Nesodesmus insulanus Chamberlin, 1914

Herrera, Léon Baert and Henri W., 2013, The Myriapoda of the Galápagos Archipelago, Ecuador (Chilopoda, Diplopoda, Symphyla), Belgian Journal of Entomology 14, pp. 1-49 : 1-49

Nesodesmus insulanus Chamberlin, 1914

Status: Endemic.

Galápagos distribution: Floreana (7), Volcán Sierra Negra (14), Pinta (1), San Cristóbal (10) and Santa Cruz (70) (normally only on inhabited islands).

Vegetation zones: Occurs in all vegetation zones between the Transition zone and the summit fern-sedge zone.

Altitudinal range: 170-875 m.

References: CHAMBERLIN (1914), KRAUS (1958), SHEAR & PECK (1987), PECK (1990), PECK & FINSTON (1993), PECK & SHEAR (2000).

ISL. LOCALITY VEG. ALT. DATE LEG./COL. LIT.

FLO SE-slope Cerro Pajas (highest peak) SCAL 320 18.II.1977 Reeder

FLO Cerro Pajas crater, Scalesia SCAL 325 22.IV.1996 Peck et al. P&S 00 FLO Wittmer well CZ 350 21.II.1988 Baert et al .

FLO Wittmer well CZ 350 20.IV.1991 Baert et al .

FLO Platanera en finca CZ 350 13.V.1992 Abedrabbo

FLO Highland W 360 21.II.1988 Baert et al .

FLO 3 km NW of Santo Tómas CZ 380 11.III.1989 Peck et al .

ISN Transition forest at 17 km from coast TZ 250 1964 Leleup

ISN 1 km S of Cerro Verde CZ 320 16.I.1978 Reeder

ISN Santo Tómas CZ 340 28.I.1978 Reeder

ISN 500 m S of Santo Tómas CZ 350 07.VII.1985 Peck et al. S&P 87 ISN Cueva Sucre, 2 Km NE of Santo Tómas CU 360 05.VII.1985 Peck et al. S&P 87 ISN Los Tintos CZ 400 03.XII.2002 CDRS

ISN Los Ceibos CZ 400 01.XI.2003 CDRS

ISN Los Mellizos CZ 400 01.XI.2003 CDRS

ISN Los Tintos CZ 400 01.XI.2003 CDRS

ISN Pretoria CZ 400 01.XI.2003 CDRS

ISN La Esperanza CZ 400 11.V.2003 CDRS

ISN above Sto Tomas CZ 480 19.I.1978 Reeder

ISN Cerro Verde CZ 01.XI.2003 CDRS

ISN Cerro verde CZ 28.XI.2003 CDRS

PIN Arid zone AZ 27.II.1974 Jacquemart

SCB El Progreso, Finca CZ 300 01.III.1992 Abedrabbo

SCB El Progreso CZ 300 27.XI.2003 CDRS

SCB 1 km E of El Progreso CZ 370 19.II.1989 Peck et al .

SCB Soledad CZ 14.IV.2003 CDRS

SCB Soledad CZ 27.XI.2003 CDRS

SCB Socavon CZ 27.XI.2003 CDRS

SCB Naval CZ 26.XI.2003 CDRS

SCB Culture zone CZ 02.II.1974 Jacquemart

SCB La Toma, Miconia & tree ferns MIC 530 15.II.1989 Peck et al .

SCB 5 km E of El Progresso CZ 590 13.II.1989 Peck et al .

Belgian Journal of Entomology 14: 1-49 (2013)

ISL. LOCALITY VEG. ALT. DATE LEG./COL. LIT.

SCB Cerro San Joaquin FS 700 01.III.1992 Abedrabbo

SCB Summit of Cerro San Joaquin FS 700 27.III.1996 Baert et al .

SCB 21.V.1899 CH 14

SCB Goteras 12.IV.2003 CDRS

SCZ VII/1992 CDRS

SCZ Occidente TZ 170 13.IV.2012 N. Wauters

SCZ Cueva de Bellavista n°2 CU 210 14.VII.1985 Peck et al. S&P 87

SCZ Southern transect along road CZ 230 12.III.1986 Baert et al. S&P 87

SCZ Horneman farm, Bellavista CZ 250 1964 Leleup

SCZ Santa Rosa CZ 400 11.XI.1991 CDRS

SCZ Cuevas de Vargas, 5 km NE of Bellavista CU 500 30.V.1985 Peck et al. S&P 87

SCZ Media Luna trail, Miconia MIC 550 15.I.1974 Jacquemart

SCZ 3 km N of Santa Rosa, Scalesia forest SCAL 550 28.VI.1985 Peck et al. S&P 87

SCZ Los Gemelos, left Scalesia forest SCAL 570 07.III.1988 Baert et al .

SCZ Los Gemelos, left Scalesia forest SCAL 570 02.IV.1988 Baert et al .

SCZ Los Gemelos, Scalesia forest SCAL 570 04.XI.1997 Roqué

SCZ Los Gemelos, Scalesia forest SCAL 570 17.XII.1997 Roqué

SCZ Los Gemelos, Scalesia forest SCAL 570 27.VIII.1997 Roqué

SCZ Los Gemelos, Scalesia forest SCAL 570 12.II.1988 Baert et al .

SCZ Los Gemelos, Scalesia forest SCAL 570 07.III.1988 Baert et al .

SCZ Los Gemelos, Scalesia forest SCAL 570 02.IV.1988 Baert et al .

SCZ Los Gemelos, Scalesia forest SCAL 570 17.I.2001 CDRS

SCZ SCAL 11.I.1974 Jacquemart

SCZ Los Gemelos, pampa FS 570 12.II.1988 Baert et al .

SCZ Los Gemelos, pampa FS 570 02.IV.1988 Baert et al .

SCZ Cuevita Sur Oeste de Cerro Banderas CU 600 23.VI.1985 Peck et al. S&P 87

SCZ Media Luna MIC 600 06.II.1985 Schatz et al. S&P 87

SCZ Media Luna MIC 620 17.V.1985 Peck et al. S&P 87

SCZ Cerro Banderas, 4 Km NE of Santa Rosa MIC 620 23.VI.1985 Peck et al.

SCZ Cuevas de Cerro Banderas CU 620 01.VI.1985 Peck et al. S&P 87

SCZ Media Luna SPH 630 VI/1992 CDRS

SCZ El Mirador FS 640 VI/1992 CDRS

SCZ Between Cerro Puntudo and Cerro Crocker FS 750 31.III.1996 Baert et al .

SCZ Between Cerro Puntudo and Cerro Crocker FS 750 10.IV.1996 Baert et al .

SCZ Cerro Crocker trail (base of Cerro Crocker) FS 750 31.XII.1992 CDRS

SCZ Cerro Crocker trail (base of Cerro Crocker) FS 750 CDRS

SCZ Northern slope 760 18.VII.1957 SMF K58, S&P 87 SCZ Cerro Crocker , Sphagnum bog SPH 825 12.VIII.1991 Abedrabbo

SCZ Cerro Crocker, Sphagnum bog SPH 825 14.IV.1992 Abedrabbo

SCZ Cerro Crocker, Sphagnum bog SPH 825 14.VI.1992 Abedrabbo

SCZ Cerro Crocker, Sphagnum bog SPH 825 16.X.1992 Abedrabbo

SCZ Cerro Crocker, Sphagnum bog SPH 825 15.X.1993 Abedrabbo

SCZ Cerro Crocker, Sphagnum bog SPH 825 15.I.1994 Abedrabbo

SCZ Cerro Crocker, Sphagnum bog SPH 825 15.VIII.1994 Abedrabbo

ISL. LOCALITY VEG. ALT. DATE LEG./COL. LIT. SCZ Cerro Crocker, Sphagnum bog SPH 825 08.III.1988 Baert et al.

SCZ Cerro Crocker, Sphagnum bog SPH 825 16.V.1991 Baert et al.

SCZ Cerro Crocker, Sphagnum bog SPH 825 29.V.1991 Baert et al.

SCZ Cerro Crocker, Sphagnum bog SPH 825 31.III.1996 Baert et al.

SCZ Cerro Crocker FS 860 10.XII.2002 CDRS

SCZ Cerro Crocker FS 860 13.XII.2002 CDRS

SCZ Cerro Crocker FS 870 13.XII.2002 CDRS

SCZ Cerro Crocker FS 875 13.XII.2002 CDRS

SCZ Cerro Crocker, cumbre FS 870 11.XII.2001 CDRS

SCZ Cerro Crocker, cumbre FS 875 13. I.1974 Jacquemart

SCZ Cerro Crocker, cumbre FS 875 14.I.1992 Abedrabbo

SCZ Cerro Crocker, cumbre FS 875 14.II.1992 Abedrabbo

SCZ Cerro Crocker, cumbre FS 875 20.III.1992 Abedrabbo

SCZ Cerro Crocker, cumbre FS 875 20.V.1992 Abedrabbo

SCZ Cerro Crocker, cumbre FS 875 14.VI.1992 Abedrabbo

SCZ Cerro Crocker, cumbre FS 875 16.VII.1992 Abedrabbo

SCZ Cerro Crocker, cumbre FS 875 14.VIII.1992 Abedrabbo

SCZ Cerro Crocker, cumbre FS 875 15.IX.1992 Abedrabbo

SCZ Cerro Crocker, cumbre FS 875 15.XII.1992 Abedrabbo

SCZ Cerro Crocker, cumbre FS 875 15.I.1993 Abedrabbo

SCZ Cerro Crocker, cumbre FS 875 15.VIII.1993 Abedrabbo

SCZ Cerro Crocker, cumbre FS 875 15.IX.1993 Abedrabbo

SCZ Cerro Crocker, cumbre FS 875 15.XII.1993 Abedrabbo

SCZ Cerro Crocker, cumbre FS 875 15.I.1994 Abedrabbo

SCZ Cerro Crocker, cumbre FS 875 15.II.1994 Abedrabbo

SCZ Cerro Crocker, cumbre FS 875 15.III.1994 Abedrabbo

SCZ Cerro Crocker, cumbre FS 875 15.VI.1994 Abedrabbo

SCZ Cerro Crocker, cumbre FS 875 15.VII.1994 Abedrabbo

SCZ Cerro Crocker, cumbre FS 875 16.X.1994 Abedrabbo

SCZ Cerro Crocker, cumbre FS 875 15.XI.1994 Abedrabbo

SCZ Cerro Crocker, cumbre FS 875 15. II.1988 Baert et al.

SCZ Cerro Crocker, cumbre FS 875 08. III.1988 Baert et al.

SCZ Cerro Crocker, cumbre FS 875 02. IV.1988 Baert et al.

SCZ Cerro Crocker, cumbre FS 875 26.IV.1991 Baert et al.

SCZ Cerro Crocker, cumbre FS 875 10.IV.1996 Baert et al.

Discussion

The scope of this paper is not to tackle the many taxonomic problems evocated by SHEAR & PECK (1987, 1992) in their two papers dealing with the representatives of the Myriapoda Classes (Chilopoda, Diplopoda and Symphyla) of the Galápagos Islands, but to give an actual overview of their distribution within the archipelago.

There are probably six chilopod and one diplopod species endemic to the archipelago: the chilopods Cryptops beebei , Nannopodellus purpurescens , Pachymerium pereirai , Pectiniunguis albemarlensis , Pectiniunguis kraussi , Schendylops nealotus and the diplopod Nesodesmus insulanus .

As SHEAR & PECK (1992) stated, no unequivocal case can be made for endemism of any of the centipeds from the Galápagos islands, this is almost entirely due to the actual undeveloped state of the chilopod systematics and lack of knowledge of the distribution of the group in south and Central America. We therefore rather talk about “probably endemic” instead of endemic to the archipelago.

SHEAR & PECK (1992) drew the attention upon the different collecting methods used by the various collecting teams having their reflection in the sampled species and they rightly concluded that biogeographic conclusions should not be made based on the results of only one individual person or team. The data here presented is the result of many casual and directed samplings made by various collecting teams using different sampling methods. All islands have by now been sampled several times.

The islands with human settlements have by far the highest number of myriapods (see Table 22). All 21 species occur on Isla Santa Cruz, 14 species on the inhabited Isabela volcán Volcán Sierra Negra, 13 species on the south-easternmost Isla San Cristóbal and 10 on the southern island Floreana. Most diplopod species are confined to the islands with human settlements, while most chilopods have a wider distribution (see Table 22). The symphylan Hanseniella caldaria and the chilopod species Lamyctes coeculus , Pachymerium pereirai and Nannopodellus purpurescens have also only been found on the islands with human settlements.

The native chilopod species Scolopendra galapagoensis has by far the widest distribution on the archipelago as it is found on almost all islands, even the most northerly remote island Wolf.

In 1992 SHEAR & PECK noticed that the only species found in the littoral zone was the chilopod Pectiniunguis kraussi and they wondered if the chilopods Pectiniunguis albemarlensis and Pachymerium pereirai also does. The answer is yes and so does two other chilopod species, Cryptops beebei and Nannopodellus purpurescens, and also the diplopod species Nesodesmus insulanus. In fact, nearly all myriapod species have a wide altitudinal dispersion and can be found in nearly all differentiated vegetation zones (see Table 23). Two diplopod species are, so far it seems, confined to one vegetation zone. Agadesmus nullus is only reported from the Transition zone, while Cylindrodesmus hirsutus only from the Cultivated zone. Some species (see Table 23) have been found in caves but none are true cave species.

We hope this paper will stimulate researchers to continue collecting myriapods and other invertebrates on Galápagos to enlarge our knowledge of these groups of this archipelago.

Belgian Journal of Entomology 14: 1-49 (2013)

BAL DAR ESP FER FLO GAE GEN ICA ISN IVA IVD IVW MAR PIN PIZ RAB SAN SCB SCZ SFE WOL

SYMPHYLA HANSENIELLA CALDARIA X X X

SUBTOTAL 1 1 1 CHILOPODA CRYPTOPS BEEBEI X X X X X X X X X X LAMYCTES COECULUS X X X LAMYCTES EMARGINATUS X X X X X X X X NANNOPODELLUS PURPURESCENS X X X NEWPORTIA MONTICOLA X X X X X ORPHNAEUS BREVILABIATUS X X X X X X X X X X X X X PACHYMERIUM PEREIRAI X X X X PECTINUINGUIS ALBEMARLENSIS X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X PECTINUINGUIS KRAUSSI X X X X X X SCHENDYLOPS NEALOTUS X X X SCOLOPENDRA GALAPAGOENSIS X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

SUBTOTAL 1 2 4 5 5 4 4 8 5 5 3 1 6 5 3 6 8 11 DIPLOPODA AGENODESMUS NULLUS X ASIOMORPHA COARCTATA X X X X X X CYLINDRODESMUS HIRSUTUS X X HEXADESMUS LATRIDENS X X LOPHOTUTUS DRIFTI X X X X X NANNOSTREPTUS GEAYI X X NESODESMUS INSULANUS X X X X X PROSOPODESMUS JACOBSENI X X X X RHINOTUS PURPUREUS X

SUBTOTAL 5 1 5 1 1 1 1 4 9

TOTAL 1 2 4 5 10 1 4 4 14 6 5 3 1 7 5 4 7 13 21 2 1