Isthmohyla pseudopuma (Gunther, 1901) FAIVOVICH & HADDAD & GARCIA & FROST & CAMPBELL & WHEELER, 2005

FAIVOVICH, JULIÁN, HADDAD, CÉLIO F. B., GARCIA, PAULO C. A., FROST, DARREL R., CAMPBELL, JONATHAN A. & WHEELER, WARD C., 2005, Systematic Review Of The Frog Family Hylidae, With Special Reference To Hylinae: Phylogenetic Analysis And Taxonomic Revision, Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2005 (294), pp. 1-240 : 103-104

Isthmohyla pseudopuma Group

DIAGNOSIS: We are not aware of any synapomorphy supporting the monophyly of this group.

COMMENTS: We included a single exemplar of this group, and as such we did not test its monophyly. It is being tentatively recognized following Duellman (2001) until a rigorous test is performed.

CONTENTS: Four species. Isthmohyla angustilineata (Taylor, 1952) , new comb.; Isthmohyla graceae (Myers and Duellman, 1982) , new comb.; Isthmohyla infucata (Duellman, 1968) , new comb.; Isthmohyla pseudopuma (Günther, 1901) , new comb.

Megastomatohyla , new genus

TYPE SPECIES: Hyla mixe Duellman, 1965 .

DIAGNOSIS: For the purposes of this paper, we consider that the 209 transformations in nuclear and mitochondrial protein and ribosomal genes autapomorphic of Hyla mixe are synapomorphies of this genus. See appendix 5 for a complete list of these molecular synapomorphies. A possible morphological synapomorphy of this genus is the greatly enlarged oral disc of the known larvae bearing 7–10 anterior rows and 10–11 posterior rows.

ETYMOLOGY: From the Greek, mega, large, plus the stem of the genitive stomatos, mouth, in reference to the enlarged oral disc of the larvae 1 Hyla . The gender is feminine.

COMMENTS: We included a single species of this genus, and as such we did not test its monophyly, but consider it very likely on the basis of the evidence noted above. As mentioned earlier, the sequenced sample comes from a tadpole that was assigned to the Hyla mixomaculata group based on the enlarged oral disc and the labial tooth row formula and tentatively assigned to H. mixe for being the only species of the group known from the region where it was collected. Considering the uncertainty in its determination, its position in the tree should be viewed cautiously. This is not a situation we feel most comfortable with, but for a matter of being consistent with the general approach of this contribution, we consider that it is better to describe a new genus for the H. mixomaculata group than to leave it as incerta sedis. Although we did not test the monophyly of the group, as stated earlier, we consider it based on the morphological synapomorphy for larvae mentioned above. Another possible synapomorphy of this group could be the lack of vocal slits (Duellman, 1970), but this is contingent on the internal relationships of the nearby Charadrahyla ; C. chaneque is the only species of that genus known to lack vocal slits (Duellman, 2001). If future studies show it to be the sister group of the remaining species of Charadrahyla , it could render the optimization of the lack of vocal slits as ambiguous for both Charadrahyla and Megastomatohyla . Males of species included in Megastomatohyla lack nuptial excrescences on the thumb (Duellman, 1970). The polarity of this character state is unclear because it also occurs in Charadrahyla altipotens and in Hyla godmani and H. loquax (Duellman, 1970) .

CONTENTS: Four species. Megastomatohyla mixe (Duellman, 1965) , new comb.; Megastomatohyla mixomaculata (Taylor, 1950) , new comb.; Megastomatohyla nubicola (Duellman, 1964) , new comb.; Megastomatohyla pellita (Duellman, 1968) , new comb.

Plectrohyla Brocchi, 1877

TYPE SPECIES: Plectrohyla guatemalensis Brocchi, 1877 , by original designation.

Cauphias Brocchi, 1877 . Replacement name for

Plectrohyla Brocchi, 1877 .

DIAGNOSIS: This genus is supported by 43 transformations in nuclear and mitochondrial protein and ribosomal genes. See appendix 5 for a complete list of these molecular synapomorphies. We are not aware of any morphological synapomorphy supporting this genus as redefined here.

COMMENTS: We are including in Plectrohyla all species formerly placed in the Hyla bistincta group and some of the members of the former H. miotympanum ( H. cyclada and H. arborescandens ) and H. pictipes ( H. thorectes ) groups. H. thorectes is being tentatively included because a still undescribed species, very similar to H. thorectes ( Hyla sp. 5 ) is nested within this clade. Hyla ha­ zelae is tentatively included because of its similarities with H. thorectes . Technically our results are certainly compatible with the recognition of a separate genus for the members of the H. bistincta group and the few species from other groups associated with them. However, we are particularly concerned that the present, clean separation between Plectrohyla and these exemplars probably will not hold when more species of the two clades, particularly from the H. bistincta group, are added. The facts that no apparent morphological synapomorphies are known for the H. bistincta group and that some authors raised doubts regarding the limits between it and Plectrohyla support the conservative stance of including all these species in Plectrohyla . We preserve a Plectrohyla guatemalensis group for all the species of Plectrohyla as defined in the past and tentatively recognize a group that contains all members of the H. bistincta group plus the species of other groups shown to be related with it in this analysis.

The reasons why we are not considering some of the characters states shared by Plectrohyla and the Hyla bistincta group that were advanced by Duellman (2001) as synapomorphies of the redefined Plectrohyla were discussed earlier in this paper (p. 68). The only character state that seems to be inclusive of Plectrohyla and the H. bistincta group is the long medial ramus of the pterygoid in contact with the otic capsule. However, both H. arborescandens and H. cyclada were reported by Duellman (2001) to have a short medial ramus that does not contact the prootic. In a more densely sampled context, this character state could probably be interpreted as a reversal; however, in the present context it optimized ambiguously, so we do not consider it a morphological synapomorphy of the redefined Plectrohyla .

CONTENTS: Thirty­nine species placed in two species groups.