Anthriscus sylvestris ( Linnaeus 1753: 258 ) Hoffmann (1814: 40)

Tekin, Mehmet & Civelek, Şemsettin, 2017, A taxonomic revision of the genus Anthriscus (Apiaceae) in Turkey, Phytotaxa 302 (1), pp. 1-26 : 18-24

6. Anthriscus sylvestris ( Linnaeus 1753: 258) Hoffmann (1814: 40)

Type:‘ Habitat in Europae pomariis et cultis’. Lectotype (designated by Spalik & Jarvis 1989): LINN 365.1 ( ‘sylvestre 1’). Syntypes: (1) conspecific: Sweden, Lapland, Linnaeus (Institut de France, Paris); varieties α, and ɣ ‘ Chaerophyllum 1’, Clifford, ( BM-CLIFF); (2) non-conspecific ( Chaerophyllum aureum): Burser VIII: 57 ( UPS); ‘ Chaerophyllum 1’: the main syntype and the varieties β and δ, Clifford, BMCLIFF (cf. Spalik & Jarvis 1989; Reduron & Spalik 1995).

Synonyms: Chaerophyllum sylvestre L., Sp. Pl.: 258 (1753), basionym; Cerefolium sylvestre ( L.) Bubani, Fl. Pyren. 2: 410 (1899); Chaerefolium sylvestre ( L.) Schinz in Vierteljahrsschr. Naturf. Ges. Zürich 53: 554 (1909).

Perennial herbs. Stem up to 200 cm high, glabrous above, sometimes hispid at nodes, usually hispid below and corrugated. Basal leaves 3(–4)-pinnate, triangular in outline with petioles (2.6–)19.6(–39.5) cm long, blade up to 45 cm long, the ratio of blade length to petiole length (0.5–)1.5(–4.2); primary segments (divisions) 8–14, the ratio of the first primary (lowest) segment length to blade length (0.36–)0.65(–0.85); the ratio of the second primary (middle) segment length to blade length (0.27–)0.45(–0.61); the ratio of the third primary (subterminal) segment length to blade length (0.2–)0.31(–0.46), the ratio of the uppermost primary (terminal) segment length to blade length (0.06–)0.12(–0.23); pinnule margins of primary segments simple hairy, upper surface glabrous or scabrous, usually hispid on veins or all over, lower surface hispid only on veins or all over, lobes of pinnule ovate-triangular, margins serrate, dentate or crenate, scabrous, apex acute or mucronate. Petioles rarely glabrous, usually covered with simple (hispid) hairs, more densely at the base. Cauline leaves (2–)3-pinnate and triangular in outline with petioles (1.7–)7.2(–19.5) cm long, blade up to 40 cm long, the ratio of blade length to petiole length (1.1–)5.4(–21); primary segments (divisions) 8–12, the ratio of the first primary segment length to blade length (0.5–)0.68(–0.9); the ratio of the second primary segment length to blade length (0.3–)0.45(–0.6); the ratio of the third primary segment length to blade length (0.2–)0.31(–0.4); the ratio of the uppermost primary segment length to blade length (0.07–)0.14(–0.21); pinnule margins of primary segments with simple hairs, both surfaces covered with simple hairs usually more densely on lower surface, rarely upper surface glabrous, lobes of pinnule ovate-triangular, margins serrate, apex acute or mucronate. Margins of the sheath densely covered with simple (hispid) hairs at base, upper parts of the sheath and petiole covered with sparse or dense simple (hispid) hairs. Bracts absent or rarely 1–2, (3–)4–7(–12) mm long, similar to bracteole in structure. Bracteoles (0–)4–6(–7), linear-elliptic or obovate-oblanceolate, (0.4–)3.3(–6.5) mm long, margins ciliate, apex acute-acuminate; the ratio of bracteole length to width (1.3–)2.6(–6), the longest bracteole (1–)1.4(–2.5) times as long as the shortest in the same involucel. Flowers white, petals obovate or widely obovate, apex obscure since backward curved, appearing emarginate. Marginal petals 1–3.2 mm long; the ratio of marginal petal length to width (1–)1.5(–2.3) and the ratio of marginal petal length to inner petal length (1.2–)2(–2.8). Filaments 0.8–2 mm long, anthers 0.25–0.65 mm long. Inflorescence determinate, umbels terminal in position. Peduncles (0–)15–40(–74) mm long. Rays (3–)24– 40(–47) mm long, the longest ray (1.2–)1.7(–2.6) times as long as the shortest in the same umbel. Primary umbels with (1–)2–4(–7) rays, (0–)4–11(–14) fruits per umbellet. Secondary umbels with (4–)6–10(–23) rays, (0–)3–9(–19) fruits per umbellet. Tertiary umbels with (6–)7–12(–14) rays, 0–7(–9) fruits per umbellet. Fruits 5.5–9.9 × 2–3 mm, ovate, olive green-brown or brown-black, tuberculate, slightly shining or pale, glabrous or covered with antrorse bristles. Beak (0.2–)0.38(–0.7) mm long, the ratio of fruit length to beak length (9.2–)20(–40). Styles 0.8–2 mm long, divergent, styles (1.7–)2.6(–3.7) times as long as the stylopodia. Pedicels (2.3–)4.9(–8) mm long, glabrous, the longest pedicel (1.1–)1.6(–2.8) times as long as the shortest in the same umbellet. Pedicels not thickened in fruiting period, covered with 10–45 bristles at the junction of the the pedicel and the base of fruit.

1. Fruit glabrous ............................................................................................................................................................ subsp. sylvestris

1′. Fruit covered with antrorse bristles ........................................................................................................................ subsp. nemorosa

6a. subsp. sylvestris ( Fig. 13 )

Phenology:—Flowering time from May to August and mature fruits up to September.

Distribution:— Turkey (Western, Northern and intensely Northeast Anatolia) ( Fig. 14 ), North America, Eastern and Southern Africa, the Arabian Peninsula, Europa and Asia.

Habitat:—The subspecies grows generally in meadows, in or around forested habitats, rocky slopes, in or near field areas and close to streams.

Phytogeographic region:—Mediterranean-Holarctic element.

Conservation assessment:—This subspecies was found from many localities during this study. In areas populated by humans, the number of plant specimens was high. Accordingly, it may be classified as ‘least concern’ (LC; IUCN 2014).

Examined specimens:— TURKEY. A4 Bolu: Gerede, Aktaş forest, Külef village with Quercus , 1250 m, 19 June 1976, O. Ketenoğlu 383 ( ANK) ; Bolu: Gerede–Kızılcahamam road, above Külef village , with Quercus , 1379 m, 40°44’12.5”N, 32°21’03.7”E, 22 June 2011, M. Tekin 1115 ( CUFH) ; A9 Kars: Digor, east of Zibinli village , below rocks, c. 1990 m, 21 June 1973, A. Yürül 26748 ( EGE) ; Kars: Digor, Digor stream, towards Ekerek village , c. 2230 m, 05 July 1972, A. Yürül 26750 ( EGE) ; Kars: Digor, below the Sinco upland, near streams, c. 1820, 23 June 1973, A. Yürül 26747 ( EGE) ; Kars: Bozyiğit village , 2050 m, 12 June 2007, F. Güneş 86077 ( ISTE) ; Iğdır: Tuzluca, entrance of Karacaören village , 2008 m, 39°53’06.8”N, 43°30’53.0”E, 30 June 2011, M. Tekin 1126 ( CUFH) ; Kars: Sarıkamış, front of Hospitality and Tourism Vocational High School and across, near the military house, 2108 m, 40°20’02.2”N, 42°36’08.9”E, 30 June 2011, M. Tekin 1128 ( CUFH), ibid., 30 June 2011, M. Tekin 1129 ( CUFH) ; Kars: Sarıkamış, Soğuksu site, 2114 m, 40°19’16.7”N, 42°37’41.0”E, 30 June 2011, M. Tekin 1130 ( CUFH) ; ibid., 9 July 2011, M. Tekin 1160 ( CUFH) ; Kars: Sarıkamış–Karaurgan road, 4–5 km, between stream and forest, near Acısu fountain, 40°18’40.5”N, 42°31’30.0”E, 1 July 2011, M. Tekin 1133 ( CUFH) ; Iğdır: Tuzluca, 4 km to Ünlendi village , between road and stream, 1919 m, 39°54’17.0”N, 43°34’38.2”E, 30 June 2011, M. Tekin 1136 ( CUFH), ibid., 30 June 2011, M. Tekin 1138 ( CUFH) ; Artvin: Şavşat, Alabalık to Şahanoka village , near stream, 1078 m, 41°18’28.8”N, 42°04’19.0”E, 02 July 2011, M. Tekin 1143 ( CUFH) ; Ardahan: near Damal district , 2055 m, 41°20’27.6”N, 42°50’14.9”E, 7 July 2011, M. Tekin 1154 ( CUFH) ; Ardahan: Hanak district , 1849 m, 41°13’57.4”N, 42°51’07.7”E, 7 July 2011, M. Tekin 1156 ( CUFH) ; B7 Malatya: Doğanşehir, Eskiköy, near of Kurnaz hamlet alpine meadow, c. 2000 m, 15 July 1971, M. Şahin 26756 ( ISTE) ; B9 Iğdır: Tuzluca, from Karacaören village, towards Ünlendi (Demirsıkan) village , 1850 m, 11 June 2008, E. Altundağ 85602 ( ISTE) ; C1 İzmir: Selçuk, Meryemana, Bülbül mountain , road side, in maquis, 4 May 1968, F. Meyer & H. Peşmen 6628 ( EGE) ; Aydın: Söke, Yuvaca village, from Boynak quarter to Samsun Mountain , 757 m, 37°40’08.0”N, 27°13’06.5”E, 23 June 2011, M. Tekin 1111, ibid., 20 May 2012, M. Tekin 1203 ( CUFH) .

6b. subsp. nemorosa ( Marschall von Bieberstein 1808: 232) Koso-Poljansky (1920: 103) ( Fig. 15 )

Type:Caucasus, ‘ad fluvium Terek’. Holotype (cf. Hedge & Lamond 1987, Townsend 1989): LE ( M. von Bieberstein).

Synonyms: Chaerophyllum nemorosum M.Bieb., Fl. Taur. -Caucas. 1: 232 (1808); Anthriscus anatolica Boiss. in Ann. Sc. Nat., ser. 3, 2: 59 (1844); Anthriscus macrocarpa Boiss. & Heldr., Diagn. ser. 2, 2: 100 (1856)

Phenology:—Flowering time from April to August and mature fruits up to September.

Distribution:— Turkey (Western, Northern and intensely Northeast Anatolia) ( Fig. 16 ), East Europe, Middle-East and Asia.

Habitat:—The subspecies grows generally in meadows in or around forested habitats, similar to those of A. s. subsp. sylvestris such as rocky slopes, in or near field areas and close to streams.

Phytogeographic region:—East Mediterranean to the Far East.

Conservation assessment:—This subspecies was identified as the most common Anthriscus taxon in Turkey, and was recorded from dozens of localities. In areas populated by humans, the number of individuals was huge. So, the taxon may be labelled as ‘least concern’ (LC; IUCN 2014).

Examined specimens:— TURKEY. A1 Kırklareli, Mahyadağ, Mareşal road, with Fagus population, 950 m, 22 May 1974, A.Baytop & E.Tuzlacı 28288 (ISTE); A3 Bolu: Yedigöller National Park, near Derin Lake, c. 900 m, 13 May 1977, R.İlerslan 133 (KNYA); Bolu: Kale, Kırıkyayla, open forest, 1550 m, 8 June 1990, İ.Kılınç 1048 (HUB); Bolu: Kale, Kırıkyayla, open forest, 1500 m, 24 June 1990, İ.Kılınç 1139 (HUB); Bolu Aladağ on Kartal Kaya hill, rocky igneous north slopes, 2100–2200 m, 12 July 1962, H.P.Davis & M.J.E.Coode (D. 37386) (E); Ankara: Beypazarı–Nallıhan road, from Soğukkuyu village to Sarıçalı Mountain, road of Soğukkuyu waterfall, 1130 m, 17 May 2012, 40°16’47.3”N, 31°14’09.3”E, M.Tekin 1195 (CUFH); A4 Ankara: Kazan–Kızılcahamam road, after Pazar turnout, passes first bridge, near stream, 968 m, 17 May 2012, 40°20’04.4”N, 32°42’08.1”E, M.Tekin 1194 (CUFH); Kastamonu: Ilgaz to Kastamonu, Ilgaz Mountain, near highways maintenance campus, radio transmitter vicinity, 1967 m, 27 July 2010, 41°04’09.1”N, 33°44’43.3”E, M.Tekin 1002 (CUFH); Kastamonu: Ilgaz Mountain, rear of highways maintenance campus, forested area, 1987 m, 27 July 2010, 41°04’24.6”N, 33°46’49.6”E, M.Tekin 1003 (CUFH); Bolu: Eskipazar to Mengen, forest road side, 1410 m, 21 June 2011, 40°57’39.5”N, 32°22’59.6”E, M.Tekin 1108 (CUFH); Kastamonu: Kanlıgöl to Daday, passes Karamık village, forested area, 1062 m, 21 June 2011, 41°24’58.2”N, 33°30’56.0”E, M.Tekin 1109 (CUFH); Bolu: Gerede–Kızılcahamam road, inner and around of Külef village, 1373 m, 22 June 2011, 40°43’50.5”N, 32°20’18.5”E, M.Tekin 1112 (CUFH); Ankara: Kızılcahamam, Soğuksu National Park, near Kuzcapınar, 1150–1200 m, 26 June 1990, Ö.Eyüboğlu 1720 (ANK); Ankara: Karagöl, 40 miles north of Ankara, clearings in long grass in Carpinus , Quercus , Populus woodland on north slope, 1600 m, 10 June 1965 M.J.E.Coode & B.M.G.Jones 2174 (E); A5 Amasya: Akdağ, summit road, cemetery of Ormanözü village, 1250 m, 5 June 1974, A.Baytop & Y.Doğantan 29483 (ISTE); Amasya: Akdağ, east of Kocacık hill, Çalardı upland, 1500 m, 22 May 1977, K.Alpınar 36948 (ISTE); Amasya: Suluova to Ladik, below Seyfeköy forest, 1500 m, 27 May 1977, K.Alpınar 37127 (ISTE); Yozgat: Çekerek, 1 km to Koyunculu village, road side, 1100 m, 18 June 1980, R.İbrslan 863 (ANK); Amasya: Amasya to Suluova, cemetery of Ormanözü village, 1233 m, 20 June 2011, 40°45’44.0”N, 35°51’0.6”E, M.Tekin 1106 (CUFH); A6 Sivas: Yıldızeli, Güneykaya town, vicinity of Demirözü village, 1410 m, 23 June 2012, 40°10’58.0”N, 36°49’38.2”E, M.Tekin 1269 (CUFH); Amasya: Taşova, near Boraboy Lake, 1000 m, 21 May 1978, K.Alpınar 39835 (ISTE); A8 Rize: İkizdere, Gölyayla to Cihantepe, alpine meadow, 2600 m, 25 July 1985, M.Vural & A.Güner (A.G. 6641) (HUB); Rize: İkizdere, Cimil, Başköy around, near stream, 2100 m, 23 August 1985, M.Vural & A.Güner (A.G. 6898) (HUB); Erzurum: Yiğitpınar village, 08 July 1987, A.Baytop & T.Baytop 58031 (ISTE); Erzurum: Upland of Ahırcık village, meadow, 2400–2500 m, 24 July 1977, A.Tatlı 5955 (KNYA); Bayburt: Bayburt to Aşkale, above Aşağı Kop village, alpine meadow areas, 2375 m, 31 July 2010, 40°02’22.3”N, 40°29’48.2”E, M.Tekin 1015 (CUFH); A9 Ardahan: Ardahan-Kars road, Ardahan way out, 1867 m, 29 June 2011, 41°06’24.1”N, 42°43’54.5”E, M.Tekin 1122 (CUFH); Kars: Çıldır to Arpaçay, Doğruyol village, Çıldır Lake side, 1966 m, 29 June 2011, 41°04’06.1”N, 43°19’38.7”E, M.Tekin 1123 (CUFH); Kars: Bozyiğit village entrance, 2058 m, 29 June 2011, 40°58’12.2”N, 43°13’43.2”E, M.Tekin 1124 (CUFH); Kars: Sarıkamış, Soğuksu site, 2114 m, 30 June 2011, 40°19’16.7”N, 42°37’41.0”E, M.Tekin 1131 (CUFH), ibid., 09.07.2011, M.Tekin 1158 (CUFH); Kars: Karakurt to Sarıkamış, Sarıkamış highways fountain vicinity, 2003 m, 30 June 2011, 40°19’16.7”N, 42°37’41.0”E, M.Tekin 1130 (CUFH); Kars: Sarıkamış- Karaurgan road, 4–5 km, between stream and forest, near Acısu fountain, 40°18’40.5”N, 42°31’30.0”E, M.Tekin 1134 (CUFH); Artvin: Şavşat, from Papart upland to Mısırlı village, entrance of Mısırlı village, 1435 m, 3 July 2011, 41°27’07.5”N, 42°12’13.8”E, M.Tekin 1140 (CUFH); Artvin: Ortaköy, from Ortaköy upland to Karçal Mountain, 2380 m, 04 July 2011, 41°18’04.3”N, 41°57’17.9”E, M.Tekin 1142 (CUFH); Artvin: Şavşat, from Alabalık village to Karçal Mountain, 2151 m, 2 July 2011, 41°22’18.1”N, 42°06’30.2”E, M.Tekin 1144 (CUFH); Ardahan: Ardahan-Posof road, Ilgar Mountain, near of Şehitler fountain, 2420 m, 07 July 2011, 41°26’04.4”N, 42°43’45.8”E, M.Tekin 1149 (CUFH); Ardahan: Damal– Ardahan road, Damal vicinity, 2046 m, 7 July 2011, 41°22’08.2”N, 42°48’52.4”E, M.Tekin 1150 (CUFH); Ardahan: Ardahan-Posof road, Ardahan way out, road side, 1508 m, 7 July 2011, 41°30’20.4”N, 42°43’41.1”E, M.Tekin 1151 (CUFH); Ardahan: Entrance of Damal, 2055 m, 7 July 2011, 41°20’27.6”N, 42°50’14.9”E, M.Tekin 1152, 1153 (CUFH); Ardahan: Hanak, 1849 m, 7 July 2011, 41°13’57.4”N, 42°51’07.7”E, M.Tekin 1157 (CUFH); Artvin: Cancir upland to Şahanoka village, 1556 m, 8 August 2011, 41°20’48.3”N, 42°04’41.7”E, M.Tekin 1166 (CUFH); Iğdır: Tuzluca, entrance of Karacaören village, 2008 m, 30 June 2011, 39°53’06.8”N, 43°30’53.0”E, M.Tekin 1127 (CUFH); Iğdır: Tuzluca, Göktaş village, 1617 m, 12 June 2008, E. Altundağ 85638 (ISTE); Kars: Southwest slope of Kisir dağ, wet meadow, 2300 m, 3 July 1957 H.P.Davis & I.C.Hedge (D. 30547) (E); B2 Kütahya: Murat Mountain, after Kesik Söğüt upland, 1720 m, 3 July 1976, A.Baytop & K.Alpınar 35048 (ISTE); Denizli: Çivril–Işıklı, Sığırkuyruğu upland, 1600 m, 07 June 1983, Y.Gemici 25227 (EGE); Uşak: Murat Mountain, c. 2000 m, 01 June 1964, Regel 3137 (EGE); Kütahya: Tahtaköprü to Domaniç, 10 km to Domaniç, 1342 m, 19 May 2012, 39°51’49.6”N, 29°38’35.1”E, M.Tekin 1199 (CUFH); Bilecik: Tahtaköprü to Domaniç, 1251 m, 19 May 2012, 39°52’32.1”N, 29°39’10.4”E, M.Tekin 1226 (CUFH); B3 Eskişehir: Sündiken Bozalan stream, 1450 m, 22 May 1971, T.Ekim 861 (ANK); Afyon: Bayat, Otlugedik ridge, north slope, 1320 m, 24 May 1976, M.Vural 109 (ANK); Konya: Sultan Mountain, Doğanhisar, west of Fırınlı village, with Quercus , c. 1760 m, 28 June 1978, H.Ocakverdi 106 (KNYA); Konya: Sultan Mountain, Doğanhisar to Beyşehir, east of Destiğin district, with Quercus , c. 1800 m, 01 July 1978, H.Ocakverdi 107 (KNYA); B5 Kayseri: Erciyes Mountain, West slopes, Gök Mountain, above limestone, bedrock andesite, c. 2070 m, 16 July 1975, R.Çetik 4149 (KNYA); Aksaray: Hasandağ, northwest slope, Kaan township, with Quercus , 1600 m, 15 June 1973, A.Düzenli 539 (ANK); B6 Sivas: Yıldızeli– Tokat road, entrance of Ilıca village, 1395 m, 20 June 2011, 39°55’15.3”N, 36°32’15.2”E, M.Tekin 1102 (CUFH); Sivas: Yıldızeli– Tokat road, passes of Ilıca village, road side, 1234 m, 16 May 2012, 40°00’19.0”N, 36°30’03.3”E, M.Tekin 1191 (CUFH); Kahramanmaraş: Göksun, Koççağız village, alpine meadow, 1722 m, 25 May 2012, 38°03’19.4”N, 36°23’56.1”E, M.Tekin 1223 (CUFH); Sivas: Inside of Karayün village, stream side, 1447 m, 27 May 2015, 39°40’54.2”N, 37°18’25.5”E, M.Tekin 1227 (CUFH); Sivas: Sivas to Gürün, Böğrüdelik village, Böğrüdelik hill, near wet and shady rocky area, 1860 m, 21 June 2012, 38°57’26.2”N, 37°16’14.6”E, M.Tekin 1249 (CUFH); Sivas: Yıldızeli, between Ilıca pond and Ilıca village, near stream, 1350–1400 m, 1 June 1986, Ş.Civelek 2325 (CUFH); Kahramanmaraş: Göksun, Doğan Konak Binboğa Mountain ridges of Kapı Kaya, slope area, 1800–2150 m, 2 July 1992, Z.Aytaç & H.Duman 5231 (GAZI); B7 Tunceli: Above Ovacık, Munzur Mountain, 2800 m, 17 July 1957, H.P.Davis & I.C.Hedge 31290 (ANK); Erzincan: Refahiye,Altköy to Çamlıca village, 1. km, road side, 1506 m, 30 May 2011, 39°57’34.9”N, 38°42’59.1”E, M.Tekin 1097 (CUFH); Erzincan: Refahiye to İmranlı, Gemecik village vicinity, 1865 m, 30 May 2011, 39°53’28.3”N, 38°26’45.2”E, M.Tekin 1099 (CUFH); B9 Iğdır: Tuzluca, 5 km to Ünlendi village, 1904 m, 30 June 2011, 39°54’18.8”N, 43°34’52.7”E, M.Tekin 1125 (CUFH); Iğdır: Tuzluca, 4 km to Ünlendi village, between road and stream, 1919 m, 30 June 2011, 39°54’17.0”N, 43°34’38.2”E, M.Tekin 1137 (CUFH); Bitlis: Adicevaz, Çanakyayla village, Süphan Mountain, upland, meadow, c. 2300 m, 21 June 1987, Ö.Seçmen 28954 (EGE); Bitlis: 10 km north of Ahlat, limestone slopes, 2200–2500 m, 24 June 1988, Z. Aytaç 2353 (GAZI); Bitlis: Kotum, 1900 m, waste ground, 5 July 1954 H.P.Davis 22413 (E); Ağrı: 2 km southwest of Hamur (Murat valley), sloping meadows, 1670 m, 2 June 1966, H.P.Davis 44013 (E); B10 Iğdır: Aralık, Yenidoğan village, 1744 m, 5 June 2008, E.Altundağ 85481 (ISTE); Iğdır, Ağrı Mountain, Serdarbulak upland, 2370 m, 14 July 1979, A.Baytop et al. 42878 (ISTE); C1 İzmir: Samsun Mountain above Güzelçamlı, north slopes, mixed deciduous forest 500–600 m, 24 April 1965, H.P.Davis 41687 (E); İzmir –Kuşadası, Samsundağ, near Taşdelen site, 08 May 1965, H.Kayacık & F.Yaltırık 3365 (E); Aydın: Söke, Yuvaca village, from Boynak quarter to Samsun Mountain, 757 m, 20 May 2012, 37°40’08.0”N, 27°13’06.5”E, M.Tekin 1202 (CUFH); C2 Antalya: Elmalı, İncebel site, Cedrus libani forest, bedrock limestone, c. 1750 m, 12 May 1975, R.Çetik 1912 (KNYA); C3 Antalya: Akseki, Geyran upland, north of Otluk Mountain, sloping areas, 1400–1500 m, 9 June 1995, A.Duran 2526 (GAZI); C4 Konya: Seydişehir, west of mines, north slope of Yalıncak hill, rocky, c. 1900 m, 20 June 1980, H.Ocakverdi 871 (KNYA); Konya: Hadım, Aladağ, Ortadağ, below Damlataş hill, with Abies cilicica , c. 1700 m, 07 June 1987, M.Serin 1397 (KNYA); Konya – Karaman: Kızılyaka township, Hacıbaba hill, inter limestone bedrock, c. 2200 m, 10 July 1984, M.Serin 1809 (KNYA); Mersin: Mut, Adras Dağ, Mut to Ermenek, 1300 m. northeast facing sheltered limestone slope, 14 May 1965, M.J.E.Coode & B.M.G.Jones 970 (E); Konya: Hadım to Taşkent, Hadım way out, 1481 m, 21 May 2012, 36°59’15.4”N 32°27’56.2”E, M.Tekin 1205 (CUFH); C5 Adana: Karsantı Hızar region, Hızar gediği, 1800 m, 01 June 1973, E.Yurdakulol 53 (ANK); Konya: Ereğli, Aydos Mountain, Kayasaray, near stream, meadow, 1600 m, 16 May 1977, S.Erik 1878 (GAZI); C6 Hatay: Hassa to Dörtyol, mountain road, immediately west of Çardak yayla, 1500 m, 28 May 1996, A.J.Byfield & D.Peorman 73358 (ISTE); Hatay: Harbiye vicinity, 15 May 1993, N.Çelik 4524 (CUFH); Adana: Bahçe district, Dumanlı Dağ above Haruniye, 1200 m, ravine, on shady metamorphic slopes, 19 April 1957, H.P.Davis & I.C.Hedge (D. 26843) (E); C10 Hakkari: 10 km from Yüksekova to Şemdinli, 1950 m, water meadow, 15 July 1966, H.P.Davis 45147 (E).

An identification key for sections and species of the genus Anthriscus growing in Turkey:

1. Annual with thin root ........................................................................................................................................................................ 2

1´. Biennial or perennial with thick root ................................................................................................................................................ 4

2. Peduncle and rays with simple hairs; fruit oblong-linear, no bristles at the junction of the the pedicel and the base of fruit, beak length 1.1–2.3 mm (A. sect. Cerefolium ) ..................................................................................................................... A. cerefolium

2´. Peduncle and rays glabrous; fruit ovate or elliptic-ovate; with 20–40 bristles at the junction of the pedicel and the base of fruit, beak length 0.4–0.9 mm (A. sect. Anthriscus ) .......................................................................................................................................... 3

3. Stem up to 45 cm high; blade of cauline leaves up to 7 cm, uppermost cauline leaf trisect with the middle segment linear; petal length up to 1.6 mm; fruit 4.3–5.7 mm long, greenish light brown .............................................................................. A. tenerrima

3´. Stem up to 75 cm high; blade of cauline leaves up to 15 cm, uppermost cauline leaf pinnate; petal length up to 0.8 mm; fruit 3–3.9 mm long, black ................................................................................................................................................................ A. caucalis

4. Perennial; stem up to 35 cm long, decumbent and usually numerous from the base; blade of basal leaves up to 12 cm; petal up to 1.8 mm long; fruit oblong-cylindrical, smooth, shining, no bristles at the junction of the pedicel and the base of fruit (A. sect. Caroides) ......................................................................................................................................................................... A. kotschyi

4´. Biennial or perennial; stem up to 200 cm long, erect and usually solitary; blade of basal leaves up to 45 cm; petals up to 3.3 mm long; fruit ovate, shining or pale, smooth or bristled, 5–45 bristles at the junction of the pedicel and the base of fruit (A. sect. Cacosciadium) .................................................................................................................................................................................. 5

5. Biennial; basal leaves 2–3-pinnate, blade of cauline leaves up to 19 cm; fruit lacquered and shining, or not lacquered and slightly shining, pale and greenish-brown or black coloured ................................................................................................ A. lamprocarpa

5´. Perennial; basal leaves 3–4-pinnate, blade of cauline leaves up to 40 cm; fruit slightly shining or pale and olive green-brown or brown-black coloured ..................................................................................................................................................... A. sylvestris

Figures

FIGURE 13. Anthriscus sylvestris subsp. sylvestris: A) habit; B) basal leaf; C) fruiting umbel with bracteoles; Da) dorsal view of mericarp; Db) commissural view of mericarp; Dc) cross section of mericarp; E) flowers in umbellet with bracteoles [A) from M.Tekin 1128 (CUFH); B) from M.Tekin 1203 (CUFH); C) from M. Tekin 1154 (CUFH); Da and Db) from M.Tekin 1154 (CUFH); Dc) from M.Tekin 1129 (CUFH); E) from M.Tekin 1136 (CUFH)].

FIGURE 14. Geographic distribution of Anthriscus sylvestris subsp. sylvestris in Turkey.

FIGURE 15. Anthriscus sylvestris subsp. nemorosa: A) habit; B) basal leaf; C) fruiting umbel with bracteoles; Da) dorsal view of mericarp; Db) commissural view of mericarp; Dc) cross section of mericarp; E) flowers in umbellet with bracteoles [A) from M.Tekin 1122 (CUFH); B) from M.Tekin 1199 (CUFH); C, Da and Db) from M.Tekin 1144 (CUFH); Dc) from M.Tekin 1249 (CUFH); E) from M. Tekin 1223 (CUFH)].

FIGURE 16. Geographic distribution of Anthriscus sylvestris subsp. nemorosa in Turkey.