Solomon Islands: ANACARDIACEAE : Anacardium occidentale , Dracontomelon dao , Mangifera indica , M. minor , Spondias dulcis . ANNONACEAE : Annona muricata , A. reticulata , A. squamosa , Cananga odorata . APOCYNA- CEAE: Cerbera manghas , Ochrosia oppositifolia . ARECACEAE : Areca catechu . AURACARIACEAE: Agathis sp. CALOPHYLLACEAE : Calophyllum inophyllum , C. peekelii , Mammea odorata . CARICACEAE : Carica papaya . CELASTRACEAE : Celastrus sp. CLUSIACEAE : Garcinia x mangostana , G. xanthochymus . COMBRETACEAE : Terminalia carolinensis , T. catappa , T. kaernbacchii , T. samoensis , T. whitmorei . EBENACEAE : Diospyros ebenum , D. nigra . FABACEAE : Inocarpus fagifer . GOODENIACEAE : Scaevola taccada . HERNANDIACEAE : Hernandia sp. LAURACEAE : Persea americana . LECYTHIDACEAE : Barringtonia calyptrocalyx , B. edulis . MALPIGHIA- CEAE: Malpighia glabra . MALVACEAE : Heritiera sp. MELASTOMATACEAE : Melastoma malabathricum . MELIACEAE : Sandoricum koetjape . MORACEAE : Artocarpus altilis , A. heterophyllus , A. mariannensis , Broussonetia papyrifera , Ficus glandifera , Ficus sp. MUSACEAE : Musa x paradisiaca . MYRTACEAE : Eugenia uniflora , Psidium cattleianum , P. guajava , Syzygium aqueum , S. cf. pachycladum , S. jambos , S. malaccense , S. samarangense , S. trivene . OXALIDACEAE : Averrhoa carambola . PASSIFLORACEAE : Passiflora edulis . PHYLLANTHACEAE :

Baccaurea papuana , Baccaurea sp. RUBIACEAE : Guettarda speciosa , Nauclea sp. , Neolamarckia cadamba . RUTACEAE : Citrus aurantium , C. japonica , C. maxima , C. × microcarpa , C. paradisi , C. reticulata , C. sinensis , Clymenia polyandra . SAPINDACEAE : Pometia pinnata . SAPOTACEAE : Burckella obovata , Chrysophyllum cainito , Manilkara zapota , Pouteria caimito , P. campechiana . SOLANACEAE : Capsicum frutescens . THYME- LAEACEAE: Phaleria macrocarpa .

Edible hosts common names. Abiu, acerola, avocado, banana, betel nut, black sapote, breadfruit, calamondin, canistel, cashew, common guava, custard apple, grapefruit, jackfruit, Jew plum, kumquat, Malay-apple, mango, mangosteen, Marianas breadfruit, okari nut, orange, Pacific lychee, papaya, pomelo, purple granadilla, rose-apple, sapodilla, sour orange, soursop, star-apple, starfruit, strawberry guava, sugar-apple, Surinam cherry, Tahitian chestnut, tangerine, tropical almond, water apple, watery rose-apple.

Biology. Adults mate during the day (Allwood 1997). Rate of development was studied on papaya-based diet, at 26° C, by Leblanc and Hollingsworth (1997). One female can lay an average of at least 25 eggs in 24 hours. Egg incubation lasts about two days. Almost all larvae go through the first instar between 48 and 72 hours after egg laying. Between 96 and 108 hours, over 90% have reached the second instar in Micronesia ( FSM) (68 and 80 hours in Solomon Islands). Third instars appear 120 hours after egg laying and nearly 90% have reached this stage by 192 hours in FSM, but appeared (92 hours) and matured (128 hours) earlier in the Solomon Islands. By 204 hours, mature larvae start to exit the diet to pupate and the largest numbers of larvae have exited at 252 hours. Larval development and pupal stage duration is 11 days.

This species is very common in village situations, even on remote atolls, where host trees abound, and is much less common in rainforest. Monthly trapping data are illustrated on Figures 113 and 114 , and were previously published in Leblanc and Allwood (1997) and Vagalo et al. (1997). This species is particularly abundant on Pohnpei and Kosrae Islands ( Federated States of Micronesia), sustained by the high rainfall and abundant host fruit availability throughout the year ( Fig. 113 ) (Leblanc and Allwood 1997). Although ubiquitous in the wet tropics, it is unlikely to become a pest outside tropical zones that have even wet hot climates throughout the year ( Royer et al. 2015).

The parasitoids Fopius arisanus and Diachasmimorpha longicaudata were introduced and released in 1997 on Pohnpei and Kosrae Islands, respectively, in an attempt to reduce the very large populations of B. frauenfeldi to manageable levels (Vargas et al. 2012). Host suitability was demonstrated for both parasitoids in laboratory tests and F. arisanus was recovered in host fruit surveys in subsequent years. It is not known whether either parasitoid has become permanently established.

Notes. Attempts to eradicate this species from Nauru between 1998 and 2001, using male annihilation and limited protein bait sprays, were unsuccessful ( Allwood et al. 2002).

This species is the main member of the B. frauenfeldi complex, which also includes B. caledoniensis , B. parafrauenfeldi Drew , B. trilineola and the phylogenetically closely related B. kirki and B. psidii ( Doorenweerd et al. 2022) .

Figures

Figure 29. Bactrocera (Bactrocera) frauenfeldi (Schiner). A) Head. B) Head and scutum. C) Abdomen, male. D) Wing. E) Lateral view, female.

Figure 30. Bactrocera (Bactrocera) frauenfeldi (Schiner). Intraspecific variation in scutum and abdomen coloration.

Figure 112. Distribution and invasion history of polyphagous pest fruit flies in the Bactrocera frauenfeldi complex in Oceania: Bactrocera frauenfeldi (Schiner), B. trilineola Drew, B. psidii (Froggatt), and B. kirki (Froggatt). Photos from Steve Wilson.

Figure 113. Mean (±SE) daily captures of Bactrocera frauenfeldi (Schiner) in cue-lure traps maintained: A) in the Federated States of Micronesia (Pohnpei Island) between January 1996 and December 2000, based on eight trapping sites (n = 475, mean FTD = 512.74), and B) in Papua New Guinea between November 1998 and February 2000, based on seven trapping sites (n = 108, mean FTD = 42.77).

Figure 114. Mean (±SE) daily captures of Bactrocera frauenfeldi (Schiner) in cue-lure traps maintained in the Solomon Islands (Guadalcanal Island) between April 1999 and August 2001, based on 11 trapping sites (n = 253, mean FTD = 32.45).