Trupanea Schrank

Norrbom, Allen L. & Neder, Lilia Estela, 2014, New neotropical species of Trupanea (Diptera: Tephritidae) with unusual wing patterns, Zootaxa 3821 (4), pp. 443-456 : 444

Trupanea Schrank

Trupanea Schrank 1795: 147 . Type species— radiata Schrank (= stellata Fuesslin ), by monotypy.

Celidosphenella Hendel 1914a: 86 . Type species— maculata Hendel , by original designation. New synonym. Melanotrypana Hering 1944: 14 . Type species— Acanthiophilus benoisti Séguy , by original designation. New synonym.

Celidosphenella was proposed by Hendel (1914a) in a key to genera of Tephritidae , and again by Hendel (1914b), with C. maculata Hendel from Chile as type species. It was not compared with Trupanea , but of the characters in the description and key, the main difference is that the wing pattern was “spotted, rather than stellate as in Trupanea . Foote (1980) also considered the wing pattern significant and included species with a solid dark mark on the pterostigma and the area posterior to it, and a rectangular hyaline area distal to it. He included the Trupanea diespasmena group sensu Aczél (1953) in the synonymy of Celidosphenella , although he did not list the individual species. He also considered Melanotrypana Hering (1944) , with type species Acanthiophilus benoisti Séguy , a synonym of Celidosphenella , although the latter species has a somewhat different, more interrupted wing pattern. Aczél (1953) considered Melanotrypana a subgenus of Trupanea .

The type species of Celidophenella, C. maculata , possesses the character states considered synapomorphies of the Trupanea clade as recognized by Merz (1999). The acrophallus of the glans in the male terminalia is reduced; and the glans has a single, strongly sclerotized, movable, hooklike sclerite. Except perhaps in wing pattern, C. maculata otherwise falls within the traditional concept of Trupanea ( Foote et al. 1993, Norrbom 2010). It has 3 frontal setae, 2 orbital setae, and the apical scutellar setae are absent. The body is densely gray microtrichose. In C. maculata the apical rays of the wing pattern are reduced to spots at the apices of veins R4+5 and M, but its wing pattern certainly can be considered to be a modified stellate pattern. Its pattern is intermediate between typical Trupanea species and those of some of the other species that Foote (1967, 1980) included in Celidosphenella that have a more extensively dark pattern. The stellate pattern was considered by Merz (1999) a synapomorphy either of Trupanea or a higher taxon within the Tephritis group of genera in which Trupanea is included. Although the majority of species of Trupanea have a stellate pattern, there is considerable variation, particularly among the Neotropical species, and therefore we do not exclude those that otherwise fit the concept of the genus in chaetotaxy and genitalic characters. We have observed no characters that indicate that Trupanea without the inclusion of C. maculata and similar species is a monophyletic group, and we therefore consider Celidosphenella a subjective junior synonym of Trupanea . Although we have not examined A. benoisti Séguy , the type species of Melanotrypana , it is consistent with Trupanea in chaetotaxy and probably falls within the concept of the genus. Study of its terminalia is needed to confirm this synonymy.

Merz (1999) considered the reduced size of the lower calypter to be a synapomorphy of Trupanea . The calypter is no larger in C. maculata than in T. stellata (Fuesslin) or T. desertorum (Efflatoun) , the species included in his matrix, however, it is similar in size in the other Tephritini genera that we compared ( Dioxyna , Dyseuaresta , Neotephritis ), so this is questionably a phylogenetically significant character at this level.

The following new or restored combinations are proposed for the species that have been classified in Celidosphenella (see Norrbom et al. 1999, Norrbom 2004) (original genus in parentheses): Trupanea bella (Blanchard 1852) (Acinia) ; T. benoisti (Séguy 1933) (Acanthiophilus) ; T. diespasmena (Schiner 1868) (Tephritis) ; T. maculata (Hendel 1914) (Celidosphenella) ; T. poecila (Schiner 1868) (Sphenella) ; T. simulata Malloch 1933 (Trypanea) ; T. stonei Stuardo 1946 (Trupanea) (= T. diversa Malloch 1933 ); and T. vidua Hering 1942 (Trypanea) .