Bactrocera (Bactrocera) passiflorae ( Froggatt, 1910 )

Leblanc, Luc, 2022, The dacine fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae: Dacini) of Oceania, Insecta Mundi 2022 (948), pp. 1-167 : 136-137

Bactrocera (Bactrocera) passiflorae ( Froggatt, 1910)

Fijian fruit fly

Figure 62

Distribution ( Fig. 103 ). Fiji ( Viti Levu, Vanua Levu, Taveuni, Lau Group). Futuna. Wallis. Niue.

Male lure. Cue-lure.

Host plants. Category B polyphagous fruit pest ( Vargas et al. 2015) bred from 48 host species in 27 families. Records in Fiji: ANACARDIACEAE : Anacardium occidentale , Mangifera indica . ANNONACEAE : Annona muricata , A. reticulata , Cananga odorata . APOCYNACEAE : Cascabela thevetia , Cerbera manghas , Ochrosia oppositifolia . BIGNONIACEAE : Pyrostegia venusta . CALOPHYLLACEAE : Calophyllum inophyllum . CHRYSO- BALANACEAE: Chrysobalanus icaco . CLUSIACEAE : Garcinia x mangostana . COMBRETACEAE : Terminalia catappa , T. litoralis . ELAEOCARPACEAE : Elaeocarpus angustifolius . FABACEAE : Inocarpus fagifer . LAURA- CEAE: Persea americana . LECYTHIDACEAE : Barringtonia edulis . LOGANIACEAE : Neuburgia corynocarpa . LYTHRACEAE : Punica granatum . MALVACEAE : Theobroma cacao . MELIACEAE : Aglaia basiphylla . MORA- CEAE: Artocarpus altilis , A. heterophyllus . MYRTACEAE : Psidium cattleianum , P. guajava , Syzygium jambos , S. malaccense , S. coarctatum . OXALIDACEAE : Averrhoa carambola . PASSIFLORACEAE : Passiflora edulis , P. quadrangularis . RUBIACEAE : Coffea liberica , Guettarda speciosa . RUTACEAE : Citrus aurantium , C. japonica , C. limon , C. maxima , C. paradisi , C. reticulata , C. sinensis . SANTALACEAE : Santalum yasi . SAPINDACEAE : Pometia pinnata . SAPOTACEAE : Chrysophyllum cainito , Manilkara zapota , Planchonella chartacea . SIMA- BOURACEAE: Amaroria soulameoides . SOLANACEAE : Capsicum frutescens .

Edible hosts common names. Avocado, breadfruit, cashew, chilli pepper, cocoa, cocoplum, coffee, common guava, custard apple, giant granadilla, giant lau lau, grapefruit, jackfruit, kumquat, lemon, Malay-apple, mango, mangosteen, orange, Pacific lychee, pomegranate, pomelo, purple granadilla, rose-apple, sapodilla, sour orange, soursop, star-apple, starfruit, strawberry guava, Tahitian chestnut, tangerine, tropical almond.

Biology. Adults mate at dusk (Allwood et al. 1997). Rate of development studied in laboratory by Leweniqila et al. (1997a). Egg hatch begins at 36 hours and is complete by 48 hours. Pupation occurs 192-240 hours after egg laying in papaya-based diet, i.e., pupation begins at day 8 and adult eclosion begins at day 20 after oviposition. Larval development slightly longer when reared on zucchini-based diet ( Leweniqila et al. 1997a). This species is present both in forest and orchard habitats, with more pronounced seasonality in forest, with peak in Feb-May, and less clear seasonal trends in orchards ( Leweniqila et al. 1997b). Monthly trapping data illustrated on Figure 123 and published in Tora Vueti et al. (1997c). This species is parasitized by Fopius arisanus and Diachasmimorpha longicaudata in Fiji ( Vargas et al. 2012a).

Notes. Specimens in Fiji have uniformly black abdomen, while populations in Tonga (Niuas group), Tuvalu and Tokelau have extensive pale markings on the abdomen ( Fig. 63 ) and have been treated as a likely new species close to B. passiflorae by Drew and Hancock (1995). Specimens collected by the author on Wallis in 2019, traditionally recognized as B. passiflorae on Wallis and Futuna, have moderate pale markings on the abdomen ( Fig. 62d ). Extensive sampling throughout the range of these populations and molecular characterizations are required to resolve the status of this species, and its relationship with B. samoae . Heat tolerance of immature stages investigated in Fiji ( Tora Vueti et al. 1997b).

Figures

Figure 62. Bactrocera (Bactrocera) passiflorae (Froggatt). A) Head. B) Head and scutum. C) Abdomen, female. Typical black abdomen. D) Abdomen, male. Variant with pale markings from Wallis Island. E) Wing. F) Lateral

Figure 63. Bactrocera (Bactrocera) passiflorae (Froggatt) (species near), from Tokelau, male. A) Head. B) Head and scutum. C) Abdomen. D) Wing. E) Lateral view.

Figure 103. Distribution of polyphagous pest fruit flies in Oceania: Bactrocera curvipennis (Froggatt), B. passiflorae (Froggatt), B. passiflorae (species near), B. facialis (Coquillett), and B. melanotus (Coquillett). Photos by Steve Wilson and Gerald McCormak (B. melanotus). Drawing of B. sp. nr. passiflorae from Drew and Hancock (1995).

Figure 123. Mean (±SE) daily captures of Bactrocera passiflorae (Froggatt) in cue-lure traps maintained in Fiji (Viti Levu, Vanua Levu) between September 1991 and August 1992, based on eight trapping sites (n = 91, mean FTD = 5.85).