Bactrocera (Bactrocera) dorsalis ( Hendel, 1912 )

Leblanc, Luc, 2022, The dacine fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae: Dacini) of Oceania, Insecta Mundi 2022 (948), pp. 1-167 : 116-119

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) dorsalis ( Hendel, 1912)

Oriental fruit fly

(= Musca ferruginea Fabricius, 1794 , Chaetodacus ferrugineus var. okinawanus Shiraki, 1933 , Dacus semifemoralis Tseng, Chen and Chu, 1992 , Dacus yilanensis Tseng, Chen and Chu, 1992 , Bactrocera papayae Drew and Hancock, 1994 , Bactrocera philippinensis Drew and Hancock, 1994 , Bactrocera invadens Drew, Tsuruta and White, 2005 , Bactrocera variabilis Lin and Wang, 2011 )

Figures 22–24

Distribution ( Fig. 108 ). Widespread throughout tropical Asia, from Pakistan to Taiwan and south to Indonesia and mainland New Guinea (introduced). Introduced to Africa and various islands in the Indian and Pacific Oceans (see map in Vargas et al. 2015). Cook Islands (Rarotonga, Aitutaki; detected 2013, eradicated 2014). French Polynesia (Austral Islands, Society Islands, Tuamotu-Gambier Islands, Marquesas; detected 1996). Hawaii (all islands; detected 1945). Palau (detected 1996). Guam and Northern Mariana Islands (detected 1935, eradicated 1965). Nauru (detected 1992, eradicated 1999).

Male lure. Methyl eugenol, zingerone, methyl-isoeugenol ( Royer et al. 2018). Very weak attraction to isoeugenol and dihydroeugenol ( Royer et al. 2018).

Host plants. Highly polyphagous category A fruit pest ( Vargas et al. 2015) with reliable published records for 500 host taxa in 219 genera and 81 families ( Allwood et al. 1999; Liquido et al. 2021). Records in French Polynesia, Nauru, Northern Mariana Islands, Palau, and Papua New Guinea: ANACARDIACEAE : Anacardium occidentale , Mangifera indica , Spondias dulcis . ANNONACEAE : Annona muricata , A. reticulata , Cananga odorata , Rollinia

sp. APOCYNACEAE : Ochrosia sp. BURSERACEAE : Canarium vulgare . CALOPHYLLACEAE : Calophyllum inophyllum . CARICACEAE : Carica papaya . CLUSIACEAE : Garcinia × mangostana . COMBRETACEAE : Terminalia catappa . FABACEAE : Inocarpus fagifer . LAURACEAE : Persea americana . LECYTHIDACEAE : Barringtonia edulis . MORACEAE : Artocarpus altilis . MUSACEAE : Musa × paradisiaca , M. troglodytarum , Musa sp. MYRTA- CEAE: Eugenia uniflora , Psidium cattleianum , P. guajava , Syzygium jambos , S. malaccense . OXALIDACEAE : Averrhoa carambola . PASSIFLORACEAE : Passiflora edulis , P. laurifolia , P. quadrangularis . RUTACEAE : Citrus aurantiifolia , C. aurantium , C. × latifolia , C. maxima , C. × microcarpa , C. reticulata , C. sinensis , C. trifoliata . SAP- INDACEAE: Litchi chinensis , Nephelium lappaceum , Pometia pinnata . SAPOTACEAE : Chrysophyllum cainito , Pouteria caimito . SOLANACEAE : Capsicum annuum , C. frutescens , Solanum lycopersicum .

Edible hosts common names (records in French Polynesia, Nauru, Northern Mariana Islands, Palau, and Papua New Guinea). Abiu, avocado, banana, breadfruit, calamondin, cashew, chilli pepper, common guava, custard apple, fe’i banana, giant granadilla, Jew plum, lime, lychee, Malay-apple, mango, mangosteen, orange, Pacific lychee, papaya, pomelo, purple granadilla, rambutan, rose-apple, sour orange, soursop, star-apple, starfruit, strawberry guava, Surinam cherry, sweet pepper, Tahitian chestnut, Tahitian lime, tangerine, tomato, trifoliate orange, tropical almond, yellow granadilla.

Biology. Adults mate at dusk, starting 11 days after emergence ( Arakaki et al. 1984). In Hawaii, at 24°C, eggs hatch in 1.8 days, larval development takes 7.9 days and the pupal stage lasts 12.6 days ( Vargas et al. 1996). Monthly trapping data published in Leblanc et al. (2014) and illustrated on Figure 109 . The parasitoids Fopius arisanus (Sonan) and Diachasminorpha longicaudata (Ashmead) were introduced to Hawaii in 1948 to control B. dorsalis . Both parasitoids were introduced to French Polynesia in 2003 to control the same target pest ( Vargas et al. 2007, 2012a, 2012b; Leblanc et al. 2013b). Fopius arisanus was also bred from B. dorsalis and B. frauenfeldi in Palau, believed to have been introduced several decades earlier to control B. frauenfeldi ( Leblanc et al. 2015) .

Notes. Heat tolerance of immature stages studied in Hawaii ( Jang 1986, 1991).

This species’ presence in Palau was confirmed by R.A.I. Drew in 1996, who originally identified it as B. dorsalis (Leblanc 1997) . He later rectified the determination as B. philippinensis Drew and Hancock and B. occipitalis (Bezzi) , both members of the B. dorsalis complex, based on specimens bred from host fruit in Palau in 2001 ( SPC, 2001). A decade later, Drew re-examined the reared specimens and further rectified the identification as B. papayae Drew and Hancock ( Leblanc et al. 2012; Drew and Romig 2013). The species identity in Palau reverted to B. dorsalis again, consequent to the designation of B. papayae as junior synonym of B. dorsalis ( Schutze et al. 2015) , and the absence of B. occipitalis was confirmed by more recent trapping surveys and host fruit rearing in Palau ( Leblanc et al. 2015). Although not all taxonomists agree with the broader species concept of B. dorsalis and regard the introduced Palau and New Guinea populations as B. papayae (e.g., Drew and Romig 2016, 2022), divergent views on species identity will not affect the approach used in controlling this severe fruit pest ( Vargas et al., 2015).

Oriental fruit fly was eradicated by male annihilation from the Marianas Islands in 1965 (Steiner et al. 1965a, 1965b, 1970) and Nauru in 2000 ( Allwood et al. 2002). Unsuccessful eradication attempts in French Polynesia were followed by the introduction in 2003 of the parasitoid Fopius arisanus (Sonan) ( Hymenoptera : Braconidae ) from Hawaii, which notably reduced the overall population ( Vargas et al. 2007, 2012a, 2012b; Leblanc et al. 2013b). It was detected and promptly eradicated from the Cook Islands (Rarotonga and Aitutaki) in 2013 ( Vargas et al. 2014).

Figures

Figure 22. Bactrocera (Bactrocera) dorsalis (Hendel). A) Head. B) Head and scutum. C) Abdomen, female. D) Abdomen, male. E) Wing. F) Lateral view, female. G) Lateral view, male.

Figure 23. Bactrocera (Bactrocera) dorsalis (Hendel). Intraspecific variation in scutum color pattern.

Figure 24. Bactrocera (Bactrocera) dorsalis (Hendel). Intraspecific variation in abdomen color pattern.

Figure 108. Distribution and invasion and eradication history of Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) in Oceania. Photo from USDA-ARS.

Figure 109. Mean (±SE) daily captures of Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) in methyl eugenol traps maintained in Hawaii (Oahu Island) between April 2009 and December 2013, based on 359 trapping sites (n = 19,148, mean FTD = 33.88). Previously published in Leblanc et al. (2014).